Fusion power output is proportional not only to the fuel particle number densities participating in reaction but also to the fusion reaction rate coefficient （or reactivity）, which is dependent on reactant velocity ...Fusion power output is proportional not only to the fuel particle number densities participating in reaction but also to the fusion reaction rate coefficient （or reactivity）, which is dependent on reactant velocity distribution functions. They are usuMly assumed to be dual Maxwellian distribution functions with the same temperature for thermal nuclear fusion circumstances. However, if high power neutral beam injection and minority ion species ICRF plasma heating, or multi-pinched plasma beam head-on collision, in a converging region are required and investigated in future large scale fusion reactors, then the fractions of the injected energetic fast ion tail resulting from ionization or charge exchange will be large enough and their contribution to the non-Maxwellian distribution functions is not negligible, hence to the fusion reaction rate coefficient or calculation of fusion power. In such cases, beam-target, and beam-beam reaction enhancement effect contributions should play very important roles. In this paper, several useful formulae to calculate the fusion reaction rate coefticient for different beam and target combination scenarios are derived in detail展开更多
This paper aims to study the unique interlanguage phonological system of the L1 Cantonese learners of English in GuangdongProvince, including the roles of the differences between native language and target language, l...This paper aims to study the unique interlanguage phonological system of the L1 Cantonese learners of English in GuangdongProvince, including the roles of the differences between native language and target language, language transfer and other constraints dur-ing the interlanguage formation process. An experiment has been designed to test the pronunciation of targeted consonants of the voca-tional college students, who are English majors with Cantonese as native language but are also exposed to Mandarin for a long time. Re-sults show that the sounds that do not exist in native language are easily pronounced incorrectly. The phonological system the subjectsdevelop to substitute the targeted consonants is quite different from that of the L1 Cantonese learners from Hong Kong and is also variedfrom that of the L1 Mandarin learners from other province of China's Mainland. It confirms that the L1 Cantonese learners of English inGuangdong Province do have a unique phonological system in their interlanguage and that special attention should be paid by teachersduring the teaching of English pronunciation.展开更多
It is expected that multiple virtual power plants(multi-VPPs)will join and participate in the future local energy market(LEM).The trading behaviors of these VPPs needs to be carefully studied in order to maximize the ...It is expected that multiple virtual power plants(multi-VPPs)will join and participate in the future local energy market(LEM).The trading behaviors of these VPPs needs to be carefully studied in order to maximize the benefits brought to the local energy market operator(LEMO)and each VPP.We propose a bounded rationality-based trading model of multiVPPs in the local energy market by using a dynamic game approach with different trading targets.Three types of power bidding models for VPPs are first set up with different trading targets.In the dynamic game process,VPPs can also improve the degree of rationality and then find the most suitable target for different requirements by evolutionary learning after considering the opponents’bidding strategies and its own clustered resources.LEMO would decide the electricity buying/selling price in the LEM.Furthermore,the proposed dynamic game model is solved by a hybrid method consisting of an improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)algorithm and conventional largescale optimization.Finally,case studies are conducted to show the performance of the proposed model and solution approach,which may provide some insights for VPPs to participate in the LEM in real-world complex scenarios.展开更多
基金Supported by the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Project of China under Grant No 2013GB114003the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11275135
文摘Fusion power output is proportional not only to the fuel particle number densities participating in reaction but also to the fusion reaction rate coefficient （or reactivity）, which is dependent on reactant velocity distribution functions. They are usuMly assumed to be dual Maxwellian distribution functions with the same temperature for thermal nuclear fusion circumstances. However, if high power neutral beam injection and minority ion species ICRF plasma heating, or multi-pinched plasma beam head-on collision, in a converging region are required and investigated in future large scale fusion reactors, then the fractions of the injected energetic fast ion tail resulting from ionization or charge exchange will be large enough and their contribution to the non-Maxwellian distribution functions is not negligible, hence to the fusion reaction rate coefficient or calculation of fusion power. In such cases, beam-target, and beam-beam reaction enhancement effect contributions should play very important roles. In this paper, several useful formulae to calculate the fusion reaction rate coefticient for different beam and target combination scenarios are derived in detail
文摘This paper aims to study the unique interlanguage phonological system of the L1 Cantonese learners of English in GuangdongProvince, including the roles of the differences between native language and target language, language transfer and other constraints dur-ing the interlanguage formation process. An experiment has been designed to test the pronunciation of targeted consonants of the voca-tional college students, who are English majors with Cantonese as native language but are also exposed to Mandarin for a long time. Re-sults show that the sounds that do not exist in native language are easily pronounced incorrectly. The phonological system the subjectsdevelop to substitute the targeted consonants is quite different from that of the L1 Cantonese learners from Hong Kong and is also variedfrom that of the L1 Mandarin learners from other province of China's Mainland. It confirms that the L1 Cantonese learners of English inGuangdong Province do have a unique phonological system in their interlanguage and that special attention should be paid by teachersduring the teaching of English pronunciation.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFE0123600)National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52077146)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CSEE(Grant No.CESS-YESS-2019027).
文摘It is expected that multiple virtual power plants(multi-VPPs)will join and participate in the future local energy market(LEM).The trading behaviors of these VPPs needs to be carefully studied in order to maximize the benefits brought to the local energy market operator(LEMO)and each VPP.We propose a bounded rationality-based trading model of multiVPPs in the local energy market by using a dynamic game approach with different trading targets.Three types of power bidding models for VPPs are first set up with different trading targets.In the dynamic game process,VPPs can also improve the degree of rationality and then find the most suitable target for different requirements by evolutionary learning after considering the opponents’bidding strategies and its own clustered resources.LEMO would decide the electricity buying/selling price in the LEM.Furthermore,the proposed dynamic game model is solved by a hybrid method consisting of an improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)algorithm and conventional largescale optimization.Finally,case studies are conducted to show the performance of the proposed model and solution approach,which may provide some insights for VPPs to participate in the LEM in real-world complex scenarios.
