Permanent-magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are widely used in robotics,rail transportation,and electric vehicles owing to their high power density,high efficiency,and high power factor.However,PMSMs often operate in ...Permanent-magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are widely used in robotics,rail transportation,and electric vehicles owing to their high power density,high efficiency,and high power factor.However,PMSMs often operate in harsh environments,where critical components such as windings and permanent magnets(PMs)are susceptible to failures.These faults can lead to a significant degradation in performance,posing substantial challenges to the reliable operation of PMSMs.This paper presents a comprehensive review of common fault types in PMSMs,along with their corresponding fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies.The underlying mechanisms of typical faults are systematically analyzed,followed by a detailed comparison of various diagnostic and fault-tolerant control methods to evaluate their respective advantages and limitations.Finally,the review concludes by identifying key research gaps in PMSM fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control,while proposing potential future directions for advancing this field.展开更多
Multi-phase machines are so attractive for electrical machine designers because of their valuable advantages such as high reliability and fault tolerant ability.Meanwhile,fractional slot concentrated windings(FSCW)are...Multi-phase machines are so attractive for electrical machine designers because of their valuable advantages such as high reliability and fault tolerant ability.Meanwhile,fractional slot concentrated windings(FSCW)are well known because of short end winding length,simple structure,field weakening sufficiency,fault tolerant capability and higher slot fill factor.The five-phase machines equipped with FSCW,are very good candidates for the purpose of designing motors for high reliable applications,like electric cars,major transporting buses,high speed trains and massive trucks.But,in comparison to the general distributed windings,the FSCWs contain high magnetomotive force(MMF)space harmonic contents,which cause unwanted effects on the machine ability,such as localized iron saturation and core losses.This manuscript introduces several new five-phase fractional slot winding layouts,by the means of slot shifting concept in order to design the new types of synchronous reluctance motors(SynRels).In order to examine the proposed winding’s performances,three sample machines are designed as case studies,and analytical study and finite element analysis(FEA)is used for validation.展开更多
This paper presents a high-fidelity lumpedparameter(LP)thermal model(HF-LPTM)for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)in electric vehicle(EV)applications,where various cooling techniques are considered,includin...This paper presents a high-fidelity lumpedparameter(LP)thermal model(HF-LPTM)for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)in electric vehicle(EV)applications,where various cooling techniques are considered,including frame forced air/liquid cooling,oil jet cooling for endwinding,and rotor shaft cooling.To address the temperature misestimation in the LP thermal modelling due to assumptions of concentrated loss input and uniform heat flows,the developed HF-LPTM introduces two compensation thermal resistances for the winding and PM components,which are analytically derived from the multi-dimensional heat transfer equations and are robust against different load/thermal conditions.As validated by the finite element analysis method and experiments,the conventional LPTMs exhibit significant winding temperature deviations,while the proposed HF-LPTM can accurately predict both the midpoint and average temperatures.The developed HFLPTM is further used to assess the effectiveness of various cooling techniques under different scenarios,i.e.,steady-state thermal states under the rated load condition,and transient temperature profiles under city,freeway,and hybrid(city+freeway)driving cycles.Results indicate that no single cooling technique can maintain both winding and PM temperatures within safety limits.The combination of frame liquid cooling and oil jet cooling for end winding can sufficiently mitigate PMSM thermal stress in EV applications.展开更多
Numerous uncertainties in practical production and operation can seriously affect the drive performance of permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs).Various robust control methods have been developed to mitigate or...Numerous uncertainties in practical production and operation can seriously affect the drive performance of permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs).Various robust control methods have been developed to mitigate or eliminate the effects of these uncertainties.However,the robustness to uncertainties of electrical drive systems has not been clearly defined.No systemic procedures have been proposed to evaluate a control system's robustness(how robust it is).This paper proposes a systemic method for evaluating control systems'robustness to uncertainties.The concept and fundamental theory of robust control are illustrated by considering a simple uncertain feedback control system.The effects of uncertainties on the control performance and stability are analyzed and discussed.The concept of design for six-sigma(a robust design method)is employed to numerically evaluate the robustness levels of control systems.To show the effectiveness of the proposed robustness evaluation method,case studies are conducted for second-order systems,DC motor drive systems,and PMSM drive systems.Besides the conventional predictive control of PMSM drive,three different robust predictive control methods are evaluated in terms of two different parametric uncertainty ranges and three application requirements against parametric uncertainties.展开更多
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors(PMSMs)are widely employed in high-performance drive applications due to their superior efficiency and dynamic capabilities.However,their control remains challenging owing to nonline...Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors(PMSMs)are widely employed in high-performance drive applications due to their superior efficiency and dynamic capabilities.However,their control remains challenging owing to nonlinear dynamics,parameter variations,and unmeasurable external disturbances,particularly load torquefluctuations.This study proposes an enhanced Interconnection and Damp-ing Assignment Passivity-Based Control(IDA-PBC)scheme,formulated within the port-controlled Hamiltonian(PCH)framework,to address these limitations.A nonlinear disturbance observer is embedded to estimate and compensate,in real time,for lumped mis-matched disturbances arising from parameter uncertainties and external loads.Additionally,aflatness-based control strategy is employed to generate the desired current references within the nonlinear drive system,ensuring accurate tracking of time-varying speed commands.This integrated approach preserves the system’s energy-based structure,enabling systematic stability analysis while enhancing robustness.The proposed control architecture also maintains low complexity with a limited number of tunable parameters,facilitating practical implementation.Simulation and experimental results under various operating conditions demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.Comparative analysis with conventional proportional-integral(PI)control and standard IDA-PBC strategies confirms its capability to handle disturbances and maintain dynamic performance.展开更多
The blisk is a core component of an aero-engine,and electrochemical machining(ECM)is the primary method for its manufacture.Among several ECM methods for blisks,multi-tool synchronous machining is the most efficient a...The blisk is a core component of an aero-engine,and electrochemical machining(ECM)is the primary method for its manufacture.Among several ECM methods for blisks,multi-tool synchronous machining is the most efficient and advantageous for machining channels.The allowance distribution of the blank after blisk channel machining directly influences the blade profile accuracy.This paper proposes a trajectory control strategy to homogenize the allowance distribution of the blisk channel in multi-tool ECM.The strategy includes the design of the three-dimensional space motion of the tool and blisk,as well as the regulated feed speed.The structural characteristics of the blisk channel and the principle of ECM allow for designing and optimizing the multidimensional trajectory.The electric field simulations elucidate the influence law of the three-axis feed speed on the side gap.An algorithm is adopted to iteratively optimize the speeds for different positions to realize multi-dimensional motion control and allowance homogenization.The proposed trajectory control strategy is applied to ECM experiments for the blisk channel.Compared with the constant feed speed mode,the regulated speed strategy reduces the maximum allowance difference between the convex(CV)profiles by 36.18%and that between the concave(CC)profiles by 37.73%.Subsequently,the one-time ECM of eight blisk channels was successfully realized.The average time for a single channel was 12.5 min,significantly improving the machining efficiency.In conclusion,the proposed method is effective and can be extended for synchronously machining various blisk types with twisted channels.展开更多
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high ...This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high efficiency,great robustness,reliability and low torque inertia.In spite of their extensive appliance,they can be quite non-resilient and inadequate in operation when faults appear in motor drive apparatus such as inverters,stator windings,sensors,etc.These may lead to insulation failure,torque fluctuations,overcurrent or even system collapse.On that account,fault diagnosis and fault tolerant methods are equipped to enhance the stability and robustness in PMSMs.Progressive methodologies of PMSM fault diagnosis and tolerance are classified,discussed,reviewed and compared in this paper,beginning with mat hematical modeling of PMSM and then scrutinizing various fault conditions in PMSMs.Finally,the scope of research on the topic is highlighted.The contribution of this review is to emphasize optimistic schemes and to assist researchers with the latest trends in this field for future directions.展开更多
This paper presents a state-of-the-art review in modeling approach of hardware in the loop simulation(HILS)realization of electric machine drives using commercial real time machines.HILS implementation using digital s...This paper presents a state-of-the-art review in modeling approach of hardware in the loop simulation(HILS)realization of electric machine drives using commercial real time machines.HILS implementation using digital signal processors(DSPs)and field programmable gate array(FPGA)for electric machine drives has been investigated but those methods have drawbacks such as complexity in development and verification.Among various HILS implementation approaches,more efficient development and verification for electric machine drives can be achieved through use of commercial real time machines.As well as implementation of the HILS,accurate modeling of a control target system plays an important role.Therefore,modeling trend in electric machine drives for HILS implementation is needed to be reviewed.This paper provides a background of HILS and commercially available real time machines and characteristics of each real time machine are introduced.Also,recent trends and progress of permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)modeling are presented for providing more accurate HILS implementation approaches in this paper.展开更多
Cogging torque and electromagnetic vibration are two important factors for evaluating permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)and are key issues that must be considered and resolved in the design and manufacture of ...Cogging torque and electromagnetic vibration are two important factors for evaluating permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)and are key issues that must be considered and resolved in the design and manufacture of high-performance PMSM for electric vehicles.A fast and accurate magnetic field calculation model for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine(IPMSM)is proposed in this article.Based on the traditional magnetic potential permeance method,the stator cogging effect and complex boundary conditions of the IPMSM can be fully considered in this model,so as to realize the rapid calculation of equivalent magnetomotive force(MMF),air gap permeance,and other key electromagnetic properties.In this article,a 6-pole 36-slot IPMSM is taken as an example to establish its equivalent solution model,thereby the cogging torque is accurately calculated.And the validity of this model is verified by a variety of different magnetic pole structures,pole slot combinations machines,and prototype experiments.In addition,the improvement measure of the machine with different combination of pole arc coefficient is also studied based on this model.Cogging torque and electromagnetic vibration can be effectively weakened.Combined with the finite element model and multi-physics coupling model,the electromagnetic characteristics and vibration performance of this machine are comprehensively compared and analyzed.The analysis results have well verified its effectiveness.It can be extended to other structures or types of PMSM and has very important practical value and research significance.展开更多
The researches on the heat generation and dissipa-tion of the permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are integrated problems involving multidisciplinary studies of electromagnetism,thermomechanics,and computation...The researches on the heat generation and dissipa-tion of the permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are integrated problems involving multidisciplinary studies of electromagnetism,thermomechanics,and computational fluid dynamics.The governing equations of the multi-physical prob-lems are coupled and hard to be solved and illustrated.The high accuracy mathematical model in the algebraically integral con-servative forms of the coupled fields is established and computed in this paper.And the equation coupling with the fluid flow and the temperature variation is modified to improve the positive definiteness and the symmetry of the global stiffness matrix.The computational burden is thus reduced by the model modification.A 20kW 4500rpm permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)is taken as the prototype,and the calculation results are validated by experimental ones.展开更多
Dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machines(DTP-PMSM)connected with a single neutral point provide a loop for zero-sequence current(ZSC).This paper proposes a novel space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM...Dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machines(DTP-PMSM)connected with a single neutral point provide a loop for zero-sequence current(ZSC).This paper proposes a novel space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)strategy to suppress the ZSC.Five vectors are selected as basic voltage vectors in one switching period.The fundamental and harmonic planes and the zero-sequence plane are taken into consideration to synthesis the reference voltage vector.To suppress the ZSC,a non-zero zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)is generated to compensate the third harmonic back-EMF.Rather than triangular carrier modulation,the sawtooth carrier modulation strategy is used to generate asymmetric PWM signals.The modulation range is investigated to explore the variation of modulation range caused by considering the zero-sequence plane.With the proposed method,the ZSC can be considerably reduced.The simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy.展开更多
As there is no need of permanent magnet(PM)material and only silicon steel sheet required on the rotor,synchronous reluctance machine(SynRM)can be used for many applications and draws a great research interest.For the...As there is no need of permanent magnet(PM)material and only silicon steel sheet required on the rotor,synchronous reluctance machine(SynRM)can be used for many applications and draws a great research interest.For the SynRM,the torque ripple is a big issue and a great of work could been done on reducing it.In this paper,asymmetrical magnetic flux barriers in the SynRM rotor were studied comprehensively,including angle and width of each layer and each side of the magnetic barrier.The SynRMb with asymmetrical and parallel magnetic flux barrier was found as the best way to design SynRM based on the multi-objective design optimization method.Moreover,each parameter was studied to show the design rule of the asymmetrical magnetic flux barrier.As the average torque will be reduced with the asymmetrical barrier is used,the grain-oriented silicon steel is used on stator teeth of the SynRMb(SynRMbG)was proposed and studied.The analysis results show that the proposed new method can make the SynRM have better performance.展开更多
To solve the problem of large torque ripple of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(IPMSM),the rotor surface notch design method was used for V-type IPMSM.In order to accurately obtain the optimal parameter val...To solve the problem of large torque ripple of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(IPMSM),the rotor surface notch design method was used for V-type IPMSM.In order to accurately obtain the optimal parameter values to improve the torque performance of the motor,this paper takes the output torque capacity and torque ripple as the optimization objectives,and proposes a multi-objective layered optimization method based on the parameter hierarchical design combined with Taguchi method and response surface method(RSM).The conclusion can be drawn by comparing the electromagnetic performance of the motor before and after optimization,the proposed IPMSM based on the rotor surface notch design can not only improve the output torque,but also play an obvious inhibition effect on the torque ripple.展开更多
In order to enhance the transient performance of aircraft high voltage DC(HVDC)generation system with wound rotor synchronous machine(WRSM)under a wide speed range,the nonlinear PI multi-loop control strategy is propo...In order to enhance the transient performance of aircraft high voltage DC(HVDC)generation system with wound rotor synchronous machine(WRSM)under a wide speed range,the nonlinear PI multi-loop control strategy is proposed in this paper.Traditional voltage control method is hard to achieve the dynamic performance requirements of the HVDC generation system under a wide speed range,so the nonlinear PI parameter adjustment,load current feedback and speed feedback are added to the voltage and excitation current double loop control.The transfer function of the HVDC generation system is derived,and the relationship between speed,load current and PI parameters is obtained.The PI parameters corresponding to the load at certain speed are used to shorten the adjusting time when the load suddenly changes.The dynamic responses in transient processes are analyzed by experiment.The results illustrate that the WRSM HVDC generator system with this method has better dynamic performance.展开更多
In this paper,various types of sinusoidal-fed electrical machines,i.e.induction machines(IMs),permanent magnet(PM)machines,synchronous reluctance machines,variable flux machines,wound field machines,are comprehensivel...In this paper,various types of sinusoidal-fed electrical machines,i.e.induction machines(IMs),permanent magnet(PM)machines,synchronous reluctance machines,variable flux machines,wound field machines,are comprehensively reviewed in terms of basic features,merits and demerits,and compared for HEV/EV traction applications.Their latest developments are highlighted while their electromagnetic performance are quantitatively compared based on the same specification as the Prius 2010 interior PM(IPM)machine,including the torque/power-speed characteristics,power factor,efficiency map,and drive cycle based overall efficiency.It is found that PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machines are the most promising alternatives to IPM machines with lower cost and potentially higher overall efficiency.Although IMs are cheaper and have better overload capability,they exhibit lower efficiency and power factor.Other electrical machines,such as synchronous reluctance machines,wound field machines,as well as many other newly developed machines,are currently less attractive due to lower torque density and efficiency.展开更多
Linear machines(LMs)produce linear motion without any intermediate transmission mechanisms,thus the whole electromechanical system has simple structure and its efficiency is high.Because of such merits,linear machines...Linear machines(LMs)produce linear motion without any intermediate transmission mechanisms,thus the whole electromechanical system has simple structure and its efficiency is high.Because of such merits,linear machines have been studied for a long time and rapidly developed in recent years.Due to the characteristic of open structure,linear machines have more diversity than rotary machines in terms of machine topologies.Accounting for the wide applications of linear machines,e.g.Maglev train,precision machine tools,semiconductor processing device,automatic equipment,logistic transport line,ropeless lifter,compressor,etc.,this paper reviews the most applied linear machines including machine topologies,operating principle and features.In addition,the influence of end effects and the corresponding reduction methods are also summarized.Finally,several commercial applications are exemplified.展开更多
This paper reviews the performances of some newly developed reluctance machines with different winding configurations,excitation methods,stator and rotor structures,and slot/pole number combinations.Both the double la...This paper reviews the performances of some newly developed reluctance machines with different winding configurations,excitation methods,stator and rotor structures,and slot/pole number combinations.Both the double layer conventional(DLC-),double layer mutually-coupled(DLMC),single layer conventional(SLC-),and single layer mutually-coupled(SLMC-),as well as fully-pitched(FP)winding configurations have been considered for both rectangular wave and sinewave excitations.Different conduction angles such as unipolar120°elec.,unipolar/bipolar180°elec.,bipolar240°elec.and bipolar360°elec.have been adopted and the most appropriate conduction angles have been obtained for the SRMs with different winding configurations.In addition,with appropriate conduction angles,the 12-slot/14-pole SRMs with modular stator structure is found to produce similar average torque,but lower torque ripple and iron loss when compared to non-modular 12-slot/8-pole SRMs.With sinewave excitation,the doubly salient synchronous reluctance machines with the DLMC winding can produce the highest average torque at high currents and achieve the highest peak efficiency as well.In order to compare with the conventional synchronous reluctance machines(SynRMs)having flux barriers inside the rotor,the appropriate rotor topologies to obtain the maximum average torque have been investigated for different winding configurations and slot/pole number combinations.Furthermore,some prototypes have been built with different winding configurations,stator structures,and slot/pole combinations to validate the predictions.展开更多
In order to charge batteries and supply all the electrical devices like wheel-motors used in a heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicle, a solution consists in using an assembly permanent magnet generator driven by a diesel...In order to charge batteries and supply all the electrical devices like wheel-motors used in a heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicle, a solution consists in using an assembly permanent magnet generator driven by a diesel engine and a three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor/diodes bridge controlled rectifier connected to the battery. In this work, hysteresis current control strategies combined with a judicious current sensing mode for the assembly permanent magnet synchronous machine-controlled rectifier are investigated. Main issues first concern the different kinds of transistors switching modes allowed by the proposed current sensing mode when the machine operates either as a generator or as a motor. Second, the modulated hysteresis method is presented, which merges the performances of robustness and dynamic of the classical hysteresis method and imposes the switching frequency alike pulsewidth modulation techniques. A test bench at reduced power permits to test the switching modes as well as classical and modulated hysteresis methods for both motor and generator operating modes and to validate the simulation predictions. The digital signal processor algorithm elaborated for the control strategy is flexible and adaptable to all kinds of transistor switchings and machine operating modes.展开更多
We propose a novel kind of compound permanent magnet synchronous machine (CPMSM), which is applicable in low-speed and high-torque situations. We first explain the structure of the CPMSM. Based on theoretically deduci...We propose a novel kind of compound permanent magnet synchronous machine (CPMSM), which is applicable in low-speed and high-torque situations. We first explain the structure of the CPMSM. Based on theoretically deducing the calculation formulae of the CPMSM electromagnetic parameters, we analyze the operating characteristics of the CPMSM, and obtain the power-angle curves and working curves. The no-load magnetic field distribution and the cogging torque are analyzed by applying the finite element method of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic fields, to determine the no-load leakage coefficient and the waveform of the cogging torque. Furthermore, the optimal parameters of the permanent magnet for reducing the cogging torque are determined. An important application target of the CPMSM is in directdrive pumping units. We have installed and tested a direct- drive pumping unit in an existing oil well. Test results show that the power consumption of the direct-drive pumping unit driven by CPMSM is 61.1% of that of the beam-pumping unit, and that the floor space and weight are only 50% of those of a beam-pumping unit. The noise output does not exceed 58 dB in a range of 1 m around the machine when the machine is 1.5 m from the ground.展开更多
The power factor is the ratio between the active and apparent power,and it is available to determine the operational capability of the intended circuit or the parts.The excitation current of the synchronous motor is a...The power factor is the ratio between the active and apparent power,and it is available to determine the operational capability of the intended circuit or the parts.The excitation current of the synchronous motor is an essential parameter required for adjusting the power factor because it determines whether the motor is under the optimal operating status.Although the excitation current should predict with the experimental devices,such a method is unsuitable for online real-time prediction.The artificial intelligence algorithm can compensate for the defect of conventional measurement methods requiring the measuring devices and the model optimization is compared during the research process.In this article,the load current,power factor,and power factor errors available in the existing dataset are used as the input parameters for training the proposed artificial intelligence algorithms to select the optimal algorithm according to the training result,for this algorithm to have higher accuracy.The SMOGN(Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique for Regression with Gaussian Noise)is selected for the research by which the data and the MFO(Moth-flame optimization algorithm)are created for the model to adjust and optimize the parameters automatically.In addition to enhancing the prediction accuracy for the excitation current,the automatic parameter adjusting method also allows the researchers not specializing in the professional algorithm to apply such application method more efficiently.The final result indicated that the prediction accuracy has reached“Mean Absolute Error(MAE)=0.0057,Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)=0.0093 andR2 score=0.9973”.Applying this method to themotor control would be much easier for the power factor adjustment in the future because it allows the motor to operate under the optimal power status to reduce energy consumption while enhancing working efficiency.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Project 52437003 and 52421004in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Project 2023YFB3406000in part by Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Project YQ2022E029.
文摘Permanent-magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are widely used in robotics,rail transportation,and electric vehicles owing to their high power density,high efficiency,and high power factor.However,PMSMs often operate in harsh environments,where critical components such as windings and permanent magnets(PMs)are susceptible to failures.These faults can lead to a significant degradation in performance,posing substantial challenges to the reliable operation of PMSMs.This paper presents a comprehensive review of common fault types in PMSMs,along with their corresponding fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies.The underlying mechanisms of typical faults are systematically analyzed,followed by a detailed comparison of various diagnostic and fault-tolerant control methods to evaluate their respective advantages and limitations.Finally,the review concludes by identifying key research gaps in PMSM fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control,while proposing potential future directions for advancing this field.
文摘Multi-phase machines are so attractive for electrical machine designers because of their valuable advantages such as high reliability and fault tolerant ability.Meanwhile,fractional slot concentrated windings(FSCW)are well known because of short end winding length,simple structure,field weakening sufficiency,fault tolerant capability and higher slot fill factor.The five-phase machines equipped with FSCW,are very good candidates for the purpose of designing motors for high reliable applications,like electric cars,major transporting buses,high speed trains and massive trucks.But,in comparison to the general distributed windings,the FSCWs contain high magnetomotive force(MMF)space harmonic contents,which cause unwanted effects on the machine ability,such as localized iron saturation and core losses.This manuscript introduces several new five-phase fractional slot winding layouts,by the means of slot shifting concept in order to design the new types of synchronous reluctance motors(SynRels).In order to examine the proposed winding’s performances,three sample machines are designed as case studies,and analytical study and finite element analysis(FEA)is used for validation.
文摘This paper presents a high-fidelity lumpedparameter(LP)thermal model(HF-LPTM)for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)in electric vehicle(EV)applications,where various cooling techniques are considered,including frame forced air/liquid cooling,oil jet cooling for endwinding,and rotor shaft cooling.To address the temperature misestimation in the LP thermal modelling due to assumptions of concentrated loss input and uniform heat flows,the developed HF-LPTM introduces two compensation thermal resistances for the winding and PM components,which are analytically derived from the multi-dimensional heat transfer equations and are robust against different load/thermal conditions.As validated by the finite element analysis method and experiments,the conventional LPTMs exhibit significant winding temperature deviations,while the proposed HF-LPTM can accurately predict both the midpoint and average temperatures.The developed HFLPTM is further used to assess the effectiveness of various cooling techniques under different scenarios,i.e.,steady-state thermal states under the rated load condition,and transient temperature profiles under city,freeway,and hybrid(city+freeway)driving cycles.Results indicate that no single cooling technique can maintain both winding and PM temperatures within safety limits.The combination of frame liquid cooling and oil jet cooling for end winding can sufficiently mitigate PMSM thermal stress in EV applications.
文摘Numerous uncertainties in practical production and operation can seriously affect the drive performance of permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs).Various robust control methods have been developed to mitigate or eliminate the effects of these uncertainties.However,the robustness to uncertainties of electrical drive systems has not been clearly defined.No systemic procedures have been proposed to evaluate a control system's robustness(how robust it is).This paper proposes a systemic method for evaluating control systems'robustness to uncertainties.The concept and fundamental theory of robust control are illustrated by considering a simple uncertain feedback control system.The effects of uncertainties on the control performance and stability are analyzed and discussed.The concept of design for six-sigma(a robust design method)is employed to numerically evaluate the robustness levels of control systems.To show the effectiveness of the proposed robustness evaluation method,case studies are conducted for second-order systems,DC motor drive systems,and PMSM drive systems.Besides the conventional predictive control of PMSM drive,three different robust predictive control methods are evaluated in terms of two different parametric uncertainty ranges and three application requirements against parametric uncertainties.
基金supported in part by an International Research Partnership“Electrical Engineering-Thai French Research Center(EE-TFRC)”under the project framework of the Lorraine Universite´d’Excellence(LUE)in cooperation between Universite´de Lorraine(France)and King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok(year 2021-2024/2025-28)by the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)under Research Team Promotion Grant(Senior Research Scholar Program)under Grant No.N42A 680561by the NSRF via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources&Institutional Development,Research and Innovation under Research project Grant No.B41G680025.
文摘Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors(PMSMs)are widely employed in high-performance drive applications due to their superior efficiency and dynamic capabilities.However,their control remains challenging owing to nonlinear dynamics,parameter variations,and unmeasurable external disturbances,particularly load torquefluctuations.This study proposes an enhanced Interconnection and Damp-ing Assignment Passivity-Based Control(IDA-PBC)scheme,formulated within the port-controlled Hamiltonian(PCH)framework,to address these limitations.A nonlinear disturbance observer is embedded to estimate and compensate,in real time,for lumped mis-matched disturbances arising from parameter uncertainties and external loads.Additionally,aflatness-based control strategy is employed to generate the desired current references within the nonlinear drive system,ensuring accurate tracking of time-varying speed commands.This integrated approach preserves the system’s energy-based structure,enabling systematic stability analysis while enhancing robustness.The proposed control architecture also maintains low complexity with a limited number of tunable parameters,facilitating practical implementation.Simulation and experimental results under various operating conditions demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.Comparative analysis with conventional proportional-integral(PI)control and standard IDA-PBC strategies confirms its capability to handle disturbances and maintain dynamic performance.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52075253)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups(No.51921003)the Industrial Technology Development Program(No.JCKY2021605B026)。
文摘The blisk is a core component of an aero-engine,and electrochemical machining(ECM)is the primary method for its manufacture.Among several ECM methods for blisks,multi-tool synchronous machining is the most efficient and advantageous for machining channels.The allowance distribution of the blank after blisk channel machining directly influences the blade profile accuracy.This paper proposes a trajectory control strategy to homogenize the allowance distribution of the blisk channel in multi-tool ECM.The strategy includes the design of the three-dimensional space motion of the tool and blisk,as well as the regulated feed speed.The structural characteristics of the blisk channel and the principle of ECM allow for designing and optimizing the multidimensional trajectory.The electric field simulations elucidate the influence law of the three-axis feed speed on the side gap.An algorithm is adopted to iteratively optimize the speeds for different positions to realize multi-dimensional motion control and allowance homogenization.The proposed trajectory control strategy is applied to ECM experiments for the blisk channel.Compared with the constant feed speed mode,the regulated speed strategy reduces the maximum allowance difference between the convex(CV)profiles by 36.18%and that between the concave(CC)profiles by 37.73%.Subsequently,the one-time ECM of eight blisk channels was successfully realized.The average time for a single channel was 12.5 min,significantly improving the machining efficiency.In conclusion,the proposed method is effective and can be extended for synchronously machining various blisk types with twisted channels.
文摘This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high efficiency,great robustness,reliability and low torque inertia.In spite of their extensive appliance,they can be quite non-resilient and inadequate in operation when faults appear in motor drive apparatus such as inverters,stator windings,sensors,etc.These may lead to insulation failure,torque fluctuations,overcurrent or even system collapse.On that account,fault diagnosis and fault tolerant methods are equipped to enhance the stability and robustness in PMSMs.Progressive methodologies of PMSM fault diagnosis and tolerance are classified,discussed,reviewed and compared in this paper,beginning with mat hematical modeling of PMSM and then scrutinizing various fault conditions in PMSMs.Finally,the scope of research on the topic is highlighted.The contribution of this review is to emphasize optimistic schemes and to assist researchers with the latest trends in this field for future directions.
基金supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by Korea government(No.2020R1C1C1013260)in part by INHA UNIVERSITY Research Grant.
文摘This paper presents a state-of-the-art review in modeling approach of hardware in the loop simulation(HILS)realization of electric machine drives using commercial real time machines.HILS implementation using digital signal processors(DSPs)and field programmable gate array(FPGA)for electric machine drives has been investigated but those methods have drawbacks such as complexity in development and verification.Among various HILS implementation approaches,more efficient development and verification for electric machine drives can be achieved through use of commercial real time machines.As well as implementation of the HILS,accurate modeling of a control target system plays an important role.Therefore,modeling trend in electric machine drives for HILS implementation is needed to be reviewed.This paper provides a background of HILS and commercially available real time machines and characteristics of each real time machine are introduced.Also,recent trends and progress of permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)modeling are presented for providing more accurate HILS implementation approaches in this paper.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51737008.
文摘Cogging torque and electromagnetic vibration are two important factors for evaluating permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)and are key issues that must be considered and resolved in the design and manufacture of high-performance PMSM for electric vehicles.A fast and accurate magnetic field calculation model for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine(IPMSM)is proposed in this article.Based on the traditional magnetic potential permeance method,the stator cogging effect and complex boundary conditions of the IPMSM can be fully considered in this model,so as to realize the rapid calculation of equivalent magnetomotive force(MMF),air gap permeance,and other key electromagnetic properties.In this article,a 6-pole 36-slot IPMSM is taken as an example to establish its equivalent solution model,thereby the cogging torque is accurately calculated.And the validity of this model is verified by a variety of different magnetic pole structures,pole slot combinations machines,and prototype experiments.In addition,the improvement measure of the machine with different combination of pole arc coefficient is also studied based on this model.Cogging torque and electromagnetic vibration can be effectively weakened.Combined with the finite element model and multi-physics coupling model,the electromagnetic characteristics and vibration performance of this machine are comprehensively compared and analyzed.The analysis results have well verified its effectiveness.It can be extended to other structures or types of PMSM and has very important practical value and research significance.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51337001 and 51777136。
文摘The researches on the heat generation and dissipa-tion of the permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are integrated problems involving multidisciplinary studies of electromagnetism,thermomechanics,and computational fluid dynamics.The governing equations of the multi-physical prob-lems are coupled and hard to be solved and illustrated.The high accuracy mathematical model in the algebraically integral con-servative forms of the coupled fields is established and computed in this paper.And the equation coupling with the fluid flow and the temperature variation is modified to improve the positive definiteness and the symmetry of the global stiffness matrix.The computational burden is thus reduced by the model modification.A 20kW 4500rpm permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)is taken as the prototype,and the calculation results are validated by experimental ones.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51977099。
文摘Dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machines(DTP-PMSM)connected with a single neutral point provide a loop for zero-sequence current(ZSC).This paper proposes a novel space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)strategy to suppress the ZSC.Five vectors are selected as basic voltage vectors in one switching period.The fundamental and harmonic planes and the zero-sequence plane are taken into consideration to synthesis the reference voltage vector.To suppress the ZSC,a non-zero zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)is generated to compensate the third harmonic back-EMF.Rather than triangular carrier modulation,the sawtooth carrier modulation strategy is used to generate asymmetric PWM signals.The modulation range is investigated to explore the variation of modulation range caused by considering the zero-sequence plane.With the proposed method,the ZSC can be considerably reduced.The simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Project 52007047,in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Project 51877065,and in part by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province under Project E2019202220.
文摘As there is no need of permanent magnet(PM)material and only silicon steel sheet required on the rotor,synchronous reluctance machine(SynRM)can be used for many applications and draws a great research interest.For the SynRM,the torque ripple is a big issue and a great of work could been done on reducing it.In this paper,asymmetrical magnetic flux barriers in the SynRM rotor were studied comprehensively,including angle and width of each layer and each side of the magnetic barrier.The SynRMb with asymmetrical and parallel magnetic flux barrier was found as the best way to design SynRM based on the multi-objective design optimization method.Moreover,each parameter was studied to show the design rule of the asymmetrical magnetic flux barrier.As the average torque will be reduced with the asymmetrical barrier is used,the grain-oriented silicon steel is used on stator teeth of the SynRMb(SynRMbG)was proposed and studied.The analysis results show that the proposed new method can make the SynRM have better performance.
基金supported by the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2007107)。
文摘To solve the problem of large torque ripple of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(IPMSM),the rotor surface notch design method was used for V-type IPMSM.In order to accurately obtain the optimal parameter values to improve the torque performance of the motor,this paper takes the output torque capacity and torque ripple as the optimization objectives,and proposes a multi-objective layered optimization method based on the parameter hierarchical design combined with Taguchi method and response surface method(RSM).The conclusion can be drawn by comparing the electromagnetic performance of the motor before and after optimization,the proposed IPMSM based on the rotor surface notch design can not only improve the output torque,but also play an obvious inhibition effect on the torque ripple.
基金supported by funded by"Ye Qisun"Joint Foundation Project supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Award U2141223.
文摘In order to enhance the transient performance of aircraft high voltage DC(HVDC)generation system with wound rotor synchronous machine(WRSM)under a wide speed range,the nonlinear PI multi-loop control strategy is proposed in this paper.Traditional voltage control method is hard to achieve the dynamic performance requirements of the HVDC generation system under a wide speed range,so the nonlinear PI parameter adjustment,load current feedback and speed feedback are added to the voltage and excitation current double loop control.The transfer function of the HVDC generation system is derived,and the relationship between speed,load current and PI parameters is obtained.The PI parameters corresponding to the load at certain speed are used to shorten the adjusting time when the load suddenly changes.The dynamic responses in transient processes are analyzed by experiment.The results illustrate that the WRSM HVDC generator system with this method has better dynamic performance.
基金This work is partially supported by Guangdong Welling Motor Manufacturing Co.,Ltd and Guangdong Innovative Research Team Program(No.2011N084)China,Valeo Electrical Systems,France,and the Royal Academy of Engineering/Siemens Research Chair Program,UK.
文摘In this paper,various types of sinusoidal-fed electrical machines,i.e.induction machines(IMs),permanent magnet(PM)machines,synchronous reluctance machines,variable flux machines,wound field machines,are comprehensively reviewed in terms of basic features,merits and demerits,and compared for HEV/EV traction applications.Their latest developments are highlighted while their electromagnetic performance are quantitatively compared based on the same specification as the Prius 2010 interior PM(IPM)machine,including the torque/power-speed characteristics,power factor,efficiency map,and drive cycle based overall efficiency.It is found that PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machines are the most promising alternatives to IPM machines with lower cost and potentially higher overall efficiency.Although IMs are cheaper and have better overload capability,they exhibit lower efficiency and power factor.Other electrical machines,such as synchronous reluctance machines,wound field machines,as well as many other newly developed machines,are currently less attractive due to lower torque density and efficiency.
基金This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC51777190,NSFC51477150),China.
文摘Linear machines(LMs)produce linear motion without any intermediate transmission mechanisms,thus the whole electromechanical system has simple structure and its efficiency is high.Because of such merits,linear machines have been studied for a long time and rapidly developed in recent years.Due to the characteristic of open structure,linear machines have more diversity than rotary machines in terms of machine topologies.Accounting for the wide applications of linear machines,e.g.Maglev train,precision machine tools,semiconductor processing device,automatic equipment,logistic transport line,ropeless lifter,compressor,etc.,this paper reviews the most applied linear machines including machine topologies,operating principle and features.In addition,the influence of end effects and the corresponding reduction methods are also summarized.Finally,several commercial applications are exemplified.
文摘This paper reviews the performances of some newly developed reluctance machines with different winding configurations,excitation methods,stator and rotor structures,and slot/pole number combinations.Both the double layer conventional(DLC-),double layer mutually-coupled(DLMC),single layer conventional(SLC-),and single layer mutually-coupled(SLMC-),as well as fully-pitched(FP)winding configurations have been considered for both rectangular wave and sinewave excitations.Different conduction angles such as unipolar120°elec.,unipolar/bipolar180°elec.,bipolar240°elec.and bipolar360°elec.have been adopted and the most appropriate conduction angles have been obtained for the SRMs with different winding configurations.In addition,with appropriate conduction angles,the 12-slot/14-pole SRMs with modular stator structure is found to produce similar average torque,but lower torque ripple and iron loss when compared to non-modular 12-slot/8-pole SRMs.With sinewave excitation,the doubly salient synchronous reluctance machines with the DLMC winding can produce the highest average torque at high currents and achieve the highest peak efficiency as well.In order to compare with the conventional synchronous reluctance machines(SynRMs)having flux barriers inside the rotor,the appropriate rotor topologies to obtain the maximum average torque have been investigated for different winding configurations and slot/pole number combinations.Furthermore,some prototypes have been built with different winding configurations,stator structures,and slot/pole combinations to validate the predictions.
文摘In order to charge batteries and supply all the electrical devices like wheel-motors used in a heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicle, a solution consists in using an assembly permanent magnet generator driven by a diesel engine and a three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor/diodes bridge controlled rectifier connected to the battery. In this work, hysteresis current control strategies combined with a judicious current sensing mode for the assembly permanent magnet synchronous machine-controlled rectifier are investigated. Main issues first concern the different kinds of transistors switching modes allowed by the proposed current sensing mode when the machine operates either as a generator or as a motor. Second, the modulated hysteresis method is presented, which merges the performances of robustness and dynamic of the classical hysteresis method and imposes the switching frequency alike pulsewidth modulation techniques. A test bench at reduced power permits to test the switching modes as well as classical and modulated hysteresis methods for both motor and generator operating modes and to validate the simulation predictions. The digital signal processor algorithm elaborated for the control strategy is flexible and adaptable to all kinds of transistor switchings and machine operating modes.
基金Project (No. 50607016) supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China
文摘We propose a novel kind of compound permanent magnet synchronous machine (CPMSM), which is applicable in low-speed and high-torque situations. We first explain the structure of the CPMSM. Based on theoretically deducing the calculation formulae of the CPMSM electromagnetic parameters, we analyze the operating characteristics of the CPMSM, and obtain the power-angle curves and working curves. The no-load magnetic field distribution and the cogging torque are analyzed by applying the finite element method of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic fields, to determine the no-load leakage coefficient and the waveform of the cogging torque. Furthermore, the optimal parameters of the permanent magnet for reducing the cogging torque are determined. An important application target of the CPMSM is in directdrive pumping units. We have installed and tested a direct- drive pumping unit in an existing oil well. Test results show that the power consumption of the direct-drive pumping unit driven by CPMSM is 61.1% of that of the beam-pumping unit, and that the floor space and weight are only 50% of those of a beam-pumping unit. The noise output does not exceed 58 dB in a range of 1 m around the machine when the machine is 1.5 m from the ground.
基金This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology,Taiwan,under Grants MOST 110-2221-E-194-037,NSTC 111-2823-8-194-002,111-2221-E-194-052 and 11-2218-E-194-007。
文摘The power factor is the ratio between the active and apparent power,and it is available to determine the operational capability of the intended circuit or the parts.The excitation current of the synchronous motor is an essential parameter required for adjusting the power factor because it determines whether the motor is under the optimal operating status.Although the excitation current should predict with the experimental devices,such a method is unsuitable for online real-time prediction.The artificial intelligence algorithm can compensate for the defect of conventional measurement methods requiring the measuring devices and the model optimization is compared during the research process.In this article,the load current,power factor,and power factor errors available in the existing dataset are used as the input parameters for training the proposed artificial intelligence algorithms to select the optimal algorithm according to the training result,for this algorithm to have higher accuracy.The SMOGN(Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique for Regression with Gaussian Noise)is selected for the research by which the data and the MFO(Moth-flame optimization algorithm)are created for the model to adjust and optimize the parameters automatically.In addition to enhancing the prediction accuracy for the excitation current,the automatic parameter adjusting method also allows the researchers not specializing in the professional algorithm to apply such application method more efficiently.The final result indicated that the prediction accuracy has reached“Mean Absolute Error(MAE)=0.0057,Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)=0.0093 andR2 score=0.9973”.Applying this method to themotor control would be much easier for the power factor adjustment in the future because it allows the motor to operate under the optimal power status to reduce energy consumption while enhancing working efficiency.
