According to the Mindlin plate theory and the first-order piston theory,this work obtains accurate closed-form eigensolutions for the flutter problem of three-dimensional(3D)rectangular laminated panels.The governing ...According to the Mindlin plate theory and the first-order piston theory,this work obtains accurate closed-form eigensolutions for the flutter problem of three-dimensional(3D)rectangular laminated panels.The governing differential equations are derived by the Hamilton's variational principle,and then solved by the iterative Separation-of-Variable(i SOV)method,which are applicable to arbitrary combinations of homogeneous Boundary Conditions(BCs).However,only the simply-support,clamped and cantilever panels are considered in this work for the sake of clarity.With the closed-form eigensolutions,the flutter frequency,flutter mode and flutter boundary are presented,and the effect of shear deformation and aerodynamic damping on flutter frequencies is investigated.Besides,the relation between panel energy and the work of aerodynamic load is discussed.The numerical comparisons reveal the following.(A)The flutter eigenvalues obtained by the present method are accurate,validated by the Finite Element Method(FEM)and the Galerkin method.(B)When the span-chord ratio is larger than 3,simplifying a 3D panel to 2D(two-dimensional)panel is reasonable and the relative differences of the flutter points predicted by the two models are less than one percent.(C)The reciprocal relationship between the mechanical energy of the panel and the work done by aerodynamic load is verified by using the present flutter eigenvalues and modes,further indicating the high accuracy of the present solutions.(D)The coupling of shear deformation and aerodynamic damping prevents frequency coalescing.展开更多
This paper advances a three-dimensional space interpolation method of grey / depth image sequence, which breaks free from the limit of original practical photographing route. Pictures can cruise at will in space. By u...This paper advances a three-dimensional space interpolation method of grey / depth image sequence, which breaks free from the limit of original practical photographing route. Pictures can cruise at will in space. By using space sparse sampling, great memorial capacity can be saved and reproduced scenes can be controlled. To solve time consuming and complex computations in three-dimensional interpolation algorithm, we have studied a fast and practical algorithm of scattered space lattice and that of 'Warp' algorithm with proper depth. By several simple aspects of three dimensional space interpolation, we succeed in developing some simple and practical algorithms. Some results of simulated experiments with computers have shown that the new method is absolutely feasible.展开更多
In this study,insights into the effect of interfacial anisotropy on a complex hexagonal close-packed(hcp) dendritic growth during alloy solidification were gained by graphics processing unit(GPU)-accelerated three-dim...In this study,insights into the effect of interfacial anisotropy on a complex hexagonal close-packed(hcp) dendritic growth during alloy solidification were gained by graphics processing unit(GPU)-accelerated three-dimensional(3D) phase-field simulations,as demonstrated for a Mg-Gd alloy.An anisotropic phasefield model with finite interface dissipation was developed by incorporating the contribution of the anisotropy of interfacial energy into the total free energy functional.The modified spherical harmonic anisotropy function was then chosen for the hcp crystal.The GPU parallel computing algorithm was implemented in the present phase-field model,and a corresponding code was developed in the compute unified device architecture parallel computing platform.Benchmark tests indicated that the calculation efficiency of a single TESLA V100 GPU could be~80times that of open multi-processing(OpenMP) with eight central processing unit cores.By coupling the phase-field model with reliable thermodynamic and interfacial energy descriptions,the 3D phase-field simulation of α-Mg dendritic growth in the Mg-6Gd(in wt%) alloy during solidification was performed.Various two-dimensional dendrite morphologies were revealed by cutting the simulated 3D dendrite along different crystallographic planes.Typical sixfold equiaxed and butterflied microstructures observed in experiments were well reproduced.展开更多
It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be...It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be solved.A method of 3D structural color turning on periodic metasurfaces fabricated by the microlens array and self-assembly technology was proposed in this study.In the experiment,Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)flexible film was used as a substrate,and SiO2 microspheres were scraped into grooves of the PDMS film to form 3D photonic crystal structures.By adjusting the number of blade-coated times and microsphere concentrations,high-saturation structural color micropatterns were obtained.These films were then matched with microlens arrays to produce dynamic graphics with iridescent effects.The results showed that by blade-coated two times and SiO2 microsphere concentrations of 50%are the best conditions.This method demonstrates the potential for being widely applied in the anticounterfeiting printing and ultra-high-resolution display.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) shear-wave elastography (SWE) in assessing the liver ablation volume after radiofrequency (RF) ablation.
The increasing demand for geometrically complex structures—specifically, higher-inlet-temperature turbine blades for the fifth-generation or other high-generation machines of advanced fighter aircrafts—hasmade the d...The increasing demand for geometrically complex structures—specifically, higher-inlet-temperature turbine blades for the fifth-generation or other high-generation machines of advanced fighter aircrafts—hasmade the development of more complex double-walled three-layer hollow-cavity structures a necessity.However, this requires the preparation of complex ceramic cores and advanced, integrated technologies.Stereolithographic three-dimensional printing (SLA-3DP) technology, with digital control upon materialmorphology, composition, and structure, is a high integration and versatile technique that is superior tothe traditional manufacturing techniques for ceramic cores, including gel casting, injection molding, andhot pressing. The latent capacity of this technique is contingent on the progress of processing routesthat significantly reduce the distortion and defect formation in response to the elimination of the reactedorganic monomer phase during photo-curing. Despite the tremendous progress in the field, multiple challenges remain, such as the preparation of high-solid-content and low-viscosity suspensions, SLA-3DP oflarge double-walled ceramic cores with complex structures, and process optimization and sinter strengthening for the fabrication of ceramic cores. These challenges have prevented the broader applications andreduced the impact of the SLA-3DP technology. This review discusses cutting-edge research on the crucialfactors governing this production method. Specifically, we outline the existing challenges within the fieldand provide our perspective on the upcoming research work and progress.展开更多
To address the problem of multi-missile cooperative interception against maneuvering targets at a prespecified impact time and desired Line-of-Sight(LOS)angles in ThreeDimensional(3D)space,this paper proposes a 3D lea...To address the problem of multi-missile cooperative interception against maneuvering targets at a prespecified impact time and desired Line-of-Sight(LOS)angles in ThreeDimensional(3D)space,this paper proposes a 3D leader-following cooperative interception guidance law.First,in the LOS direction of the leader,an impact time-controlled guidance law is derived based on the fixed-time stability theory,which enables the leader to complete the interception task at a prespecified impact time.Next,in the LOS direction of the followers,by introducing a time consensus tracking error function,a fixed-time consensus tracking guidance law is investigated to guarantee the consensus tracking convergence of the time-to-go.Then,in the direction normal to the LOS,by combining the designed global integral sliding mode surface and the second-order Sliding Mode Control(SMC)theory,an innovative 3D LOS-angle-constrained interception guidance law is developed,which eliminates the reaching phase in the traditional sliding mode guidance laws and effectively saves energy consumption.Moreover,it effectively suppresses the chattering phenomenon while avoiding the singularity issue,and compensates for unknown interference caused by target maneuvering online,making it convenient for practical engineering applications.Finally,theoretical proof analysis and multiple sets of numerical simulation results verify the effectiveness,superiority,and robustness of the investigated guidance law.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significan...Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes.In this study,we constructed a global urban structure(GUS-3D)dataset,including building volume,height,and footprint information,at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples.Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in2015 exceeded 1×10^(12)m^(3).Over the 1985 to 2015 period,we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth(i.e.,it increased from 166.02 km3 during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08km3 during the 2000–2015 period),while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional(2D)building footprint(22.51×10^(3) vs 13.29×10^(3)km^(2))and urban extent(157×10^(3) vs 133.8×10^(3)km^(2))notably decreased.This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land.Furthermore,we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide.This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities,which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality.The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Inguinal hernias are common after surgery.Tension-free repair is widely accepted as the main method for managing inguinal hernias.Adequate exposure,coverage,and repair of the myopectineal orifice(MPO)are ne...BACKGROUND Inguinal hernias are common after surgery.Tension-free repair is widely accepted as the main method for managing inguinal hernias.Adequate exposure,coverage,and repair of the myopectineal orifice(MPO)are necessary.However,due to differences in race and sex,people’s body shapes vary.According to European guidelines,the patch should measure 10 cm×15 cm.If any part of the MPO is dissected,injury to the nerves,vascular network,or organs may occur during surgery,thereby leading to inguinal discomfort,pain,and seroma formation after surgery.Therefore,accurate localization and measurement of the boundary of the MPO are crucial for selecting the optimal patch for inguinal hernia repair.AIM To compare the size of the MPO measured on three-dimensional multislice spiral computed tomography(CT)with that measured via laparoscopy and explore the relevant factors influencing the size of the MPO.METHODS Clinical data from 74 patients who underwent laparoscopic tension-free inguinal hernia repair at the General Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology between September 2022 and July 2024 were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Transabdominal preperitoneal was performed.Sixty-four males and 10 females,with an average age of 58.30±12.32 years,were included.The clinical data of the patients were collected.The boundary of the MPO was measured on three-dimensional CT images before surgery and then again during transabdominal preperitoneal.All the preoperative and intraoperative data were analyzed via paired t-tests.A t-test was used for comparisons of age,body mass index,and sex between the groups.In the comparative analysis,a P value less than 0.05 indicated a significant difference.RESULTS The boundaries of the MPO on 3-dimensional CT images measured 7.05±0.47 cm and 6.27±0.61 cm,and the area of the MPO was 19.54±3.33 cm^(2).The boundaries of the MPO during surgery were 7.18±0.51 cm and 6.17±0.40 cm.The errors were not statistically significant.However,the intraoperative BD(the width of the MPO,P=0.024,P<0.05)and preoperative AC(the length of the MPO,P=0.045,P<0.05)significantly differed according to sex.The AC and BD measurements before and during surgery were not significantly different according to age,body mass index,hernia side or hernia type(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The application of this technology can aid in determining the most appropriate dissection range and patch size.展开更多
Left ventricular remodeling index （LVRI） was assessed in patients with hypertensive heart disease （HHD） and coronary artery disease （CAD） by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE）. RT3DE data of ...Left ventricular remodeling index （LVRI） was assessed in patients with hypertensive heart disease （HHD） and coronary artery disease （CAD） by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE）. RT3DE data of 18 patients with HHD, 20 patients with CAD and 22 normal controis （NC） were acquired. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume （EDV） and left ventricular end-diastolic epicardial volume （EDVepi） were detected by RT3DE and two-dimensional echocardiography Simpson biplane method （2DE）. LVRI （left ventricular mass/EDV） was calculated and compared. The results showed that LVRI measurements detected by RT3DE and 2DE showed significant differences inter-groups （P〈0.01）. There was no significant difference in NC group （P〉0.05）, but significant difference in HHD and CAD intra-group （P〈0.05）. There was good positive correlations between LVRI detected by RT3DE and 2DE in NC and HHD groups （t=0.69, P〈0.01; r=0.68, P〈0.01）, but no significant correlation in CAD group （r=0.30, P〉0.05）. It was concluded that LVRI derived from RT3DE as a new index for evaluating left ventricular remodeling can provide more superiority to LVRI derived from 2DE.展开更多
Summary: A three-dimensional (3D) graphic model of a single-chain Fv (scFv) which was derived from an anti-human placental acidic isoferritin (PAF) monoclonal antibody (MAb) was construct- ed by a homologous protein...Summary: A three-dimensional (3D) graphic model of a single-chain Fv (scFv) which was derived from an anti-human placental acidic isoferritin (PAF) monoclonal antibody (MAb) was construct- ed by a homologous protein-predicting computer algorithm on Silicon graphic computer station. The structure, surface static electricity and hydrophobicity of scFv were investigated. Computer graphic modelling indicated that all regions of scFv including the linker, variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains were suitable. The VH region and the VL region were involved in composing the 'hydrophobic pocket'. The linker was drifted away VH and VL regions. The complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of VH and VL regions surrounded the 'hydrophobic pocket'. This study provides a theory basis for improving antibody affinity, investigating antibody structure and analyzing the functions of VH and VL regions in antibody activity.展开更多
The value of application of three-dimensional visualization and animation technique in dynamic simulation of geographical landscape formation is analyzed and, in particular, how to simulate the formation and evolvemen...The value of application of three-dimensional visualization and animation technique in dynamic simulation of geographical landscape formation is analyzed and, in particular, how to simulate the formation and evolvement of geographical landscape in temporal dimension is discussed thoroughly. Based on various modeling tools in 3DS MAX and original DEM data of the study area acquired from topographic map, real three-dimensional terrain model is generated by using the method of three-dimensional mesh approximation through DEM interpolating and surface modeling, which leads to the realization of the dynamic visualization and simulation of volcanic landscape, formation and evolvement. Furthermore, the dynamic three-dimensional visual virtual scenery of the formation and evolvement of the volcano in the Changbai Mountains of Jilin, China, is constructed. The applicability, potential, and corresponding technique of using 3DS MAX to dynamically simulate the formation of geographical landscape are expatiated.展开更多
It is of great importance to obtain precise trace data,as traces are frequently the sole visible and measurable parameter in most outcrops.The manual recognition and detection of traces on high-resolution three-dimens...It is of great importance to obtain precise trace data,as traces are frequently the sole visible and measurable parameter in most outcrops.The manual recognition and detection of traces on high-resolution three-dimensional(3D)models are relatively straightforward but time-consuming.One potential solution to enhance this process is to use machine learning algorithms to detect the 3D traces.In this study,a unique pixel-wise texture mapper algorithm generates a dense point cloud representation of an outcrop with the precise resolution of the original textured 3D model.A virtual digital image rendering was then employed to capture virtual images of selected regions.This technique helps to overcome limitations caused by the surface morphology of the rock mass,such as restricted access,lighting conditions,and shading effects.After AI-powered trace detection on two-dimensional(2D)images,a 3D data structuring technique was applied to the selected trace pixels.In the 3D data structuring,the trace data were structured through 2D thinning,3D reprojection,clustering,segmentation,and segment linking.Finally,the linked segments were exported as 3D polylines,with each polyline in the output corresponding to a trace.The efficacy of the proposed method was assessed using a 3D model of a real-world case study,which was used to compare the results of artificial intelligence(AI)-aided and human intelligence trace detection.Rosette diagrams,which visualize the distribution of trace orientations,confirmed the high similarity between the automatically and manually generated trace maps.In conclusion,the proposed semi-automatic method was easy to use,fast,and accurate in detecting the dominant jointing system of the rock mass.展开更多
Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade compone...Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade components.In this paper,a dynamic model of 3D 4-directional braided composite thin plates considering braiding directions is established.Based on Kirchhoff's plate assumptions,the displacement variables of the plate are expressed.By incorporating the braiding directions into the constitutive equation of the braided composites,the dynamic model of the plate considering braiding directions is obtained.The effects of the speeds,braiding directions,and braided angles on the responses of the plate with fixed-axis rotation and translational motion,respectively,are investigated.This paper presents a dynamic theory for calculating the deformation of 3D braided composite structures undergoing both translational and rotational motions.It also provides a simulation method for investigating the dynamic behavior of non-isotropic material plates in various applications.展开更多
BACKGROUND HeartModel(HM)is a fully automated adaptive quantification software that can quickly quantify left heart volume and left ventricular function.This study used HM to quantify the left ventricular end-diastoli...BACKGROUND HeartModel(HM)is a fully automated adaptive quantification software that can quickly quantify left heart volume and left ventricular function.This study used HM to quantify the left ventricular end-diastolic(LVEDV)and end-systolic volumes(LVESV)of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM),coronary artery heart disease with segmental wall motion abnormality,and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM)to determine whether there were differences in the feasibility,accuracy,and repeatability of measuring the LVEDV,LVESV,LV ejection fraction(LVEF)and left atrial end-systolic volume(LAESV)and to compare these measurements with those obtained with traditional twodimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)methods.AIM To evaluate the application value of HM in quantifying left heart chamber volume and LVEF in clinical patients.METHODS A total of 150 subjects who underwent 2D and 3D echocardiography were divided into 4 groups:(1)42 patients with normal heart shape and function(control group,Group A);(2)35 patients with DCM(Group B);(3)41 patients with LV remodeling after acute myocardial infarction(Group C);and(4)32 patients with HCM(Group D).The LVEDV,LVESV,LVEF and LAESV obtained by HM with(HM-RE)and without regional endocardial border editing(HM-NE)were compared with those measured by traditional 2D/3D echocardiographic methods to assess the correlation,consistency,and repeatability of all methods.RESULTS(1)The parameters measured by HM were significantly different among the groups(P<0.05 for all).Compared with Groups A,C,and D,Group B had higher LVEDV and LVESV(P<0.05 for all)and lower LVEF(P<0.05 for all);(2)HM-NE overestimated LVEDV,LVESV,and LAESV with wide biases and underestimated LVEF with a small bias;contour adjustment reduced the biases and limits of agreement(bias:LVEDV,28.17 mL,LVESV,14.92 mL,LAESV,8.18 mL,LVEF,-0.04%).The correlations between HM-RE and advanced cardiac 3D quantification(3DQA)(r_(s)=0.91-0.95,P<0.05 for all)were higher than those between HM-NE(r_(s)=0.85-0.93,P<0.05 for all)and the traditional 2D methods.The correlations between HM-RE and 3DQA were good for Groups A,B,and C but remained weak for Group D(LVEDV and LVESV,r_(s)=0.48-0.54,P<0.05 for all);and(3)The intraobserver and interobserver variability for the HM-RE measurements were low.CONCLUSION HM can be used to quantify the LV volume and LVEF in patients with common heart diseases and sufficient image quality.HM with contour editing is highly reproducible and accurate and may be recommended for clinical practice.展开更多
Liposarcoma is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas,however,its occurrence rate is still rare compared to other cancers.Due to its rarity,in vitro experiments are an essential approach to elucidate liposarcoma ...Liposarcoma is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas,however,its occurrence rate is still rare compared to other cancers.Due to its rarity,in vitro experiments are an essential approach to elucidate liposarcoma pathobiology.Conventional cell culture-based research(2D cell culture)is still playing a pivotal role,while several shortcomings have been recently under discussion.In vivo,mouse models are usually adopted for pre-clinical analyses with expectations to overcome the issues of 2D cell culture.However,they do not fully recapitulate human dedifferentiated liposarcoma(DDLPS)characteristics.Therefore,three-dimensional(3D)culture systems have been the recent research focus in the cell biology field with the expectation to overcome at the same time the disadvantages of 2D cell culture and in vivo animal models and fill in the gap between them.Given the liposarcoma rarity,we believe that 3D cell culture techniques,including 3D cell cultures/co-cultures,and Patient-Derived tumor Organoids(PDOs),represent a promising approach to facilitate liposarcoma investigation and elucidate its molecular mechanisms and effective therapy development.In this review,we first provide a general overview of 3D cell cultures compared to 2D cell cultures.We then focus on one of the recent 3D cell culture applications,Patient-Derived Organoids(PDOs),summarizing and discussing several PDO methodologies.Finally,we discuss the current and future applications of PDOs to sarcoma,particularly in the field of liposarcoma.展开更多
Bone repair remains an important target in tissue engineering,making the development of bioactive scaffolds for effective bone defect repair a critical objective.In this study,β-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)scaffolds ...Bone repair remains an important target in tissue engineering,making the development of bioactive scaffolds for effective bone defect repair a critical objective.In this study,β-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)scaffolds incorporated with processed pyritum decoction(PPD)were fabricated using three-dimensional(3D)printing-assisted freeze-casting.The produced composite scaffolds were evaluated for their mechanical strength,physicochemical properties,biocompatibility,in vitro proangiogenic activity,and in vivo efficacy in repairing rabbit femoral defects.They not only demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties,enhanced mechanical strength,and good biosafety but also significantly promoted the proliferation,migration,and aggregation of pro-angiogenic human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).In vivo studies revealed that all scaffold groups facilitated osteogenesis at the bone defect site,with theβ-TCP scaffolds loaded with PPD markedly enhancing the expression of neurogenic locus Notch homolog protein 1(Notch1),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2),and osteopontin(OPN).Overall,the scaffolds developed in this study exhibited strong angiogenic and osteogenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo.The incorporation of PPD notably promoted the angiogenic-osteogenic coupling,thereby accelerating bone repair,which suggests that PPD is a promising material for bone repair and that the PPD/β-TCP scaffolds hold great potential as a bone graft alternative.展开更多
Three-dimensional holographic vector of atomic interaction field（3D-HoVAIF） is used to describe the chemical structures of polychlorinated naphthalenes（PCNs）.After variable screening by stepwise multiple regressio...Three-dimensional holographic vector of atomic interaction field（3D-HoVAIF） is used to describe the chemical structures of polychlorinated naphthalenes（PCNs）.After variable screening by stepwise multiple regression（SMR） technique,the liner relationships between gas-chromatographic relative retention time（RRT）,298 K supercooled liquid pressures（logPL）,n-octanol/air partition coefficient（logKOA）,n-octanol/water partition coefficient（logKOW）,aqueous solubilities（logSW）,relative in vitro potency values（-logEROD） of PCNs and 3D-HoVAIF descriptors have been established by partial least-square（PLS） regression.The result shows that the 3D-HoVAIF descriptors can be well used to express the quantitative structure-property（activity） relationships of PCNs.Predictive capability of the models has also been demonstrated by leave-one-out cross-validation.Moreover,the predicted values have been presented for those PCNs which are lack of experimentally physico-chemical properties and biological activity by the optimum models.展开更多
Taking contents of Italian Renaissance gardens in the course Foreign Landscape Architecture History as an example,this paper introduces case teaching method and analyzes application of three-dimensional graphic analys...Taking contents of Italian Renaissance gardens in the course Foreign Landscape Architecture History as an example,this paper introduces case teaching method and analyzes application of three-dimensional graphic analysis method in case teaching in detail,aiming at typical cases of Italian Renaissance gardens,namely,Villa Medici,Fiesole and Villa d’Este,Tivoli.Three-dimensional graphic analysis can help students form intuitive feeling of terrain and space,further understand the typical gardening techniques of foreign gardens,so as to improve the teaching effect of landscape architecture history course.展开更多
The development of minimally invasive surgery has transformed the management of gastrointestinal cancer.Notably,three-dimensional visualization systems have increased surgical precision.This editorial discusses a rece...The development of minimally invasive surgery has transformed the management of gastrointestinal cancer.Notably,three-dimensional visualization systems have increased surgical precision.This editorial discusses a recent study by Shen and Zhang,which compared the clinical applications of naked-eye threedimensional laparoscopic systems vs traditional optical systems in radical surgery for gastric and colorectal cancer.Both systems appeared to yield comparable surgical and oncological outcomes in terms of safety parameters,operating times,and quality of lymph node dissection.However,the spectacle-free system’s technical and logistical limitations hindered its effects on the surgical team’s overall competency.This editorial examines the authors’findings within the broader context of the evolution of oncologic laparoscopy,discusses the relevance of the results in light of the current literature,and proposes future research directions focused on multicenter validation,comprehensive ergonomic analysis,and technological advancements aimed at enhancing intraoperative collaboration.As technology continues to evolve,clinical implementation of new methods must be supported by robust scientific evidence and standardized criteria,to ensure tangible improvements in efficiency,safety,and oncologic outcomes.展开更多
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12172023)。
文摘According to the Mindlin plate theory and the first-order piston theory,this work obtains accurate closed-form eigensolutions for the flutter problem of three-dimensional(3D)rectangular laminated panels.The governing differential equations are derived by the Hamilton's variational principle,and then solved by the iterative Separation-of-Variable(i SOV)method,which are applicable to arbitrary combinations of homogeneous Boundary Conditions(BCs).However,only the simply-support,clamped and cantilever panels are considered in this work for the sake of clarity.With the closed-form eigensolutions,the flutter frequency,flutter mode and flutter boundary are presented,and the effect of shear deformation and aerodynamic damping on flutter frequencies is investigated.Besides,the relation between panel energy and the work of aerodynamic load is discussed.The numerical comparisons reveal the following.(A)The flutter eigenvalues obtained by the present method are accurate,validated by the Finite Element Method(FEM)and the Galerkin method.(B)When the span-chord ratio is larger than 3,simplifying a 3D panel to 2D(two-dimensional)panel is reasonable and the relative differences of the flutter points predicted by the two models are less than one percent.(C)The reciprocal relationship between the mechanical energy of the panel and the work done by aerodynamic load is verified by using the present flutter eigenvalues and modes,further indicating the high accuracy of the present solutions.(D)The coupling of shear deformation and aerodynamic damping prevents frequency coalescing.
文摘This paper advances a three-dimensional space interpolation method of grey / depth image sequence, which breaks free from the limit of original practical photographing route. Pictures can cruise at will in space. By using space sparse sampling, great memorial capacity can be saved and reproduced scenes can be controlled. To solve time consuming and complex computations in three-dimensional interpolation algorithm, we have studied a fast and practical algorithm of scattered space lattice and that of 'Warp' algorithm with proper depth. By several simple aspects of three dimensional space interpolation, we succeed in developing some simple and practical algorithms. Some results of simulated experiments with computers have shown that the new method is absolutely feasible.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 2021JJ10062)National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFB0301101)+2 种基金Science and Technology Program of Guangxi province, China (No. AB21220028)the financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (No. 2019zzts050)Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province (No. CX20190106)。
文摘In this study,insights into the effect of interfacial anisotropy on a complex hexagonal close-packed(hcp) dendritic growth during alloy solidification were gained by graphics processing unit(GPU)-accelerated three-dimensional(3D) phase-field simulations,as demonstrated for a Mg-Gd alloy.An anisotropic phasefield model with finite interface dissipation was developed by incorporating the contribution of the anisotropy of interfacial energy into the total free energy functional.The modified spherical harmonic anisotropy function was then chosen for the hcp crystal.The GPU parallel computing algorithm was implemented in the present phase-field model,and a corresponding code was developed in the compute unified device architecture parallel computing platform.Benchmark tests indicated that the calculation efficiency of a single TESLA V100 GPU could be~80times that of open multi-processing(OpenMP) with eight central processing unit cores.By coupling the phase-field model with reliable thermodynamic and interfacial energy descriptions,the 3D phase-field simulation of α-Mg dendritic growth in the Mg-6Gd(in wt%) alloy during solidification was performed.Various two-dimensional dendrite morphologies were revealed by cutting the simulated 3D dendrite along different crystallographic planes.Typical sixfold equiaxed and butterflied microstructures observed in experiments were well reproduced.
文摘It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be solved.A method of 3D structural color turning on periodic metasurfaces fabricated by the microlens array and self-assembly technology was proposed in this study.In the experiment,Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)flexible film was used as a substrate,and SiO2 microspheres were scraped into grooves of the PDMS film to form 3D photonic crystal structures.By adjusting the number of blade-coated times and microsphere concentrations,high-saturation structural color micropatterns were obtained.These films were then matched with microlens arrays to produce dynamic graphics with iridescent effects.The results showed that by blade-coated two times and SiO2 microsphere concentrations of 50%are the best conditions.This method demonstrates the potential for being widely applied in the anticounterfeiting printing and ultra-high-resolution display.
文摘AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) shear-wave elastography (SWE) in assessing the liver ablation volume after radiofrequency (RF) ablation.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program,China(No.2018YFB1106600)National Science and Technology Major Project,China(No.2017-VI-0002–0072 and No.Y2019-VII-0011-0151).
文摘The increasing demand for geometrically complex structures—specifically, higher-inlet-temperature turbine blades for the fifth-generation or other high-generation machines of advanced fighter aircrafts—hasmade the development of more complex double-walled three-layer hollow-cavity structures a necessity.However, this requires the preparation of complex ceramic cores and advanced, integrated technologies.Stereolithographic three-dimensional printing (SLA-3DP) technology, with digital control upon materialmorphology, composition, and structure, is a high integration and versatile technique that is superior tothe traditional manufacturing techniques for ceramic cores, including gel casting, injection molding, andhot pressing. The latent capacity of this technique is contingent on the progress of processing routesthat significantly reduce the distortion and defect formation in response to the elimination of the reactedorganic monomer phase during photo-curing. Despite the tremendous progress in the field, multiple challenges remain, such as the preparation of high-solid-content and low-viscosity suspensions, SLA-3DP oflarge double-walled ceramic cores with complex structures, and process optimization and sinter strengthening for the fabrication of ceramic cores. These challenges have prevented the broader applications andreduced the impact of the SLA-3DP technology. This review discusses cutting-edge research on the crucialfactors governing this production method. Specifically, we outline the existing challenges within the fieldand provide our perspective on the upcoming research work and progress.
文摘To address the problem of multi-missile cooperative interception against maneuvering targets at a prespecified impact time and desired Line-of-Sight(LOS)angles in ThreeDimensional(3D)space,this paper proposes a 3D leader-following cooperative interception guidance law.First,in the LOS direction of the leader,an impact time-controlled guidance law is derived based on the fixed-time stability theory,which enables the leader to complete the interception task at a prespecified impact time.Next,in the LOS direction of the followers,by introducing a time consensus tracking error function,a fixed-time consensus tracking guidance law is investigated to guarantee the consensus tracking convergence of the time-to-go.Then,in the direction normal to the LOS,by combining the designed global integral sliding mode surface and the second-order Sliding Mode Control(SMC)theory,an innovative 3D LOS-angle-constrained interception guidance law is developed,which eliminates the reaching phase in the traditional sliding mode guidance laws and effectively saves energy consumption.Moreover,it effectively suppresses the chattering phenomenon while avoiding the singularity issue,and compensates for unknown interference caused by target maneuvering online,making it convenient for practical engineering applications.Finally,theoretical proof analysis and multiple sets of numerical simulation results verify the effectiveness,superiority,and robustness of the investigated guidance law.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(42225107)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001326,42371414,42171409,and 42271419)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(2022A1515012207)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Project of Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning(202201011539)。
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes.In this study,we constructed a global urban structure(GUS-3D)dataset,including building volume,height,and footprint information,at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples.Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in2015 exceeded 1×10^(12)m^(3).Over the 1985 to 2015 period,we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth(i.e.,it increased from 166.02 km3 during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08km3 during the 2000–2015 period),while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional(2D)building footprint(22.51×10^(3) vs 13.29×10^(3)km^(2))and urban extent(157×10^(3) vs 133.8×10^(3)km^(2))notably decreased.This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land.Furthermore,we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide.This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities,which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality.The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.
基金Supported by the 2022 Provincial Quality Engineering Project for Higher Education Institutions,No.2022sx031the 2023 Provincial Quality Engineering Project for Higher Education Institutions,No.2023jyxm1071.
文摘BACKGROUND Inguinal hernias are common after surgery.Tension-free repair is widely accepted as the main method for managing inguinal hernias.Adequate exposure,coverage,and repair of the myopectineal orifice(MPO)are necessary.However,due to differences in race and sex,people’s body shapes vary.According to European guidelines,the patch should measure 10 cm×15 cm.If any part of the MPO is dissected,injury to the nerves,vascular network,or organs may occur during surgery,thereby leading to inguinal discomfort,pain,and seroma formation after surgery.Therefore,accurate localization and measurement of the boundary of the MPO are crucial for selecting the optimal patch for inguinal hernia repair.AIM To compare the size of the MPO measured on three-dimensional multislice spiral computed tomography(CT)with that measured via laparoscopy and explore the relevant factors influencing the size of the MPO.METHODS Clinical data from 74 patients who underwent laparoscopic tension-free inguinal hernia repair at the General Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology between September 2022 and July 2024 were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Transabdominal preperitoneal was performed.Sixty-four males and 10 females,with an average age of 58.30±12.32 years,were included.The clinical data of the patients were collected.The boundary of the MPO was measured on three-dimensional CT images before surgery and then again during transabdominal preperitoneal.All the preoperative and intraoperative data were analyzed via paired t-tests.A t-test was used for comparisons of age,body mass index,and sex between the groups.In the comparative analysis,a P value less than 0.05 indicated a significant difference.RESULTS The boundaries of the MPO on 3-dimensional CT images measured 7.05±0.47 cm and 6.27±0.61 cm,and the area of the MPO was 19.54±3.33 cm^(2).The boundaries of the MPO during surgery were 7.18±0.51 cm and 6.17±0.40 cm.The errors were not statistically significant.However,the intraoperative BD(the width of the MPO,P=0.024,P<0.05)and preoperative AC(the length of the MPO,P=0.045,P<0.05)significantly differed according to sex.The AC and BD measurements before and during surgery were not significantly different according to age,body mass index,hernia side or hernia type(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The application of this technology can aid in determining the most appropriate dissection range and patch size.
文摘Left ventricular remodeling index （LVRI） was assessed in patients with hypertensive heart disease （HHD） and coronary artery disease （CAD） by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE）. RT3DE data of 18 patients with HHD, 20 patients with CAD and 22 normal controis （NC） were acquired. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume （EDV） and left ventricular end-diastolic epicardial volume （EDVepi） were detected by RT3DE and two-dimensional echocardiography Simpson biplane method （2DE）. LVRI （left ventricular mass/EDV） was calculated and compared. The results showed that LVRI measurements detected by RT3DE and 2DE showed significant differences inter-groups （P〈0.01）. There was no significant difference in NC group （P〉0.05）, but significant difference in HHD and CAD intra-group （P〈0.05）. There was good positive correlations between LVRI detected by RT3DE and 2DE in NC and HHD groups （t=0.69, P〈0.01; r=0.68, P〈0.01）, but no significant correlation in CAD group （r=0.30, P〉0.05）. It was concluded that LVRI derived from RT3DE as a new index for evaluating left ventricular remodeling can provide more superiority to LVRI derived from 2DE.
文摘Summary: A three-dimensional (3D) graphic model of a single-chain Fv (scFv) which was derived from an anti-human placental acidic isoferritin (PAF) monoclonal antibody (MAb) was construct- ed by a homologous protein-predicting computer algorithm on Silicon graphic computer station. The structure, surface static electricity and hydrophobicity of scFv were investigated. Computer graphic modelling indicated that all regions of scFv including the linker, variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains were suitable. The VH region and the VL region were involved in composing the 'hydrophobic pocket'. The linker was drifted away VH and VL regions. The complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of VH and VL regions surrounded the 'hydrophobic pocket'. This study provides a theory basis for improving antibody affinity, investigating antibody structure and analyzing the functions of VH and VL regions in antibody activity.
文摘The value of application of three-dimensional visualization and animation technique in dynamic simulation of geographical landscape formation is analyzed and, in particular, how to simulate the formation and evolvement of geographical landscape in temporal dimension is discussed thoroughly. Based on various modeling tools in 3DS MAX and original DEM data of the study area acquired from topographic map, real three-dimensional terrain model is generated by using the method of three-dimensional mesh approximation through DEM interpolating and surface modeling, which leads to the realization of the dynamic visualization and simulation of volcanic landscape, formation and evolvement. Furthermore, the dynamic three-dimensional visual virtual scenery of the formation and evolvement of the volcano in the Changbai Mountains of Jilin, China, is constructed. The applicability, potential, and corresponding technique of using 3DS MAX to dynamically simulate the formation of geographical landscape are expatiated.
基金supported by grants from the Human Resources Development program (Grant No.20204010600250)the Training Program of CCUS for the Green Growth (Grant No.20214000000500)by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry,and Energy of the Korean Government (MOTIE).
文摘It is of great importance to obtain precise trace data,as traces are frequently the sole visible and measurable parameter in most outcrops.The manual recognition and detection of traces on high-resolution three-dimensional(3D)models are relatively straightforward but time-consuming.One potential solution to enhance this process is to use machine learning algorithms to detect the 3D traces.In this study,a unique pixel-wise texture mapper algorithm generates a dense point cloud representation of an outcrop with the precise resolution of the original textured 3D model.A virtual digital image rendering was then employed to capture virtual images of selected regions.This technique helps to overcome limitations caused by the surface morphology of the rock mass,such as restricted access,lighting conditions,and shading effects.After AI-powered trace detection on two-dimensional(2D)images,a 3D data structuring technique was applied to the selected trace pixels.In the 3D data structuring,the trace data were structured through 2D thinning,3D reprojection,clustering,segmentation,and segment linking.Finally,the linked segments were exported as 3D polylines,with each polyline in the output corresponding to a trace.The efficacy of the proposed method was assessed using a 3D model of a real-world case study,which was used to compare the results of artificial intelligence(AI)-aided and human intelligence trace detection.Rosette diagrams,which visualize the distribution of trace orientations,confirmed the high similarity between the automatically and manually generated trace maps.In conclusion,the proposed semi-automatic method was easy to use,fast,and accurate in detecting the dominant jointing system of the rock mass.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12372071 and 12372070)the Aeronautical Science Fund of China(No.2022Z055052001)the Foundation of China Scholarship Council(No.202306830079)。
文摘Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade components.In this paper,a dynamic model of 3D 4-directional braided composite thin plates considering braiding directions is established.Based on Kirchhoff's plate assumptions,the displacement variables of the plate are expressed.By incorporating the braiding directions into the constitutive equation of the braided composites,the dynamic model of the plate considering braiding directions is obtained.The effects of the speeds,braiding directions,and braided angles on the responses of the plate with fixed-axis rotation and translational motion,respectively,are investigated.This paper presents a dynamic theory for calculating the deformation of 3D braided composite structures undergoing both translational and rotational motions.It also provides a simulation method for investigating the dynamic behavior of non-isotropic material plates in various applications.
文摘BACKGROUND HeartModel(HM)is a fully automated adaptive quantification software that can quickly quantify left heart volume and left ventricular function.This study used HM to quantify the left ventricular end-diastolic(LVEDV)and end-systolic volumes(LVESV)of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM),coronary artery heart disease with segmental wall motion abnormality,and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM)to determine whether there were differences in the feasibility,accuracy,and repeatability of measuring the LVEDV,LVESV,LV ejection fraction(LVEF)and left atrial end-systolic volume(LAESV)and to compare these measurements with those obtained with traditional twodimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)methods.AIM To evaluate the application value of HM in quantifying left heart chamber volume and LVEF in clinical patients.METHODS A total of 150 subjects who underwent 2D and 3D echocardiography were divided into 4 groups:(1)42 patients with normal heart shape and function(control group,Group A);(2)35 patients with DCM(Group B);(3)41 patients with LV remodeling after acute myocardial infarction(Group C);and(4)32 patients with HCM(Group D).The LVEDV,LVESV,LVEF and LAESV obtained by HM with(HM-RE)and without regional endocardial border editing(HM-NE)were compared with those measured by traditional 2D/3D echocardiographic methods to assess the correlation,consistency,and repeatability of all methods.RESULTS(1)The parameters measured by HM were significantly different among the groups(P<0.05 for all).Compared with Groups A,C,and D,Group B had higher LVEDV and LVESV(P<0.05 for all)and lower LVEF(P<0.05 for all);(2)HM-NE overestimated LVEDV,LVESV,and LAESV with wide biases and underestimated LVEF with a small bias;contour adjustment reduced the biases and limits of agreement(bias:LVEDV,28.17 mL,LVESV,14.92 mL,LAESV,8.18 mL,LVEF,-0.04%).The correlations between HM-RE and advanced cardiac 3D quantification(3DQA)(r_(s)=0.91-0.95,P<0.05 for all)were higher than those between HM-NE(r_(s)=0.85-0.93,P<0.05 for all)and the traditional 2D methods.The correlations between HM-RE and 3DQA were good for Groups A,B,and C but remained weak for Group D(LVEDV and LVESV,r_(s)=0.48-0.54,P<0.05 for all);and(3)The intraobserver and interobserver variability for the HM-RE measurements were low.CONCLUSION HM can be used to quantify the LV volume and LVEF in patients with common heart diseases and sufficient image quality.HM with contour editing is highly reproducible and accurate and may be recommended for clinical practice.
文摘Liposarcoma is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas,however,its occurrence rate is still rare compared to other cancers.Due to its rarity,in vitro experiments are an essential approach to elucidate liposarcoma pathobiology.Conventional cell culture-based research(2D cell culture)is still playing a pivotal role,while several shortcomings have been recently under discussion.In vivo,mouse models are usually adopted for pre-clinical analyses with expectations to overcome the issues of 2D cell culture.However,they do not fully recapitulate human dedifferentiated liposarcoma(DDLPS)characteristics.Therefore,three-dimensional(3D)culture systems have been the recent research focus in the cell biology field with the expectation to overcome at the same time the disadvantages of 2D cell culture and in vivo animal models and fill in the gap between them.Given the liposarcoma rarity,we believe that 3D cell culture techniques,including 3D cell cultures/co-cultures,and Patient-Derived tumor Organoids(PDOs),represent a promising approach to facilitate liposarcoma investigation and elucidate its molecular mechanisms and effective therapy development.In this review,we first provide a general overview of 3D cell cultures compared to 2D cell cultures.We then focus on one of the recent 3D cell culture applications,Patient-Derived Organoids(PDOs),summarizing and discussing several PDO methodologies.Finally,we discuss the current and future applications of PDOs to sarcoma,particularly in the field of liposarcoma.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.81373970,81773902,81973484,and 32171402)the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.201810315019)+4 种基金the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Nos.SJCX21_0712 and KYCX23_2052)the Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Provincial Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.XYLD2024013)the Youth Scientific Research Project of Jiangyin Municipal Health Commission(No.Q202402)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine(No.XZR2024173)the Jiangyin Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund Project(No.JY0603A011014230032PB),China.
文摘Bone repair remains an important target in tissue engineering,making the development of bioactive scaffolds for effective bone defect repair a critical objective.In this study,β-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)scaffolds incorporated with processed pyritum decoction(PPD)were fabricated using three-dimensional(3D)printing-assisted freeze-casting.The produced composite scaffolds were evaluated for their mechanical strength,physicochemical properties,biocompatibility,in vitro proangiogenic activity,and in vivo efficacy in repairing rabbit femoral defects.They not only demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties,enhanced mechanical strength,and good biosafety but also significantly promoted the proliferation,migration,and aggregation of pro-angiogenic human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).In vivo studies revealed that all scaffold groups facilitated osteogenesis at the bone defect site,with theβ-TCP scaffolds loaded with PPD markedly enhancing the expression of neurogenic locus Notch homolog protein 1(Notch1),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2),and osteopontin(OPN).Overall,the scaffolds developed in this study exhibited strong angiogenic and osteogenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo.The incorporation of PPD notably promoted the angiogenic-osteogenic coupling,thereby accelerating bone repair,which suggests that PPD is a promising material for bone repair and that the PPD/β-TCP scaffolds hold great potential as a bone graft alternative.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2010DFA32680)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21005062)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (CDJRC10220010)
文摘Three-dimensional holographic vector of atomic interaction field（3D-HoVAIF） is used to describe the chemical structures of polychlorinated naphthalenes（PCNs）.After variable screening by stepwise multiple regression（SMR） technique,the liner relationships between gas-chromatographic relative retention time（RRT）,298 K supercooled liquid pressures（logPL）,n-octanol/air partition coefficient（logKOA）,n-octanol/water partition coefficient（logKOW）,aqueous solubilities（logSW）,relative in vitro potency values（-logEROD） of PCNs and 3D-HoVAIF descriptors have been established by partial least-square（PLS） regression.The result shows that the 3D-HoVAIF descriptors can be well used to express the quantitative structure-property（activity） relationships of PCNs.Predictive capability of the models has also been demonstrated by leave-one-out cross-validation.Moreover,the predicted values have been presented for those PCNs which are lack of experimentally physico-chemical properties and biological activity by the optimum models.
基金Sponsored by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (8202017)。
文摘Taking contents of Italian Renaissance gardens in the course Foreign Landscape Architecture History as an example,this paper introduces case teaching method and analyzes application of three-dimensional graphic analysis method in case teaching in detail,aiming at typical cases of Italian Renaissance gardens,namely,Villa Medici,Fiesole and Villa d’Este,Tivoli.Three-dimensional graphic analysis can help students form intuitive feeling of terrain and space,further understand the typical gardening techniques of foreign gardens,so as to improve the teaching effect of landscape architecture history course.
文摘The development of minimally invasive surgery has transformed the management of gastrointestinal cancer.Notably,three-dimensional visualization systems have increased surgical precision.This editorial discusses a recent study by Shen and Zhang,which compared the clinical applications of naked-eye threedimensional laparoscopic systems vs traditional optical systems in radical surgery for gastric and colorectal cancer.Both systems appeared to yield comparable surgical and oncological outcomes in terms of safety parameters,operating times,and quality of lymph node dissection.However,the spectacle-free system’s technical and logistical limitations hindered its effects on the surgical team’s overall competency.This editorial examines the authors’findings within the broader context of the evolution of oncologic laparoscopy,discusses the relevance of the results in light of the current literature,and proposes future research directions focused on multicenter validation,comprehensive ergonomic analysis,and technological advancements aimed at enhancing intraoperative collaboration.As technology continues to evolve,clinical implementation of new methods must be supported by robust scientific evidence and standardized criteria,to ensure tangible improvements in efficiency,safety,and oncologic outcomes.
