A novel method is developed by utilizing the fractional frequency based multirange rulers to precisely position the passive inter-modulation(PIM)sources within radio frequency(RF)cables.The proposed method employs a s...A novel method is developed by utilizing the fractional frequency based multirange rulers to precisely position the passive inter-modulation(PIM)sources within radio frequency(RF)cables.The proposed method employs a set of fractional frequencies to create multiple measuring rulers with different metric ranges to determine the values of the tens,ones,tenths,and hundredths digits of the distance.Among these rulers,the one with the lowest frequency determines the maximum metric range,while the one with the highest frequency decides the highest achievable accuracy of the position system.For all rulers,the metric accuracy is uniquely determined by the phase accuracy of the detected PIM signals.With the all-phase Fourier transform method,the phases of the PIM signals at all fractional frequencies maintain almost the same accuracy,approximately 1°(about 1/360 wavelength in the positioning accuracy)at the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of 10 d B.Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method,improving the positioning accuracy of the cable PIM up to a millimeter level with the highest fractional frequency operating at 200 MHz.展开更多
An accurate circuit model of the microwave small signal characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) is extremely useful for microwave linear applications of the device. This paper presents ...An accurate circuit model of the microwave small signal characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) is extremely useful for microwave linear applications of the device. This paper presents a small signal AlGaAs/GaAs HBT equivalent circuit, based on the DC characteristics and S parameter of the device. Using Volterra series, we have calculated the third order intermodulation distortion in a linear AlGaAs/GaAs HBT amplifier. The calculations are well concordant with the measurements from two tone signals intermodulation distortion test, and its excellent third order intermodulation performance shows that AlGaAs/GaAs HBT is a very attractive candidate for linear amplification.展开更多
Passive intermodulation（PIM） has gradually become a serious electromagnetic interference due to the development of high-power and high-sensitivity RF/microwave communication systems, especially large deployable mesh...Passive intermodulation（PIM） has gradually become a serious electromagnetic interference due to the development of high-power and high-sensitivity RF/microwave communication systems, especially large deployable mesh reflector antennas. This paper proposes a field-circuit coupling method to analyze the PIM level of mesh reflectors. With the existence of many metal–metal（MM） contacts in mesh reflectors, the contact nonlinearity becomes the main reason for PIM generation. To analyze these potential PIM sources, an equivalent circuit model including nonlinear components is constructed to model a single MM contact so that the transient current through the MM contact point induced by incident electromagnetic waves can be calculated. Taking the electric current as a new electromagnetic wave source, the far-field scattering can be obtained by the use of electromagnetic numerical methods or the communication link method. Finally, a comparison between simulation and experimental results is illustrated to verify the validity of the proposed method.展开更多
Based on the infinitesimal and one parameter transformation, the problem of Lie symmetry of three-order Lagrangian equations has been studied. Under Lie transformation, the sufficient and necessary condition which kee...Based on the infinitesimal and one parameter transformation, the problem of Lie symmetry of three-order Lagrangian equations has been studied. Under Lie transformation, the sufficient and necessary condition which keeps three-order Lagrangian equations to be unchanged and the invariant are obtained in this paper.展开更多
For the performance issues of satellite transceivers suffering passive intermodulation interference,a novel and effective digital suppression algorithm is presented in this paper.In contrast to analog approaches,digit...For the performance issues of satellite transceivers suffering passive intermodulation interference,a novel and effective digital suppression algorithm is presented in this paper.In contrast to analog approaches,digital passive intermodulation（PIM） suppression approaches can be easily reconfigured and therefore are highly attractive for future satellite communication systems.A simplified model of nonlinear distortion from passive microwave devices is established in consideration of the memory effect.The multiple high-order PIM products falling into the receiving band can be described as a bilinear predictor function.A suppression algorithm based on a bilinear polynomial decorrelated adaptive filter is proposed for baseband digital signal processing.In consideration of the time-varying characteristics of passive intermodulation,this algorithm can achieve the rapidness of online interference estimation and low complexity with less consumption of resources.Numerical simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively compensate the passive intermodulation interference,and achieve a high signal-to-interference ratio gain.展开更多
In this paper, the definition of three-order form invariance is given. Then the relation between the three-order form invariance and the three-order Lie symmetry is discussed and the sufficient and necessary condition...In this paper, the definition of three-order form invariance is given. Then the relation between the three-order form invariance and the three-order Lie symmetry is discussed and the sufficient and necessary condition of Lie symmetry, which comes from the three-order form invariance, is obtained. Finally a three-order Hojman conserved quantity is studied and an example is given to illustrate the application of the obtained results.展开更多
In modern wireless communication systems,the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)is one of the most important performance indicators.When the other radio frequency(RF)performance of the components is well designed,passive inter...In modern wireless communication systems,the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)is one of the most important performance indicators.When the other radio frequency(RF)performance of the components is well designed,passive intermodulation(PIM)interference may become an important factor limiting the system’s SNR.Whether it is a base station,an indoor distributed antenna system,or a satellite system,there are stringent PIM level requirements to minimize interference and enhance network capacity in multicarrier networks.Especially for systems of high power and wide bandwidth such as 5G wireless communication,PIM interference is even more serious.Due to the complexity and uncertainty of PIM,measurement is the most important means to study and evaluate the PIM performance of wireless communication systems.In this review,the current main PIM measurement methods recommended by International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)and other standard organizations are introduced,and several key challenges in PIM measurement and their solutions(including the design of PIM tester,the location of the PIM sources,the design of compact PIM anechoic chambers,and the evaluation methods of PIM anechoic chambers)are highlighted.These challenges are of great significance to solve PIM problems that may arise during device characterization and verification in real wireless communication systems.展开更多
Based on the three-order Lagrangian equation, pseudo-Hamilton actoon I^＊ is defined and the three-order Hamilton＇s principle and the conditions are obtained in the paper. Then, the Noether symmetry about three-order...Based on the three-order Lagrangian equation, pseudo-Hamilton actoon I^＊ is defined and the three-order Hamilton＇s principle and the conditions are obtained in the paper. Then, the Noether symmetry about three-order Lagrangian equations is deduced. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the result.展开更多
Passive intermodulation(PIM)interference urgently needs to be solved in the satellite communication system,owing to degrading the whole performance.Mainstream research contributions to the cancellation method for PIM ...Passive intermodulation(PIM)interference urgently needs to be solved in the satellite communication system,owing to degrading the whole performance.Mainstream research contributions to the cancellation method for PIM were focused on the analog domain,however,the PIM distortion cannot be eliminated completely with the approaches.Meanwhile,some researchers attempt to tackle the problem through digital signal processing,nevertheless,the proposed methods were not suitable for the practical satellite communication scenario.In this paper,we present a general scheme for the adaptive feedforward PIM cancellation.High-order PIM signals at baseband are estimated by modeling the PIM distortion with Hammerstein model in the digital domain.Based on the reconstructed PIM signal,we adopt the least mean square algorithm to adaptively mitigate the PIM interference for tracking the variation of PIM.The time and frequency synchronization of PIM are based on the correlation of the peak of received signals with the corresponding reconstructed PIM signal.Practical experimental results show that the scheme can effectively cancel the PIM interference,and achieve an interference suppression gain more than 20dB.展开更多
In order to analyze the deleterious effects of Passive InterModulation (PIM) on high power communication satellite systems, the basic concept of PIM is introduced, and an equation for the power spectral density of the...In order to analyze the deleterious effects of Passive InterModulation (PIM) on high power communication satellite systems, the basic concept of PIM is introduced, and an equation for the power spectral density of the n-th order PIM distortion insuch systems is derived by applying flat signal-power spectrum assumption and Fourier transform method. It is indicated that PIM level generally decreases with order and the lowest frequency receive channel in the receive band is the channel of most affected by PIM interference.展开更多
A method to predict intermodulation (IM) products of two tone test based on Amplitude to amplitude (AM-AM) and amplitude to phase (AM-PM) diagrams of power amplifier is proposed in this paper. An RF power amplifier is...A method to predict intermodulation (IM) products of two tone test based on Amplitude to amplitude (AM-AM) and amplitude to phase (AM-PM) diagrams of power amplifier is proposed in this paper. An RF power amplifier is mathe-matically modeled by a power series in order of 13. Coefficients of the transfer function are obtained by odd-order polynomial fitting of the transfer function of the power amplifier that is modeled by power series, with AM-AM and AM-PM diagrams. Because of considering AM-PM distortion, coefficients have become complex. By using this transfer function, analytical expressions of IM products are derived. Frequency effect of IM products are modeled in suggested method to estimate the effects of changing in input frequency on output. With the mean of this factor the model is able to predict IM products of wideband frequency input. Simulated results agree well with the predicted method in comparisons.展开更多
Based on the three-order Lagrangian equations, Hamilton＇s function of acceleration H^＊ and generalized acceleration momentum P^＊α are defined, and pseudo-Hamilton canonical equations corresponding to three-order L...Based on the three-order Lagrangian equations, Hamilton＇s function of acceleration H^＊ and generalized acceleration momentum P^＊α are defined, and pseudo-Hamilton canonical equations corresponding to three-order Lagrangian equations are obtained. The equations are similar to Hamilton＇s canonical equations of analytical mechanics in form.展开更多
Passive intermodulation(PIM)in communication systems is an unwanted interference caused by weak nonlinear currentvoltage characteristics of radio frequency(RF)passive components.Characterization of PIM is important fo...Passive intermodulation(PIM)in communication systems is an unwanted interference caused by weak nonlinear currentvoltage characteristics of radio frequency(RF)passive components.Characterization of PIM is important for both the study of PIM mechanisms and the location/suppression of PIM sources.PIM probes,made of open-ended coaxial transmission lines,have almost the same coupling strength to carriers and PIM products,and are usually used for near-field PIM characterization.Namely,it doesn’t have any filtering capability.Therefore,it cannot stop the carrier power from entering into PIM tester’s receiver,which may trigger active intermodulation of the receiver and degrade the PIM tester’s performance.To overcome this drawback,a passive filtering coaxial probe is proposed here.Compared with existing passive coaxial PIM probes,it has stronger coupling strength for PIM products than for carriers.Thus,the probe itself can block part of the carrier power entering into the PIM tester’s receiver.This advantage helps improve PIM tester’s overall performance.Both theoretical analysis and experiments are conducted for demonstration.The proposed probe brings more possibility to PIM characterization.展开更多
文摘A novel method is developed by utilizing the fractional frequency based multirange rulers to precisely position the passive inter-modulation(PIM)sources within radio frequency(RF)cables.The proposed method employs a set of fractional frequencies to create multiple measuring rulers with different metric ranges to determine the values of the tens,ones,tenths,and hundredths digits of the distance.Among these rulers,the one with the lowest frequency determines the maximum metric range,while the one with the highest frequency decides the highest achievable accuracy of the position system.For all rulers,the metric accuracy is uniquely determined by the phase accuracy of the detected PIM signals.With the all-phase Fourier transform method,the phases of the PIM signals at all fractional frequencies maintain almost the same accuracy,approximately 1°(about 1/360 wavelength in the positioning accuracy)at the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of 10 d B.Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method,improving the positioning accuracy of the cable PIM up to a millimeter level with the highest fractional frequency operating at 200 MHz.
文摘An accurate circuit model of the microwave small signal characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) is extremely useful for microwave linear applications of the device. This paper presents a small signal AlGaAs/GaAs HBT equivalent circuit, based on the DC characteristics and S parameter of the device. Using Volterra series, we have calculated the third order intermodulation distortion in a linear AlGaAs/GaAs HBT amplifier. The calculations are well concordant with the measurements from two tone signals intermodulation distortion test, and its excellent third order intermodulation performance shows that AlGaAs/GaAs HBT is a very attractive candidate for linear amplification.
文摘Passive intermodulation（PIM） has gradually become a serious electromagnetic interference due to the development of high-power and high-sensitivity RF/microwave communication systems, especially large deployable mesh reflector antennas. This paper proposes a field-circuit coupling method to analyze the PIM level of mesh reflectors. With the existence of many metal–metal（MM） contacts in mesh reflectors, the contact nonlinearity becomes the main reason for PIM generation. To analyze these potential PIM sources, an equivalent circuit model including nonlinear components is constructed to model a single MM contact so that the transient current through the MM contact point induced by incident electromagnetic waves can be calculated. Taking the electric current as a new electromagnetic wave source, the far-field scattering can be obtained by the use of electromagnetic numerical methods or the communication link method. Finally, a comparison between simulation and experimental results is illustrated to verify the validity of the proposed method.
文摘Based on the infinitesimal and one parameter transformation, the problem of Lie symmetry of three-order Lagrangian equations has been studied. Under Lie transformation, the sufficient and necessary condition which keeps three-order Lagrangian equations to be unchanged and the invariant are obtained in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural SciencFoundation of China(Nos.U1636125,61601027)
文摘For the performance issues of satellite transceivers suffering passive intermodulation interference,a novel and effective digital suppression algorithm is presented in this paper.In contrast to analog approaches,digital passive intermodulation（PIM） suppression approaches can be easily reconfigured and therefore are highly attractive for future satellite communication systems.A simplified model of nonlinear distortion from passive microwave devices is established in consideration of the memory effect.The multiple high-order PIM products falling into the receiving band can be described as a bilinear predictor function.A suppression algorithm based on a bilinear polynomial decorrelated adaptive filter is proposed for baseband digital signal processing.In consideration of the time-varying characteristics of passive intermodulation,this algorithm can achieve the rapidness of online interference estimation and low complexity with less consumption of resources.Numerical simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively compensate the passive intermodulation interference,and achieve a high signal-to-interference ratio gain.
文摘In this paper, the definition of three-order form invariance is given. Then the relation between the three-order form invariance and the three-order Lie symmetry is discussed and the sufficient and necessary condition of Lie symmetry, which comes from the three-order form invariance, is obtained. Finally a three-order Hojman conserved quantity is studied and an example is given to illustrate the application of the obtained results.
文摘In modern wireless communication systems,the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)is one of the most important performance indicators.When the other radio frequency(RF)performance of the components is well designed,passive intermodulation(PIM)interference may become an important factor limiting the system’s SNR.Whether it is a base station,an indoor distributed antenna system,or a satellite system,there are stringent PIM level requirements to minimize interference and enhance network capacity in multicarrier networks.Especially for systems of high power and wide bandwidth such as 5G wireless communication,PIM interference is even more serious.Due to the complexity and uncertainty of PIM,measurement is the most important means to study and evaluate the PIM performance of wireless communication systems.In this review,the current main PIM measurement methods recommended by International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)and other standard organizations are introduced,and several key challenges in PIM measurement and their solutions(including the design of PIM tester,the location of the PIM sources,the design of compact PIM anechoic chambers,and the evaluation methods of PIM anechoic chambers)are highlighted.These challenges are of great significance to solve PIM problems that may arise during device characterization and verification in real wireless communication systems.
文摘Based on the three-order Lagrangian equation, pseudo-Hamilton actoon I^＊ is defined and the three-order Hamilton＇s principle and the conditions are obtained in the paper. Then, the Noether symmetry about three-order Lagrangian equations is deduced. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the result.
基金financially supported by the Joint Fund of NSFC and the General Purpose Technology Research Program under the contract U1636125,NSFC under the contract U1836201
文摘Passive intermodulation(PIM)interference urgently needs to be solved in the satellite communication system,owing to degrading the whole performance.Mainstream research contributions to the cancellation method for PIM were focused on the analog domain,however,the PIM distortion cannot be eliminated completely with the approaches.Meanwhile,some researchers attempt to tackle the problem through digital signal processing,nevertheless,the proposed methods were not suitable for the practical satellite communication scenario.In this paper,we present a general scheme for the adaptive feedforward PIM cancellation.High-order PIM signals at baseband are estimated by modeling the PIM distortion with Hammerstein model in the digital domain.Based on the reconstructed PIM signal,we adopt the least mean square algorithm to adaptively mitigate the PIM interference for tracking the variation of PIM.The time and frequency synchronization of PIM are based on the correlation of the peak of received signals with the corresponding reconstructed PIM signal.Practical experimental results show that the scheme can effectively cancel the PIM interference,and achieve an interference suppression gain more than 20dB.
文摘In order to analyze the deleterious effects of Passive InterModulation (PIM) on high power communication satellite systems, the basic concept of PIM is introduced, and an equation for the power spectral density of the n-th order PIM distortion insuch systems is derived by applying flat signal-power spectrum assumption and Fourier transform method. It is indicated that PIM level generally decreases with order and the lowest frequency receive channel in the receive band is the channel of most affected by PIM interference.
文摘A method to predict intermodulation (IM) products of two tone test based on Amplitude to amplitude (AM-AM) and amplitude to phase (AM-PM) diagrams of power amplifier is proposed in this paper. An RF power amplifier is mathe-matically modeled by a power series in order of 13. Coefficients of the transfer function are obtained by odd-order polynomial fitting of the transfer function of the power amplifier that is modeled by power series, with AM-AM and AM-PM diagrams. Because of considering AM-PM distortion, coefficients have become complex. By using this transfer function, analytical expressions of IM products are derived. Frequency effect of IM products are modeled in suggested method to estimate the effects of changing in input frequency on output. With the mean of this factor the model is able to predict IM products of wideband frequency input. Simulated results agree well with the predicted method in comparisons.
文摘Based on the three-order Lagrangian equations, Hamilton＇s function of acceleration H^＊ and generalized acceleration momentum P^＊α are defined, and pseudo-Hamilton canonical equations corresponding to three-order Lagrangian equations are obtained. The equations are similar to Hamilton＇s canonical equations of analytical mechanics in form.
文摘Passive intermodulation(PIM)in communication systems is an unwanted interference caused by weak nonlinear currentvoltage characteristics of radio frequency(RF)passive components.Characterization of PIM is important for both the study of PIM mechanisms and the location/suppression of PIM sources.PIM probes,made of open-ended coaxial transmission lines,have almost the same coupling strength to carriers and PIM products,and are usually used for near-field PIM characterization.Namely,it doesn’t have any filtering capability.Therefore,it cannot stop the carrier power from entering into PIM tester’s receiver,which may trigger active intermodulation of the receiver and degrade the PIM tester’s performance.To overcome this drawback,a passive filtering coaxial probe is proposed here.Compared with existing passive coaxial PIM probes,it has stronger coupling strength for PIM products than for carriers.Thus,the probe itself can block part of the carrier power entering into the PIM tester’s receiver.This advantage helps improve PIM tester’s overall performance.Both theoretical analysis and experiments are conducted for demonstration.The proposed probe brings more possibility to PIM characterization.
