Global warming has become a topic of widespread attention. The climate change will affect the change of agricultural climate resource,thereby affecting the agricultural planting structure,the grain yield,etc. Based on...Global warming has become a topic of widespread attention. The climate change will affect the change of agricultural climate resource,thereby affecting the agricultural planting structure,the grain yield,etc. Based on the daily temperature of Zhangjiakou from 1960 to 2011,the temporal changes of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperatures were analyzed by using the methods of linear trend estimation and M-K mutation test. The results indicated that(1) the annual average temperature showed an increasing trend with the linear warming rate of 0. 42 ℃ /10 a in the past 52 years. In 1982,the annual average temperature had abrupt change,especially after 1983,the warming trend increased significantly.(2) In the past 52 years,≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature showed an increasing trend with the warming rate of 89. 4 ℃ /10 a. Mutation point of ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature appeared in 1983,and after 1985,≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature increased sharply. At the same time,the ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature had abrupt change in 1983,especially from 1987 to 1995 and after 1986,the warming trend increased sharply.(3) The initial date of ≥0 ℃ presented significant advancing trend,and that of ≥10 ℃ had little change,while their terminal dates presented delaying trend,so the sustained days of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ increased significantly.(4) In the past 52 years,the delay of the terminal dates of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ was greater than the advancing of the initial dates,and ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature had a greater increase than ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature.展开更多
The objective of this study is the valorization of downgraded dates from a high Algerian date variety <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></i></span><i><i><span style...The objective of this study is the valorization of downgraded dates from a high Algerian date variety <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Deglet Nour</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, locally called “</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h’chef</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”. The work starts with the implementation of a food formulation of semi-candied dat</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">es in syrup extracted from dates. This formulation was based on dehydration-impregnation by immersion (D.I.I.). The downgraded dates were cleaned, cut, blanched, and then immersed in date syrups with increasing differential</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentrations in Brix degrees: 65</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 70</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 75</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The chosen date/syrup immersion ratio is 1:2 (w/w). The obtained semi-candied dates were the subject of physicochemical and sensory analyses. The characterization of the downgraded dates before immersion showed high sugar content with a rate </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">52.67</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> g% g of dry matter and low water content (14%) which favors their use in semi-candied products. The </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">physico-chemical</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">analyses</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> results of the three semi-candied dates products show an increase in their final sugar content, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e.</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from 53.55% to 60.78% and in ashes between 1</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">76 p.cent and 1</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">94 p.cent. On the other hand, sensory analysis results confirm that the semi-candied dates with a syrup of 75</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Brix present the most appreciated and preferable organoleptic characteristics than the other variables. Finally, following appertisation, the stability test </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">reveal</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> good microbiological quality (100</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C for 20 minutes) of the three (3) semi-candied formulations of dates.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Thus, the valorization of the “</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h’chef</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">” as sorting gap <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Deglet Nour</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> date allowed its transformation into semi-candied dates, stable, appreciable on the organoleptic side. This new formulation could constitute a value-added product if eventually manufactured on an industrial scale, mainly in southern Algeria.</span>展开更多
The study focused on the detection of indicators of climate change in 24-hourly annual maximum series (AMS) rainfall data collected for 36 years (1982-2017) for Warri Township, using different statistical methods yiel...The study focused on the detection of indicators of climate change in 24-hourly annual maximum series (AMS) rainfall data collected for 36 years (1982-2017) for Warri Township, using different statistical methods yielded a statistically insignificant positive mild trend. The IMD and MCIMD downscaled model’s time series data respectively produced MK statistics varying from 1.403 to 1.4729, and 1.403 to 1.463 which were less than the critical Z-value of 1.96. Also, the slope magnitude obtained showed a mild increasing trend in variation from 0.0189 to 0.3713, and 0.0175 to 0.5426, with the rate of change in rainfall intensity at 24 hours duration as 0.4536 and 0.42 mm/hr.year (4.536 and 4.2 mm/decade) for the IMD and the MCIMD time series data, respectively. The trend change point date occurred in the year 2000 from the distribution-free CUSUM test with the trend maintaining a significant and steady increase from 2010 to 2015. Thus, this study established the existence of a trend, which is an indication of a changing climate, and satisfied the condition for rainfall Non-stationary intensity-duration-frequency (NS-IDF) modeling required for infrastructural design for combating flooding events.展开更多
文摘Global warming has become a topic of widespread attention. The climate change will affect the change of agricultural climate resource,thereby affecting the agricultural planting structure,the grain yield,etc. Based on the daily temperature of Zhangjiakou from 1960 to 2011,the temporal changes of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperatures were analyzed by using the methods of linear trend estimation and M-K mutation test. The results indicated that(1) the annual average temperature showed an increasing trend with the linear warming rate of 0. 42 ℃ /10 a in the past 52 years. In 1982,the annual average temperature had abrupt change,especially after 1983,the warming trend increased significantly.(2) In the past 52 years,≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature showed an increasing trend with the warming rate of 89. 4 ℃ /10 a. Mutation point of ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature appeared in 1983,and after 1985,≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature increased sharply. At the same time,the ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature had abrupt change in 1983,especially from 1987 to 1995 and after 1986,the warming trend increased sharply.(3) The initial date of ≥0 ℃ presented significant advancing trend,and that of ≥10 ℃ had little change,while their terminal dates presented delaying trend,so the sustained days of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ increased significantly.(4) In the past 52 years,the delay of the terminal dates of ≥0 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ was greater than the advancing of the initial dates,and ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature had a greater increase than ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature.
文摘The objective of this study is the valorization of downgraded dates from a high Algerian date variety <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Deglet Nour</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, locally called “</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h’chef</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”. The work starts with the implementation of a food formulation of semi-candied dat</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">es in syrup extracted from dates. This formulation was based on dehydration-impregnation by immersion (D.I.I.). The downgraded dates were cleaned, cut, blanched, and then immersed in date syrups with increasing differential</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentrations in Brix degrees: 65</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 70</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 75</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The chosen date/syrup immersion ratio is 1:2 (w/w). The obtained semi-candied dates were the subject of physicochemical and sensory analyses. The characterization of the downgraded dates before immersion showed high sugar content with a rate </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">52.67</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> g% g of dry matter and low water content (14%) which favors their use in semi-candied products. The </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">physico-chemical</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">analyses</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> results of the three semi-candied dates products show an increase in their final sugar content, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e.</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from 53.55% to 60.78% and in ashes between 1</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">76 p.cent and 1</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">94 p.cent. On the other hand, sensory analysis results confirm that the semi-candied dates with a syrup of 75</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Brix present the most appreciated and preferable organoleptic characteristics than the other variables. Finally, following appertisation, the stability test </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">reveal</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> good microbiological quality (100</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C for 20 minutes) of the three (3) semi-candied formulations of dates.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Thus, the valorization of the “</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h’chef</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">” as sorting gap <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Deglet Nour</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> date allowed its transformation into semi-candied dates, stable, appreciable on the organoleptic side. This new formulation could constitute a value-added product if eventually manufactured on an industrial scale, mainly in southern Algeria.</span>
文摘The study focused on the detection of indicators of climate change in 24-hourly annual maximum series (AMS) rainfall data collected for 36 years (1982-2017) for Warri Township, using different statistical methods yielded a statistically insignificant positive mild trend. The IMD and MCIMD downscaled model’s time series data respectively produced MK statistics varying from 1.403 to 1.4729, and 1.403 to 1.463 which were less than the critical Z-value of 1.96. Also, the slope magnitude obtained showed a mild increasing trend in variation from 0.0189 to 0.3713, and 0.0175 to 0.5426, with the rate of change in rainfall intensity at 24 hours duration as 0.4536 and 0.42 mm/hr.year (4.536 and 4.2 mm/decade) for the IMD and the MCIMD time series data, respectively. The trend change point date occurred in the year 2000 from the distribution-free CUSUM test with the trend maintaining a significant and steady increase from 2010 to 2015. Thus, this study established the existence of a trend, which is an indication of a changing climate, and satisfied the condition for rainfall Non-stationary intensity-duration-frequency (NS-IDF) modeling required for infrastructural design for combating flooding events.
