In the context of the Diagnosis Related Groups(DRGs)system,the orthopedic hospital implemented refined drug control to provide a pharmacological reference for promoting rational clinical drug use.A statistical analysi...In the context of the Diagnosis Related Groups(DRGs)system,the orthopedic hospital implemented refined drug control to provide a pharmacological reference for promoting rational clinical drug use.A statistical analysis was conducted on the hospital’s data from January to December 2021(prior to the implementation of control),focusing on the types of unreasonable prescriptions.A multi-dimensional analysis was also conducted to identify the underlying causes of inappropriate medication practices.Following this,refined drug control measures were introduced,and data from January to December 2022(post-control)were compared,examining factors such as the average drug cost,drug expenses for the IC29 diagnosis group,and the drug cost ratio.An interrupted time-series analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of these interventions.The results showed that after the implementation of refined drug control in the orthopedic department,significant reductions were observed in the average cost per patient,average drug cost per patient,drug cost ratio,cost consumption index,average length of hospital stay,and allocation ratio(P<0.05).In particular,the first month of control(January 2022)saw a marked decrease in average drug costs per patient by 1272.90 yuan(P<0.01),a reduction in the drug cost ratio by 0.98%,and a decline in drug costs for the IC29 diagnosis group by 616.79 yuan(P>0.05).Moreover,the rate of unreasonable inappropriate prescribing dropped dramatically from 40.48%in 2021 to 3.57%by December 2022.The refined control of drug use within the orthopedic hospital significantly improved the rationality of clinical prescribing practices,reduced the occurrence of adverse drug reactions,and enhanced patient adherence to prescribed treatments.These findings demonstrated considerable clinical value in promoting efficient and safe drug use.展开更多
Under Chinese medicine and health care system, Medicine Catalogue for National Basic Medical Insurance（2009） was issued in 2009 in China to fulfill the basic drug demands of the insured Chinese and to control the me...Under Chinese medicine and health care system, Medicine Catalogue for National Basic Medical Insurance（2009） was issued in 2009 in China to fulfill the basic drug demands of the insured Chinese and to control the medical expenses. In this study, the influence of the list adjustment on drug utilization was investigated. With the comparison between inpatients＇ use of drugs before and after adjustment of Basic Medical Insurance Drug List, we classified the drugs adjusted in national list into six categories： class A to class B, class B to class A, class A to class C, class B to class C, class C to class A, and class C to class B（class A referring to overall insured drugs, class B referring to partial reimbursement drugs, class C referring to self-funded drugs in China）, and drug utilization and expenditure were analyzed with time series model. We analyzed the overall expenditure and average expenditure per 10 000 people based on the comparison before and after the adjustment of 2009 Basic Medical Insurance Drug List. The drug expenditure from class A to class B was decreased by 13.87% of overall expenditure and 16.37% of average expenditure per 10 000 people, and it was decreased by 38.74% and 48.03% from class A to class C; respectively, the drug expenditure from class B to class A was increased by 74.12% and 94.52%, while it was reduced by 19.79% and 14.52% from class B to class C; expenditure declined by 31.77% and 36.22% from class C to class A, and expenditure was increased by 12.42% and 22.05% from class C to class B, respectively, both were lower than before. The adjustment of National Basic Medical Insurance Drug List reduced the overall drug expenditure.展开更多
Objective To identify patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease （HFMD） incidence in China during declining incidence periods of 2008, 2009, and 2010. Methods Reported HFMD cases over a period of 25 months were extrac...Objective To identify patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease （HFMD） incidence in China during declining incidence periods of 2008, 2009, and 2010. Methods Reported HFMD cases over a period of 25 months were extracted from the National Disease Reporting System （NDRS） and analyzed. An interrupted time series （ITS） technique was used to detect changes in HFMD incidence rates in terms of level and slope between declining incidence periods of the three years. Results Over 3.58 million HFMD cases younger than 5 years were reported to the NDRS between May 1, 2008, and May 31, 2011. Males comprised 63.4% of the cases. ITS analyses demonstrated a significant increase in incidence rate level （P〈0.0001） when comparing the current period with the previous period. There were significant changes in declining slopes when comparing 2010 to 2009, and 2010 to 2008 （all P〈O.O05）, but not 2009 to 2008. Conclusion Incremental changes in incidence rate level during the declining incidence periods of 2009 and 2010 can potentially be attributed to a few factors. The more steeply declining slope in 2010 compared with previous years could be ascribed to the implementation of more effective interventions and preventive strategies in 2010. Further investigation is required to examine this possibility.展开更多
Purpose： One of the main indicators of scientific production is the number of papers published in scholarly journals. Turkey ranks 18th place in the world based on the number of scholarly publications. The objective ...Purpose： One of the main indicators of scientific production is the number of papers published in scholarly journals. Turkey ranks 18th place in the world based on the number of scholarly publications. The objective of this paper is to find out if the monetary support program initiated in 1993 by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council （TUBITAK） to incentivize researchers and increase the number, impact, and quality of international publications has been effective in doing so.Design/methodology/approach： We analyzed some 390,000 publications with Turkish affiliations listed in the Web of Science （WoS） database between 1976 and 2015 along with about 157,000 supported ones between 1997 and 2015. We used the interrupted time series （ITS） analysis technique （also known as ＂quasi-experimental time series analysis＂ or ＂intervention analysis＂） to test if TOBITAK＇s support program helped increase the number of publications. We defined ARIMA （1,1,0） model for ITS data and observed the impact of TOBiTAK＇s support program in 1994, 1997, and 2003 （after one, four and 10 years of its start, respectively）. The majority of publications （93%） were full papers （articles）, which were used as the experimental group while other types of contributions functioned as the control group. We also carried out a multiple regression analysis.Findings： TUBITAK＇s support program has had negligible effect on the increase of the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Yet, the number of other types of contributions continued to increase even though they were not well supported, suggesting that TUBITAK＇s support program is probably not the main factor causing the increase in the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Research limitations： Interrupted time series analysis shows if the ＂intervention＂ has had any significant effect on the dependent variable but it does not explain what caused the increase in the number of papers if it was not the intervention. Moreover, except the＂intervention＂, other ＂event（s）＂ that might affect the time series data （e.g., increase in the number of research personnel over the years） should not occur during the period of analysis, a prerequisite that is beyond the control of the researcher. Practical implications： TUBITAK＇s ＂cash-for-publication＂ program did not seem to have direct impact on the increase of the number of papers published by Turkish authors, suggesting that small amounts of payments are not much of an incentive for authors to publish more. It might perhaps be a better strategy to concentrate limited resources on a few high impact projects rather than to disperse them to thousands of authors as ＂micropayments.＂ Originality/value： Based on 25 years＇ worth of payments data, this is perhaps one of the first large-scale studies showing that ＂cash-for-publication＂ policies or ＂piece rates＂ paid to researchers tend to have little or no effect on the increase of researchers＇ productivity. The main finding of this paper has some implications for countries wherein publication subsidies are used as an incentive to increase the number and quality of papers published in international journals. They should be prepared to consider reviewing their existing support programs （based usually on bibliometric measures such as journal impact factors） and revising their reward policies.展开更多
<strong>Objectives:</strong> The objective of this study was to examine the impact of large scale non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 pandemic. <strong>Methods:</strong> We used interr...<strong>Objectives:</strong> The objective of this study was to examine the impact of large scale non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 pandemic. <strong>Methods:</strong> We used interrupted time series analysis (ITS), a quasi-experimental model to evaluate the effect of interventions in four states of India by comparing the COVID-19 positivity before lockdown, during lockdown and opening-up period. <strong>Results:</strong> The positivity in all the four states declined during lockdown and the trends reversed soon after the lockdown measures were relaxed as the states opened-up. The rate of reduction of positivity was significantly different between states. Between the lockdown and opening-up period, an increase in positivity was recorded in all the states with significant variation between states. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The analysis provides conclusive evidence that the lockdown measures had a positive effect in reducing the burden of COVID-19 and establishes a causal relationship.展开更多
Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources...Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy. Higher taxes, fees, and greater regulations can stymie businesses or entire industries and the resulting impact is reflected on the country’s economy status (strong or weak). The growth rate of GDP is often used as an indicator of the general health of the economy. In broad terms, an increase in real GDP is interpreted as a sign that the economy is doing well. So it is important to study and pay more attention to country’s GDP growth rate. In this paper, an intervention analysis approach was applied to Nigeria GDP data in order to evaluate the performances of military and civilian rules in the country. Data on Nigeria GDP were collected and subjected to interrupted (intervention) time series model. Based on the Alkaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and sigma<sup>2</sup> values, the interrupted time series model ARIMA (1, 1, 0) with exogenous variables (per capita per capita GDP, intervention, year and yearAfter) was identified as the best model amongst other competing models. It was observed that the intervention (civilian rule) was significant at the 10% level of significance in increasing the Nigeria GDP by 10B US$ on the average since 2005 till 2021 while controlling for the effects of other determinants. Also, the ARIMA (1, 1, 0) forecasts indicate that the Nigeria GDP will continue increasing during the civilian rule. As a result, changing from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria significantly increased the GDP of the country.展开更多
Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources...Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy. Higher taxes, fees, and greater regulations can stymie businesses or entire industries and the resulting impact is reflected on the country’s economy status (strong or weak). The growth rate of GDP is often used as an indicator of the general health of the economy. In broad terms, an increase in real GDP is interpreted as a sign that the economy is doing well. So it is important to study and pay more attention to country’s GDP growth rate. In this paper, an intervention analysis approach was applied to Nigeria GDP data in order to evaluate the performances of military and civilian rules in the country. Data on Nigeria GDP were collected and subjected to interrupted (intervention) time series model. Based on the Alkaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and sigma<sup>2</sup> values, the interrupted time series model ARIMA (1, 1, 0) with exogenous variables (per capita per capita GDP, intervention, year and yearAfter) was identified as the best model amongst other competing models. It was observed that the intervention (civilian rule) was significant at the 10% level of significance in increasing the Nigeria GDP by 10B US$ on the average since 2005 till 2021 while controlling for the effects of other determinants. Also, the ARIMA (1, 1, 0) forecasts indicate that the Nigeria GDP will continue increasing during the civilian rule. As a result, changing from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria significantly increased the GDP of the country.展开更多
The interrupted sampling repeater jamming（ISRJ） is an effective deception jamming method for coherent radar, especially for the wideband linear frequency modulation（LFM） radar. An electronic counter-countermeasure...The interrupted sampling repeater jamming（ISRJ） is an effective deception jamming method for coherent radar, especially for the wideband linear frequency modulation（LFM） radar. An electronic counter-countermeasure（ECCM） scheme is proposed to remove the ISRJ-based false targets from the pulse compression result of the de-chirping radar. Through the time-frequency（TF） analysis of the radar echo signal, it can be found that the TF characteristics of the ISRJ signal are discontinuous in the pulse duration because the ISRJ jammer needs short durations to receive the radar signal. Based on the discontinuous characteristics a particular band-pass filter can be generated by two alternative approaches to retain the true target signal and suppress the ISRJ signal. The simulation results prove the validity of the proposed ECCM scheme for the ISRJ.展开更多
基金Jiangxi Provincial Hospital Pharmacy Special Research Fund Project(Grant No.2024-ZXYJ02).
文摘In the context of the Diagnosis Related Groups(DRGs)system,the orthopedic hospital implemented refined drug control to provide a pharmacological reference for promoting rational clinical drug use.A statistical analysis was conducted on the hospital’s data from January to December 2021(prior to the implementation of control),focusing on the types of unreasonable prescriptions.A multi-dimensional analysis was also conducted to identify the underlying causes of inappropriate medication practices.Following this,refined drug control measures were introduced,and data from January to December 2022(post-control)were compared,examining factors such as the average drug cost,drug expenses for the IC29 diagnosis group,and the drug cost ratio.An interrupted time-series analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of these interventions.The results showed that after the implementation of refined drug control in the orthopedic department,significant reductions were observed in the average cost per patient,average drug cost per patient,drug cost ratio,cost consumption index,average length of hospital stay,and allocation ratio(P<0.05).In particular,the first month of control(January 2022)saw a marked decrease in average drug costs per patient by 1272.90 yuan(P<0.01),a reduction in the drug cost ratio by 0.98%,and a decline in drug costs for the IC29 diagnosis group by 616.79 yuan(P>0.05).Moreover,the rate of unreasonable inappropriate prescribing dropped dramatically from 40.48%in 2021 to 3.57%by December 2022.The refined control of drug use within the orthopedic hospital significantly improved the rationality of clinical prescribing practices,reduced the occurrence of adverse drug reactions,and enhanced patient adherence to prescribed treatments.These findings demonstrated considerable clinical value in promoting efficient and safe drug use.
文摘Under Chinese medicine and health care system, Medicine Catalogue for National Basic Medical Insurance（2009） was issued in 2009 in China to fulfill the basic drug demands of the insured Chinese and to control the medical expenses. In this study, the influence of the list adjustment on drug utilization was investigated. With the comparison between inpatients＇ use of drugs before and after adjustment of Basic Medical Insurance Drug List, we classified the drugs adjusted in national list into six categories： class A to class B, class B to class A, class A to class C, class B to class C, class C to class A, and class C to class B（class A referring to overall insured drugs, class B referring to partial reimbursement drugs, class C referring to self-funded drugs in China）, and drug utilization and expenditure were analyzed with time series model. We analyzed the overall expenditure and average expenditure per 10 000 people based on the comparison before and after the adjustment of 2009 Basic Medical Insurance Drug List. The drug expenditure from class A to class B was decreased by 13.87% of overall expenditure and 16.37% of average expenditure per 10 000 people, and it was decreased by 38.74% and 48.03% from class A to class C; respectively, the drug expenditure from class B to class A was increased by 74.12% and 94.52%, while it was reduced by 19.79% and 14.52% from class B to class C; expenditure declined by 31.77% and 36.22% from class C to class A, and expenditure was increased by 12.42% and 22.05% from class C to class B, respectively, both were lower than before. The adjustment of National Basic Medical Insurance Drug List reduced the overall drug expenditure.
文摘Objective To identify patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease （HFMD） incidence in China during declining incidence periods of 2008, 2009, and 2010. Methods Reported HFMD cases over a period of 25 months were extracted from the National Disease Reporting System （NDRS） and analyzed. An interrupted time series （ITS） technique was used to detect changes in HFMD incidence rates in terms of level and slope between declining incidence periods of the three years. Results Over 3.58 million HFMD cases younger than 5 years were reported to the NDRS between May 1, 2008, and May 31, 2011. Males comprised 63.4% of the cases. ITS analyses demonstrated a significant increase in incidence rate level （P〈0.0001） when comparing the current period with the previous period. There were significant changes in declining slopes when comparing 2010 to 2009, and 2010 to 2008 （all P〈O.O05）, but not 2009 to 2008. Conclusion Incremental changes in incidence rate level during the declining incidence periods of 2009 and 2010 can potentially be attributed to a few factors. The more steeply declining slope in 2010 compared with previous years could be ascribed to the implementation of more effective interventions and preventive strategies in 2010. Further investigation is required to examine this possibility.
文摘Purpose： One of the main indicators of scientific production is the number of papers published in scholarly journals. Turkey ranks 18th place in the world based on the number of scholarly publications. The objective of this paper is to find out if the monetary support program initiated in 1993 by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council （TUBITAK） to incentivize researchers and increase the number, impact, and quality of international publications has been effective in doing so.Design/methodology/approach： We analyzed some 390,000 publications with Turkish affiliations listed in the Web of Science （WoS） database between 1976 and 2015 along with about 157,000 supported ones between 1997 and 2015. We used the interrupted time series （ITS） analysis technique （also known as ＂quasi-experimental time series analysis＂ or ＂intervention analysis＂） to test if TOBITAK＇s support program helped increase the number of publications. We defined ARIMA （1,1,0） model for ITS data and observed the impact of TOBiTAK＇s support program in 1994, 1997, and 2003 （after one, four and 10 years of its start, respectively）. The majority of publications （93%） were full papers （articles）, which were used as the experimental group while other types of contributions functioned as the control group. We also carried out a multiple regression analysis.Findings： TUBITAK＇s support program has had negligible effect on the increase of the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Yet, the number of other types of contributions continued to increase even though they were not well supported, suggesting that TUBITAK＇s support program is probably not the main factor causing the increase in the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Research limitations： Interrupted time series analysis shows if the ＂intervention＂ has had any significant effect on the dependent variable but it does not explain what caused the increase in the number of papers if it was not the intervention. Moreover, except the＂intervention＂, other ＂event（s）＂ that might affect the time series data （e.g., increase in the number of research personnel over the years） should not occur during the period of analysis, a prerequisite that is beyond the control of the researcher. Practical implications： TUBITAK＇s ＂cash-for-publication＂ program did not seem to have direct impact on the increase of the number of papers published by Turkish authors, suggesting that small amounts of payments are not much of an incentive for authors to publish more. It might perhaps be a better strategy to concentrate limited resources on a few high impact projects rather than to disperse them to thousands of authors as ＂micropayments.＂ Originality/value： Based on 25 years＇ worth of payments data, this is perhaps one of the first large-scale studies showing that ＂cash-for-publication＂ policies or ＂piece rates＂ paid to researchers tend to have little or no effect on the increase of researchers＇ productivity. The main finding of this paper has some implications for countries wherein publication subsidies are used as an incentive to increase the number and quality of papers published in international journals. They should be prepared to consider reviewing their existing support programs （based usually on bibliometric measures such as journal impact factors） and revising their reward policies.
文摘<strong>Objectives:</strong> The objective of this study was to examine the impact of large scale non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 pandemic. <strong>Methods:</strong> We used interrupted time series analysis (ITS), a quasi-experimental model to evaluate the effect of interventions in four states of India by comparing the COVID-19 positivity before lockdown, during lockdown and opening-up period. <strong>Results:</strong> The positivity in all the four states declined during lockdown and the trends reversed soon after the lockdown measures were relaxed as the states opened-up. The rate of reduction of positivity was significantly different between states. Between the lockdown and opening-up period, an increase in positivity was recorded in all the states with significant variation between states. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The analysis provides conclusive evidence that the lockdown measures had a positive effect in reducing the burden of COVID-19 and establishes a causal relationship.
文摘Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy. Higher taxes, fees, and greater regulations can stymie businesses or entire industries and the resulting impact is reflected on the country’s economy status (strong or weak). The growth rate of GDP is often used as an indicator of the general health of the economy. In broad terms, an increase in real GDP is interpreted as a sign that the economy is doing well. So it is important to study and pay more attention to country’s GDP growth rate. In this paper, an intervention analysis approach was applied to Nigeria GDP data in order to evaluate the performances of military and civilian rules in the country. Data on Nigeria GDP were collected and subjected to interrupted (intervention) time series model. Based on the Alkaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and sigma<sup>2</sup> values, the interrupted time series model ARIMA (1, 1, 0) with exogenous variables (per capita per capita GDP, intervention, year and yearAfter) was identified as the best model amongst other competing models. It was observed that the intervention (civilian rule) was significant at the 10% level of significance in increasing the Nigeria GDP by 10B US$ on the average since 2005 till 2021 while controlling for the effects of other determinants. Also, the ARIMA (1, 1, 0) forecasts indicate that the Nigeria GDP will continue increasing during the civilian rule. As a result, changing from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria significantly increased the GDP of the country.
文摘Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy. Higher taxes, fees, and greater regulations can stymie businesses or entire industries and the resulting impact is reflected on the country’s economy status (strong or weak). The growth rate of GDP is often used as an indicator of the general health of the economy. In broad terms, an increase in real GDP is interpreted as a sign that the economy is doing well. So it is important to study and pay more attention to country’s GDP growth rate. In this paper, an intervention analysis approach was applied to Nigeria GDP data in order to evaluate the performances of military and civilian rules in the country. Data on Nigeria GDP were collected and subjected to interrupted (intervention) time series model. Based on the Alkaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and sigma<sup>2</sup> values, the interrupted time series model ARIMA (1, 1, 0) with exogenous variables (per capita per capita GDP, intervention, year and yearAfter) was identified as the best model amongst other competing models. It was observed that the intervention (civilian rule) was significant at the 10% level of significance in increasing the Nigeria GDP by 10B US$ on the average since 2005 till 2021 while controlling for the effects of other determinants. Also, the ARIMA (1, 1, 0) forecasts indicate that the Nigeria GDP will continue increasing during the civilian rule. As a result, changing from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria significantly increased the GDP of the country.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61271442)
文摘The interrupted sampling repeater jamming（ISRJ） is an effective deception jamming method for coherent radar, especially for the wideband linear frequency modulation（LFM） radar. An electronic counter-countermeasure（ECCM） scheme is proposed to remove the ISRJ-based false targets from the pulse compression result of the de-chirping radar. Through the time-frequency（TF） analysis of the radar echo signal, it can be found that the TF characteristics of the ISRJ signal are discontinuous in the pulse duration because the ISRJ jammer needs short durations to receive the radar signal. Based on the discontinuous characteristics a particular band-pass filter can be generated by two alternative approaches to retain the true target signal and suppress the ISRJ signal. The simulation results prove the validity of the proposed ECCM scheme for the ISRJ.
