This paper investigates the uplink throughput of Cognitive Radio Cellular Networks(CRCNs).As oppose to traditional performance evaluation schemes which mainly adopt complex system level simulations,we use the theoreti...This paper investigates the uplink throughput of Cognitive Radio Cellular Networks(CRCNs).As oppose to traditional performance evaluation schemes which mainly adopt complex system level simulations,we use the theoretical framework of stochastic geometry to provide a tractable and accurate analysis of the uplink throughput in the CRCN.By modelling the positions of User Equipments(UEs)and Base Stations(BSs)as Poisson Point Processes(PPPs),we analyse and derive expressions for the link rate and the cell throughput in the Primary(PR)and Secondary(SR)networks.The expressions show that the throughput of the CRCN is mainly affected by the density ratios between the UEs and the BSs in both the PR and SR networks.Besides,a comparative analysis of the link rate between random and regular BS deployments is concluded,and the results confirm the accuracy of our analysis.Furthermore,we define the cognitive throughput gain and derive an expression which is dominated by the traffic load in the PR network.展开更多
Recent researches show that it is possible to achieve full-duplex system if the self-interference signal could be cancelled completely for 6G research.The majority of the overall self-interference cancellation is cont...Recent researches show that it is possible to achieve full-duplex system if the self-interference signal could be cancelled completely for 6G research.The majority of the overall self-interference cancellation is contributed by passive cancellation.The lowest complexity cancellation technique is digital cancellation.Therefore,this paper presents a novel passive cancellation technique based on multi-path effect and a novel digital cancellation method considering nonlinearity factor in full-duplex system.Therein,for passive cancellation method,theoretical analysis is presented and practical experiments show that it can achieve about 50 dB only in 10-cm space.For digital cancellation method,a model based on practical platform is given and it can achieve about 30 dB under high transmit power.In addition,two relay schemes based on full-duplex for two-way relay channel called FD-DF(full-duplex decode-and-forward)and FD-AF(full-duplex amplify-and-forward)are presented.Two proposed schemes can nearly double the system throughputs especially in high signal-to-noise radio regions compared with traditional AF scheme.展开更多
It is known that packet collisions in wireless networks will deteriorate system performance, hence substantial efforts have been made to avoid collision in multi-user access designs. Also, there have been many studies...It is known that packet collisions in wireless networks will deteriorate system performance, hence substantial efforts have been made to avoid collision in multi-user access designs. Also, there have been many studies on throughput analysis of CSMA wireless networks. However, for a typical CSMA network in which not all nodes can sense each other, it is still not well investigated how link throughputs are affected by collisions. We note that in practical 802.11-like networks, the time is divided into mini-timeslots and packet collisions are in fact unavoidable. Thus, it is desirable to move forward to explore how collisions in such a network will affect system performance. Based on the collision-free ideal CSMA network(ICN) model, this paper attempts to analyze link throughputs when taking the backoff collisions into account and examine the effect of collisions on link throughputs. Specifically, we propose an Extended Ideal CSMA Network(EICN) model to characterize the collision effects as well as the interactions and dependency among links in the network. Based on EICN, we could directly compute link throughputs and collision probabilities. Simulations show that the EICN model is of high accuracy. Under various network topologies and protocol parameter settings, the computation error of link throughputs using EICN is kept to 4% or below. Interestingly, we find that unlike expected, the effect of collisions on link throughputs in a modest CSMA wireless network is not significant, which enriches our understanding on practical CSMA wireless networks such as Wi-Fi.展开更多
The minimum energy per bit(EPB)as the energy efficiency(EE)metric in an automatic retransmission request(ARQ)based multi-hop system is analyzed under power and throughput constraints.Two ARQ protocols including type-I...The minimum energy per bit(EPB)as the energy efficiency(EE)metric in an automatic retransmission request(ARQ)based multi-hop system is analyzed under power and throughput constraints.Two ARQ protocols including type-I(ARQ-I)and repetition redundancy(ARQ-RR)are considered and expressions for the optimal power allocation(PA)are obtained.Using the obtained optimal powers,the EE-throughput tradeoff(EETT)is analyzed and the EETT closed-form expressions for both ARQ protocols and in arbitrary average channel gain values are obtained.It is shown that how different throughput requirements,especially the high levels,affect the EE performance.Additionally,asymptotic analysis is made in the feasible high throughput values and lower and upper EETT bounds are derived for ARQ-I protocol.To evaluate the EE a distributed PA scenario,as a benchmark,is presented and the energy savinggain obtained from the optimal PA in comparison with the distributed PA for ARQ-I and ARQ-RR protocols is discussed in different throughput values and node locations.展开更多
High-throughput pyrosequencing,carried out in millions of picoliter-sized reactors on a fiber-optic slide,is known for its longer read length.However,both optical crosstalk(which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of C...High-throughput pyrosequencing,carried out in millions of picoliter-sized reactors on a fiber-optic slide,is known for its longer read length.However,both optical crosstalk(which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of CCD images)and chemical retention adversely affect the accuracy of chemiluminescence determination,and ultimately decrease the read length and the accuracy of pyrosequencing results.In this study,both titanium and oxidized aluminum films were deposited on the side walls and upper faces of micro-reactor slides to enhance optical isolation;the films reduced the inter-well crosstalk by one order of magnitude.Subsequently,chemical retention was shown to be caused by the lower diffusion coefficient of the side walls of the picolitersized reactors because of surface roughness and random pores.Optically isolated fiber-optic slides over-coated with silicon oxide showed smoother surface morphology,resulting in little chemical retention;this was further confirmed with theoretical calculations.Picoliter-sized micro-reactors coated with titanium-silicon oxide films showed the least inter-well optical crosstalk and chemical retention;these properties are expected to greatly improve the high-throughput pyrosequencing performance.展开更多
In this article,we optimize harvesting and sensing duration for Cognitive Radio Networks(CRN)using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces(IRS).The secondary source harvests energy using the received signal from node A.Then,i...In this article,we optimize harvesting and sensing duration for Cognitive Radio Networks(CRN)using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces(IRS).The secondary source harvests energy using the received signal from node A.Then,it performs spectrum sensing to detect Primary Source PS activity.When PS activity is not detected,The Secondary Source SS transmits data to Secondary Destination SD where all reflected signals on IRS are in phase at SD.We show that IRS offers 14,20,26,32,38,44,50 dB enhancement in throughput using M=8,16,32,64,128,256,512 reflectors with respect to CRN without IRS.We also suggested to add a second IRS between A and SS to increase the harvested energy.The use of 2 IRS with M1=8 reflectors in the first IRS and M2=8 reflectors in the second IRS offers 18 dB gain(respectively 32 dB)gain with respect to a single IRS with M2=8 reflectors(respectively without IRS).The use of 2 IRS with M1=16 reflectors in the first IRS and M2=8 reflectors in the second IRS offers 28 dB gain(respectively 42 dB)gain with respect to a single IRS with M2=8 reflectors(respectively without IRS).Our results are valid for Nakagami channels of fading figure m.We also provide the throughput of IRS with energy harvesting.We have studied packet waiting time and total delay in the presence and absence or IRS.At Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR)per bit equal to 0 dB,packet waiting time is 0.9 ms when there is no IRS and 0.5 ms when there is an IRS with M=8 reflector.At SNR per bit equal to 0 dB,total transmission delay is 54 ms when there is no IRS and 1.5 ms when there is an IRS with M=8 reflectors.We show that the energy efficiency is larger when both harvesting and sensing durations are optimized.The maximum of energy efficiency is 260 Mbit/s/Hz/J when harvesting and sensing durations are optimized while the maximum is 80 Mbit/s/Hz/J when harvesting and sensing durations are not optimized.展开更多
Antibiotics are detected in aquatic environments with heterogeneity in their occurrence and associated risk levels.Thus,high spatiotemporal resolution monitoring in a large scale is essential to better cope with their...Antibiotics are detected in aquatic environments with heterogeneity in their occurrence and associated risk levels.Thus,high spatiotemporal resolution monitoring in a large scale is essential to better cope with their risks.Mass spectrometry(MS)techniques are sensitive and precise,yet complex,expensive,and time-consuming for antibiotic detection.The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)is among a mature receptor-based assays that offer a cost-effective alternative and are particularly notable for their high throughput analytical capabilities.However,its high throughput power on environmental moni-toring is underutilized.ELISA is remarkably rapid(3800-37,000 tests per day),inexpensive($1.8 per test,capital costs ranging from$35,000 to$270,000),and ready-to-use(97 commercial kits available)for detecting frequently reported antibiotics.Adopting solid phase extraction decreases their limits of detection to as low as 0.125 ng/L.Their quantification results are robust as they also generally agreed well with those of MS methods.A conservative way at present is to use ELISA for initial screening of large numbers of samples,with subsequent quantification of a small proportion of“positive”samples through MS methods.Yet,the applicability of ELISA can be further improved,such as developing a standardized quantification procedure for ELISA and microfluid chip-based ELISA kits and instruments.展开更多
In this paper,the throughput and delay of cooperative communications are derived when solar energy is used and relay node is selected using a timer.The source and relays harvest energy from sun using a photo voltaic s...In this paper,the throughput and delay of cooperative communications are derived when solar energy is used and relay node is selected using a timer.The source and relays harvest energy from sun using a photo voltaic system.The harvested power is used by the source to transmit data to the relays.Then,a selected relay amplifies the signal to the destination.Opportunistic,partial and reactive relay selection are used.The relay transmits when its timer elapses.The timer is set to a value proportional to the inverse of its Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR).Therefore,the relay with largest SNR will transmit first and its signal will be detected by the other relays that will remain idle to avoid collisions.Harvesting duration is optimized to maximize the throughput.Packet’s waiting time and total delay are also computed.We also derive the statistics of SNR when solar energy is used.The harvested power from sun is proportional to the sum of a deterministic radiation intensity and a random attenuation due to weather effects and clouds occlusion.The fixed radiation intensity depends on season,month and time t in hour.The throughput of cooperative communications with energy harvesting from sun was not yet studied.展开更多
Imaging flow cytometry(IFC)combines the imaging capabilities of microscopy with the high throughput of flow cytometry,offering a promising solution for high-precision and high-throughput cell analysis in fields such a...Imaging flow cytometry(IFC)combines the imaging capabilities of microscopy with the high throughput of flow cytometry,offering a promising solution for high-precision and high-throughput cell analysis in fields such as biomedicine,green energy,and environmental monitoring.However,due to limitations in imaging framerate and realtime data processing,the real-time throughput of existing IFC systems has been restricted to approximately 1000-10,000 events per second(eps),which is insufficient for large-scale cell analysis.In this work,we demonstrate IFC with real-time throughput exceeding 1,000,000 eps by integrating optical time-stretch(OTS)imaging,microfluidic-based cell manipulation,and online image processing.Cells flowing at speeds up to 15 m/s are clearly imaged with a spatial resolution of 780 nm,and images of each individual cell are captured,stored,and analyzed.The capabilities and performance of our system are validated through the identification of malignancies in clinical colorectal samples.This work sets a new record for throughput in imaging flow cytometry,and we believe it has the potential to revolutionize cell analysis by enabling highly efficient,accurate,and intelligent measurement.展开更多
The analysis of single cells instead of cell populations is important for characterizing cellular heterogeneity and elucidating the cellular signalling pathways. Nanoelectrodes have emerged as an increasingly importan...The analysis of single cells instead of cell populations is important for characterizing cellular heterogeneity and elucidating the cellular signalling pathways. Nanoelectrodes have emerged as an increasingly important tool for biomolecule analyses at the single-cell level with high spatial or temporal resolution. Various electrochemical methods, such as amperometry and scanning electrochemical microscopy(SECM), have been applied. Research to date has focused on the development of new nanoelectrochemical architectures, such as arrays, to achieve higher spatial resolution and faster analysis rates for single-cell analysis. In this review, the fabrication of these new nanoelectrochemical architectures and their applications in high spatial resolution single-cell analyses are discussed. The recent progress of Chinese researchers is highlighted.展开更多
In space-air-ground uniformly integrated network(SAGUIN),a centralized data control center(DCC)is deployed to manage the shared spectrum resources across the space,aerial,and ground layers under a unified communicatio...In space-air-ground uniformly integrated network(SAGUIN),a centralized data control center(DCC)is deployed to manage the shared spectrum resources across the space,aerial,and ground layers under a unified communication architecture,which makes it a promising candidate for the next-generation wireless systems.However,due to the extremely large physical scale of SAGUIN,signals transmitted across different layers experience substantially different propagation delays and channel conditions,a disparity further amplified by the network's layered structure and spatially clustered topology.On the other hand,task-oriented communications typically employ short-packet transmissions,whose durations are only a small fraction of the largepropagation delays between satellites,aerial platforms,and ground users.The above phenomena,including asynchronous and out-of-order signal arrivals induced by delay asymmetry among satellites,aerial platforms,and ground users;non-coherent transmissions over heterogeneous links with substantial timing offsets;and spatiotemporally coupled interferences arising from overlapping coverage areas and disparities in propagation delay,present major challenges for throughput modeling,access protocol design,and network resource management.In this article,we analyze the network throughput,design the multi-user access signal detection scheme,and optimize the task scheduling under ripple effect,thereby offering new insights into the deployment of future SAGUINs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)under Grant No. 2009CB320401the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 61171099, No. 61101117+1 种基金the National Key Scientific and Technological Project of China under Grants No. 2012ZX03004005-002, No. 2012ZX03003-007the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. BUPT2012RC0112
文摘This paper investigates the uplink throughput of Cognitive Radio Cellular Networks(CRCNs).As oppose to traditional performance evaluation schemes which mainly adopt complex system level simulations,we use the theoretical framework of stochastic geometry to provide a tractable and accurate analysis of the uplink throughput in the CRCN.By modelling the positions of User Equipments(UEs)and Base Stations(BSs)as Poisson Point Processes(PPPs),we analyse and derive expressions for the link rate and the cell throughput in the Primary(PR)and Secondary(SR)networks.The expressions show that the throughput of the CRCN is mainly affected by the density ratios between the UEs and the BSs in both the PR and SR networks.Besides,a comparative analysis of the link rate between random and regular BS deployments is concluded,and the results confirm the accuracy of our analysis.Furthermore,we define the cognitive throughput gain and derive an expression which is dominated by the traffic load in the PR network.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(grant no.62088101).
文摘Recent researches show that it is possible to achieve full-duplex system if the self-interference signal could be cancelled completely for 6G research.The majority of the overall self-interference cancellation is contributed by passive cancellation.The lowest complexity cancellation technique is digital cancellation.Therefore,this paper presents a novel passive cancellation technique based on multi-path effect and a novel digital cancellation method considering nonlinearity factor in full-duplex system.Therein,for passive cancellation method,theoretical analysis is presented and practical experiments show that it can achieve about 50 dB only in 10-cm space.For digital cancellation method,a model based on practical platform is given and it can achieve about 30 dB under high transmit power.In addition,two relay schemes based on full-duplex for two-way relay channel called FD-DF(full-duplex decode-and-forward)and FD-AF(full-duplex amplify-and-forward)are presented.Two proposed schemes can nearly double the system throughputs especially in high signal-to-noise radio regions compared with traditional AF scheme.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61571178,Grant 61771315 and Grant 61501160
文摘It is known that packet collisions in wireless networks will deteriorate system performance, hence substantial efforts have been made to avoid collision in multi-user access designs. Also, there have been many studies on throughput analysis of CSMA wireless networks. However, for a typical CSMA network in which not all nodes can sense each other, it is still not well investigated how link throughputs are affected by collisions. We note that in practical 802.11-like networks, the time is divided into mini-timeslots and packet collisions are in fact unavoidable. Thus, it is desirable to move forward to explore how collisions in such a network will affect system performance. Based on the collision-free ideal CSMA network(ICN) model, this paper attempts to analyze link throughputs when taking the backoff collisions into account and examine the effect of collisions on link throughputs. Specifically, we propose an Extended Ideal CSMA Network(EICN) model to characterize the collision effects as well as the interactions and dependency among links in the network. Based on EICN, we could directly compute link throughputs and collision probabilities. Simulations show that the EICN model is of high accuracy. Under various network topologies and protocol parameter settings, the computation error of link throughputs using EICN is kept to 4% or below. Interestingly, we find that unlike expected, the effect of collisions on link throughputs in a modest CSMA wireless network is not significant, which enriches our understanding on practical CSMA wireless networks such as Wi-Fi.
文摘The minimum energy per bit(EPB)as the energy efficiency(EE)metric in an automatic retransmission request(ARQ)based multi-hop system is analyzed under power and throughput constraints.Two ARQ protocols including type-I(ARQ-I)and repetition redundancy(ARQ-RR)are considered and expressions for the optimal power allocation(PA)are obtained.Using the obtained optimal powers,the EE-throughput tradeoff(EETT)is analyzed and the EETT closed-form expressions for both ARQ protocols and in arbitrary average channel gain values are obtained.It is shown that how different throughput requirements,especially the high levels,affect the EE performance.Additionally,asymptotic analysis is made in the feasible high throughput values and lower and upper EETT bounds are derived for ARQ-I protocol.To evaluate the EE a distributed PA scenario,as a benchmark,is presented and the energy savinggain obtained from the optimal PA in comparison with the distributed PA for ARQ-I and ARQ-RR protocols is discussed in different throughput values and node locations.
基金supported by the Scientific Equipment Research Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(YZ200823)
文摘High-throughput pyrosequencing,carried out in millions of picoliter-sized reactors on a fiber-optic slide,is known for its longer read length.However,both optical crosstalk(which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of CCD images)and chemical retention adversely affect the accuracy of chemiluminescence determination,and ultimately decrease the read length and the accuracy of pyrosequencing results.In this study,both titanium and oxidized aluminum films were deposited on the side walls and upper faces of micro-reactor slides to enhance optical isolation;the films reduced the inter-well crosstalk by one order of magnitude.Subsequently,chemical retention was shown to be caused by the lower diffusion coefficient of the side walls of the picolitersized reactors because of surface roughness and random pores.Optically isolated fiber-optic slides over-coated with silicon oxide showed smoother surface morphology,resulting in little chemical retention;this was further confirmed with theoretical calculations.Picoliter-sized micro-reactors coated with titanium-silicon oxide films showed the least inter-well optical crosstalk and chemical retention;these properties are expected to greatly improve the high-throughput pyrosequencing performance.
文摘In this article,we optimize harvesting and sensing duration for Cognitive Radio Networks(CRN)using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces(IRS).The secondary source harvests energy using the received signal from node A.Then,it performs spectrum sensing to detect Primary Source PS activity.When PS activity is not detected,The Secondary Source SS transmits data to Secondary Destination SD where all reflected signals on IRS are in phase at SD.We show that IRS offers 14,20,26,32,38,44,50 dB enhancement in throughput using M=8,16,32,64,128,256,512 reflectors with respect to CRN without IRS.We also suggested to add a second IRS between A and SS to increase the harvested energy.The use of 2 IRS with M1=8 reflectors in the first IRS and M2=8 reflectors in the second IRS offers 18 dB gain(respectively 32 dB)gain with respect to a single IRS with M2=8 reflectors(respectively without IRS).The use of 2 IRS with M1=16 reflectors in the first IRS and M2=8 reflectors in the second IRS offers 28 dB gain(respectively 42 dB)gain with respect to a single IRS with M2=8 reflectors(respectively without IRS).Our results are valid for Nakagami channels of fading figure m.We also provide the throughput of IRS with energy harvesting.We have studied packet waiting time and total delay in the presence and absence or IRS.At Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR)per bit equal to 0 dB,packet waiting time is 0.9 ms when there is no IRS and 0.5 ms when there is an IRS with M=8 reflector.At SNR per bit equal to 0 dB,total transmission delay is 54 ms when there is no IRS and 1.5 ms when there is an IRS with M=8 reflectors.We show that the energy efficiency is larger when both harvesting and sensing durations are optimized.The maximum of energy efficiency is 260 Mbit/s/Hz/J when harvesting and sensing durations are optimized while the maximum is 80 Mbit/s/Hz/J when harvesting and sensing durations are not optimized.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3202202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(310400209521)+1 种基金the Talent Startup Fund of Beijing Normal Uni-versity(310432104 and 312200502503)the China Post-doctoral Science Foundation(2024M760246)。
文摘Antibiotics are detected in aquatic environments with heterogeneity in their occurrence and associated risk levels.Thus,high spatiotemporal resolution monitoring in a large scale is essential to better cope with their risks.Mass spectrometry(MS)techniques are sensitive and precise,yet complex,expensive,and time-consuming for antibiotic detection.The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)is among a mature receptor-based assays that offer a cost-effective alternative and are particularly notable for their high throughput analytical capabilities.However,its high throughput power on environmental moni-toring is underutilized.ELISA is remarkably rapid(3800-37,000 tests per day),inexpensive($1.8 per test,capital costs ranging from$35,000 to$270,000),and ready-to-use(97 commercial kits available)for detecting frequently reported antibiotics.Adopting solid phase extraction decreases their limits of detection to as low as 0.125 ng/L.Their quantification results are robust as they also generally agreed well with those of MS methods.A conservative way at present is to use ELISA for initial screening of large numbers of samples,with subsequent quantification of a small proportion of“positive”samples through MS methods.Yet,the applicability of ELISA can be further improved,such as developing a standardized quantification procedure for ELISA and microfluid chip-based ELISA kits and instruments.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research at Saudi Electronic University for funding this research work through the project number 8092.
文摘In this paper,the throughput and delay of cooperative communications are derived when solar energy is used and relay node is selected using a timer.The source and relays harvest energy from sun using a photo voltaic system.The harvested power is used by the source to transmit data to the relays.Then,a selected relay amplifies the signal to the destination.Opportunistic,partial and reactive relay selection are used.The relay transmits when its timer elapses.The timer is set to a value proportional to the inverse of its Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR).Therefore,the relay with largest SNR will transmit first and its signal will be detected by the other relays that will remain idle to avoid collisions.Harvesting duration is optimized to maximize the throughput.Packet’s waiting time and total delay are also computed.We also derive the statistics of SNR when solar energy is used.The harvested power from sun is proportional to the sum of a deterministic radiation intensity and a random attenuation due to weather effects and clouds occlusion.The fixed radiation intensity depends on season,month and time t in hour.The throughput of cooperative communications with energy harvesting from sun was not yet studied.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF0723300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62475198,62075200,12374295)+8 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2042024kf0003,2042024kf1010,2042023kf0105)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023AFB133)Jiangsu Science and Technology Program(BK20221257)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220530140601003,JCYJ20230807090207014)Translational Medicine and Multidisciplinary Research Project of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University(ZNJC202217,ZNJC202232)The Interdisciplinary Innovative Talents Foundation from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University(JCRCYR-2022-006)Hubei Province Young Science and Technology Talent Morning Hight Lift Project(202319)The Fund of National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics(6142A04230201)We gratefully acknowledge Serendipity Lab for facilitating collaboration opportunities.
文摘Imaging flow cytometry(IFC)combines the imaging capabilities of microscopy with the high throughput of flow cytometry,offering a promising solution for high-precision and high-throughput cell analysis in fields such as biomedicine,green energy,and environmental monitoring.However,due to limitations in imaging framerate and realtime data processing,the real-time throughput of existing IFC systems has been restricted to approximately 1000-10,000 events per second(eps),which is insufficient for large-scale cell analysis.In this work,we demonstrate IFC with real-time throughput exceeding 1,000,000 eps by integrating optical time-stretch(OTS)imaging,microfluidic-based cell manipulation,and online image processing.Cells flowing at speeds up to 15 m/s are clearly imaged with a spatial resolution of 780 nm,and images of each individual cell are captured,stored,and analyzed.The capabilities and performance of our system are validated through the identification of malignancies in clinical colorectal samples.This work sets a new record for throughput in imaging flow cytometry,and we believe it has the potential to revolutionize cell analysis by enabling highly efficient,accurate,and intelligent measurement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21327902)
文摘The analysis of single cells instead of cell populations is important for characterizing cellular heterogeneity and elucidating the cellular signalling pathways. Nanoelectrodes have emerged as an increasingly important tool for biomolecule analyses at the single-cell level with high spatial or temporal resolution. Various electrochemical methods, such as amperometry and scanning electrochemical microscopy(SECM), have been applied. Research to date has focused on the development of new nanoelectrochemical architectures, such as arrays, to achieve higher spatial resolution and faster analysis rates for single-cell analysis. In this review, the fabrication of these new nanoelectrochemical architectures and their applications in high spatial resolution single-cell analyses are discussed. The recent progress of Chinese researchers is highlighted.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62341112.
文摘In space-air-ground uniformly integrated network(SAGUIN),a centralized data control center(DCC)is deployed to manage the shared spectrum resources across the space,aerial,and ground layers under a unified communication architecture,which makes it a promising candidate for the next-generation wireless systems.However,due to the extremely large physical scale of SAGUIN,signals transmitted across different layers experience substantially different propagation delays and channel conditions,a disparity further amplified by the network's layered structure and spatially clustered topology.On the other hand,task-oriented communications typically employ short-packet transmissions,whose durations are only a small fraction of the largepropagation delays between satellites,aerial platforms,and ground users.The above phenomena,including asynchronous and out-of-order signal arrivals induced by delay asymmetry among satellites,aerial platforms,and ground users;non-coherent transmissions over heterogeneous links with substantial timing offsets;and spatiotemporally coupled interferences arising from overlapping coverage areas and disparities in propagation delay,present major challenges for throughput modeling,access protocol design,and network resource management.In this article,we analyze the network throughput,design the multi-user access signal detection scheme,and optimize the task scheduling under ripple effect,thereby offering new insights into the deployment of future SAGUINs.
