As a GIS tool,visibility analysis is used in many areas to evaluate both visible and non-visible places.Visibility analysis builds on a digital surface model describing the terrain morphology,including the position an...As a GIS tool,visibility analysis is used in many areas to evaluate both visible and non-visible places.Visibility analysis builds on a digital surface model describing the terrain morphology,including the position and shapes of all objects that can sometimes act as visibility barriers.However,some barriers,for example vegetation,may be permeable to a certain degree.Despite extensive research and use of visibility analysis in different areas,standard GIS tools do not take permeability into account.This article presents a new method to calculate visibility through partly permeable obstacles.The method is based on a quasi-Monte Carlo simulation with 100 iterations of visibility calculation.Each iteration result represents 1%of vegetation permeability,which can thus range from 1%to 100%visibility behind vegetation obstacles.The main advantage of the method is greater accuracy of visibility results and easy implementation on any GIS software.The incorporation of the proposed method in GIS software would facilitate work in many fields,such as architecture,archaeology,radio communication,and the military.展开更多
The accuracy of Digital Surface Models(DSMs)generated using stereo matching methods varies due to the varying acquisition conditions and configuration parameters of stereo images.It has been a good practice to fuse th...The accuracy of Digital Surface Models(DSMs)generated using stereo matching methods varies due to the varying acquisition conditions and configuration parameters of stereo images.It has been a good practice to fuse these DSMs generated from various stereo pairs to achieve enhanced,in which multiple DSMs are combined through computational approaches into a single,more accurate,and complete DSM.However,accurately characterizing detailed objects and their boundaries still present a challenge since most boundary-ware fusion methods still struggle to achieve sharpened depth discontinuities due to the averaging effects of different DSMs.Therefore,we propose a simple and efficient adaptive image-guided DSM fusion method that applies k-means clustering on small patches of the orthophoto to guide the pixel-level fusion adapted to the most consistent and relevant elevation points.The experiment results show that our proposed method has outperformed comparing methods in accuracy and the ability to preserve sharpened depth edges.展开更多
A difficult problem in forestry is tree inventory.In this study, a GoProHero attached to a small unmanned aerial vehicle was used to capture images of a small area covered by pinus pinea trees. Then, a digital surface...A difficult problem in forestry is tree inventory.In this study, a GoProHero attached to a small unmanned aerial vehicle was used to capture images of a small area covered by pinus pinea trees. Then, a digital surface model was generated with image matching. The elevation model representing the terrain surface, a ‘digital terrain model’,was extracted from the digital surface model using morphological filtering. Individual trees were extracted by analyzing elevation flow on the digital elevation model because the elevation reached the highest value on the tree peaks compared to the neighborhood elevation pixels. The quality of the results was assessed by comparison with reference data for correctness of the estimated number of trees. The tree heights were calculated and evaluated with ground truth dataset. The results showed 80% correctness and 90% completeness.展开更多
This paper describes the stochastic model of the scattered electromagnetic field.Unlike common_used functional_determined models the proposed is characterised by amplitude/phase fluctuation of the received signal.This...This paper describes the stochastic model of the scattered electromagnetic field.Unlike common_used functional_determined models the proposed is characterised by amplitude/phase fluctuation of the received signal.This paper derives the statistical characteristic of the input signal and describes algorithm for its estimation in post_processing and real_time processing modes.Achieved characteristics allow the mapping and estimation of the surface models more accurate,moreover,such processing increase space resolution of synthetic aperture radar.展开更多
Stone Pine(Pinus pinea L.)is currently the pine species with the highest commercial value with edible seeds.In this respect,this study introduces a new methodology for extracting Stone Pine trees from Digital Surface ...Stone Pine(Pinus pinea L.)is currently the pine species with the highest commercial value with edible seeds.In this respect,this study introduces a new methodology for extracting Stone Pine trees from Digital Surface Models(DSMs)generated through an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)mission.We developed a novel enhanced probability map of local maxima that facilitates the computation of the orientation symmetry by means of new probabilistic local minima information.Four test sites are used to evaluate our automated framework within one of the most important Stone Pine forest areas in Antalya,Turkey.A Hand-held Mobile Laser Scanner(HMLS)was utilized to collect the reference point cloud dataset.Our findings confirm that the proposed methodology,which uses a single DSM as an input,secures overall pixel-based and object-based F1-scores of 88.3%and 97.7%,respectively.The overall median Euclidean distance revealed between the automatically extracted stem locations and the manually extracted ones is computed to be 36 cm(less than 4 pixels),demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methodology.Finally,the comparison with the state-of-the-art reveals that the outcomes of the proposed methodology outperform the results of six previous studies in this context.展开更多
The National Geophysical Data Center(NGDC)of the United States has collected aeromagnetic data for input into a series of geomagnetic models to improve model resolution;however,in the Tibetan Plateau region,ground-bas...The National Geophysical Data Center(NGDC)of the United States has collected aeromagnetic data for input into a series of geomagnetic models to improve model resolution;however,in the Tibetan Plateau region,ground-based observations remain insufficient to clearly reflect the characteristics of the region’s lithospheric magnetism.In this study,we evaluate the lithospheric magnetism of the Tibetan Plateau by using a 3D surface spline model based on observations from>200 newly constructed repeat stations(portable stations)to determine the spatial distribution of plateau geomagnetism,as well as its correlation with the tectonic features of the region.We analyze the relationships between M≥5 earthquakes and lithospheric magnetic field variations on the Tibetan Plateau and identify regions susceptible to strong earthquakes.We compare the geomagnetic results with those from an enhanced magnetic model(EMM2015)developed by the NGDC and provide insights into improving lithospheric magnetic field calculations in the Tibetan Plateau region.Further research reveals that these magnetic anomalies exhibit distinct differences from the magnetic-seismic correlation mechanisms observed in other tectonic settings;here,they are governed primarily by the combined effects of compressional magnetism,thermal magnetism,and deep thermal stress.This study provides new evidence of geomagnetic anomalies on the Tibetan Plateau,interprets them physically,and demonstrates their potential for identifying seismic hazard zones on the Plateau.展开更多
One of the challenges of remote sensing and computer vision lies in the three-dimensional(3-D)reconstruction of individual trees by using automated methods through very high-resolution(VHR)data sets.However,a successf...One of the challenges of remote sensing and computer vision lies in the three-dimensional(3-D)reconstruction of individual trees by using automated methods through very high-resolution(VHR)data sets.However,a successful and complete 3-D reconstruction relies on precise delineation of the trees in two dimensions.In this paper,we present an original approach to detect and delineate citrus trees using unmanned aerial vehicles based on photogrammetric digital surface models(DSMs).The symmetry of the citrus trees in a DSM is handled by an orientationbased radial symmetry transform which is computed in a unique way.Next,we propose an efficient strategy to accurately build influence regions of each tree,and then we delineate individual citrus trees through active contours by taking into account the influence region of each canopy.We also present two efficient strategies to filter out erroneously detected canopy regions without having any height thresholds.Experiments are carried out on eight test DSMs composed of different types of citrus orchards with varying densities and canopy sizes.Extensive comparisons to the state-of-the-art approaches reveal that our proposed approach provides superior detection and delineation performances through supporting a nice balance between precision and recall measures.展开更多
Based on the first order small slope approximation theory （SSA-I） for oceanic surface electromagnetic scattering, this paper predicts the Doppler shifts induced by wave displacements. Theoretical results from three ...Based on the first order small slope approximation theory （SSA-I） for oceanic surface electromagnetic scattering, this paper predicts the Doppler shifts induced by wave displacements. Theoretical results from three distinct hydrody- namic models are compared： a linear model, the nonlinear Barrick model, and the nonlinear Creamer model. Meanwhile, the predicted Doppler shifts are also compared with the results associated to the resonant Bragg waves and the so-called long waves in the framework of the two-scale model. The dependences of the predicted Doppler shifts on the incident angle, the radar frequency, and the wind speed are discussed. At large incident angles, the predicted Doppler shifts for the linear and nonlinear Barrick models are found to be insensitive to the wind speed and this phenomenon is not coincident with the experimental data. The conclusions obtained in this paper are promising for better understanding the properties of time dependent radar echoes from oceanic surfaces.展开更多
In Earth system modeling,the land surface is coupled with the atmosphere through surface turbulent fluxes.These fluxes are computed using mean meteorological variables between the surface and a reference height in the...In Earth system modeling,the land surface is coupled with the atmosphere through surface turbulent fluxes.These fluxes are computed using mean meteorological variables between the surface and a reference height in the atmosphere.However,the dependence of flux computation on the reference height,which is usually set as the lowest level in the atmosphere in Earth system models,has not received much attention.Based on high-resolution large-eddy simulation(LES)data under unstable conditions,we find the setting of reference height is not trivial within the framework of current surface layer theory.With a reasonable prescription of aerodynamic roughness length(following the setting in LESs),reference heights near the top of the surface layer tend to provide the best estimate of surface fluxes,especially for the momentum flux.Furthermore,this conclusion for the sensible heat flux is insensitive to the ratio of roughness length for momentum versus heat.These results are robust,whether using the classical or revised surface layer theory.They provide a potential guide for setting the proper reference heights for Earth system modeling and can be further tested in the near future using observational data from land–atmosphere feedback observatories.展开更多
A response surface method was utilized for the finite element model updating of a cable-stayed bridge in this paper to establish a baseline finite element model(FEM)that accurately reflects the characteristics of the ...A response surface method was utilized for the finite element model updating of a cable-stayed bridge in this paper to establish a baseline finite element model(FEM)that accurately reflects the characteristics of the actual bridge structure.Firstly,an initial FEM was established by the large-scale finite element software ANSYS,and the modal analysis was carried out on the dynamic response measured by the actual bridge structural health monitoring system.The initial error was obtained by comparing the dynamic characteristics of the measured data with those of the initial finite element model.Then,the second-order complete polynomial was selected to construct the response surface model;the corrected parameters were chosen using the sensitivity method.The response surface model(RSM)was fitted under the test cases designed using the central composite design method.After constructing the objective function,the RSMwas optimized and iterated by the sequential quadratic programmingmethod to obtain the corrected FEM.Finally,the dynamic characteristics of the modified FEM were compared with those of the actual bridge to get the final error.The results show that the modified FEM simulates the dynamic characteristics of the actual cable-stayed bridges more accurately.展开更多
Using the theory of nonlinear interactions between long and short waves, a nonlinear fractal sea surface model is presented for a one dimensional deep sea. Numerical simulation results show that spectra intensity chan...Using the theory of nonlinear interactions between long and short waves, a nonlinear fractal sea surface model is presented for a one dimensional deep sea. Numerical simulation results show that spectra intensity changes at different locations （in both the wave number domain and temporal-frequency domain）, and the system obeys the energy conservation principle. Finally, a method to limit the fractal parameters is also presented to ensure that the model system does not become ill-posed,展开更多
In order to shorten the design period, the paper describes a new optimization strategy for computationally expensive design optimization of turbomachinery, combined with design of experiment (DOE), response surface mo...In order to shorten the design period, the paper describes a new optimization strategy for computationally expensive design optimization of turbomachinery, combined with design of experiment (DOE), response surface models (RSM), genetic algorithm (GA) and a 3-D Navier-Stokes solver(Numeca Fine). Data points for response evaluations were selected by improved distributed hypercube sampling (IHS) and the 3-D Navier-Stokes analysis was carried out at these sample points. The quadratic response surface model was used to approximate the relationships between the design variables and flow parameters. To maximize the adiabatic efficiency, the genetic algorithm was applied to the response surface model to perform global optimization to achieve the optimum design of NASA Stage 35. An optimum leading edge line was found, which produced a new 3-D rotor blade combined with sweep and lean, and a new stator one with skew. It is concluded that the proposed strategy can provide a reliable method for design optimization of turbomachinery blades at reasonable computing cost.展开更多
The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has ...The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has been paid to the cases with three water phases in the surface media. On the basis of the mixture theory and the theory of fluid dynamics of porous media, the system of universal conservational equations for water and heat of soil, snow and vegetation canopy has been constructed. On this background, all important factors that may affect the water and heat balance in media can be considered naturally, and each factor and term possess distinct physical meaning. In the computation of water content and temperature, the water phase change and the heat transportation by water flow are taken into account. Moreover, particular attention has been given to the water vapor diffusion in soil for arid or semi-arid cases, and snow compaction. In the treatment of surface turbulent fluxes, the difference between aerodynamic and thermal roughness is taken into account. The aerodynamic roughness of vegetation is calculated as a function of canopy density, height and zero-plane displacement. An extrapolation of log linear and exponential relationship is used when calculating the wind profile within canopy. The model has been validated against field measurements in off-line simulations. The desirable model′s performance leads to the conclusion that the IAP94 is able to reproduce the main physical mechanisms governing the energy and water balances in the global land surface. Part II of the present study will concern the validation in a 3-D experiment coupled with the IAP Two-Level AGCM.展开更多
Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and...Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and rainfall will result in different surface runoff generation mechanisms. For a large area (e.g., a model grid size of a regional climate model or a general circulation model), these runoff generation mechanisms are commonly present at different portions of a grid cell simultaneously. Missing one of the two major runoff generation mechanisms and failing to consider spatial soil variability can result in significant under/over estimation of surface runoff which can directly introduce large errors in soil moisture states over each model grid cell. Therefore, proper modeling of surface runoff is essential to a reasonable representation of feedbacks in a land-atmosphere system. This paper presents a new surface runoff parameterization with the Philip infiltration formulation that dynamically represents both the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell. The parameterization takes into account the effects of soil heterogeneity on Horton and Dunne runoff. The new parameterization is implemented into the current version of the hydrologically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model and tested over one watershed in Pennsylvania, USA and over the Shiguanhe Basin in the Huaihe Watershed in China. Results show that the new parameterization plays a very important role in partitioning the water budget between surface runoff and soil moisture in the atmosphere-land coupling system, and has potential applications on large hydrological simulations and land-atmospheric interactions. It is further found that the Horton runoff mechanism should be considered within the context of subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil properties and precipitation.展开更多
High accuracy surface modeling （HASM） is a method which can be applied to soil property interpolation. In this paper, we present a method of HASM combined geographic information for soil property interpolation （HAS...High accuracy surface modeling （HASM） is a method which can be applied to soil property interpolation. In this paper, we present a method of HASM combined geographic information for soil property interpolation （HASM-SP） to improve the accuracy. Based on soil types, land use types and parent rocks, HASM-SP was applied to interpolate soil available P, Li, pH, alkali-hydrolyzable N, total K and Cr in a typical red soil hilly region. To evaluate the performance of HASM-SP, we compared its performance with that of ordinary kriging （OK）, ordinary kriging combined geographic information （OK-Geo） and stratified kriging （SK）. The results showed that the methods combined with geographic information including HASM-SP and OK-Geo obtained a lower estimation bias. HASM-SP also showed less MAEs and RMSEs when it was compared with the other three methods （OK-Geo, OK and SK）. Much more details were presented in the HASM-SP maps for soil properties due to the combination of different types of geographic information which gave abrupt boundary for the spatial varia- tion of soil properties. Therefore, HASM-SP can not only reduce prediction errors but also can be accordant with the distribution of geographic information, which make the spatial simula- tion of soil property more reasonable. HASM-SP has not only enriched the theory of high accuracy surface modeling of soil property, but also provided a scientific method for the ap- plication in resource management and environment planning.展开更多
Based on the Danckwerts surface renewal model, a simple explicit expression of the enhancement factor in ozone absorption with a first order ozone self-decomposition and parallel second order ozonation reactions has b...Based on the Danckwerts surface renewal model, a simple explicit expression of the enhancement factor in ozone absorption with a first order ozone self-decomposition and parallel second order ozonation reactions has been derived. The results are compared with our previous work based on the film theory. The 2,4-dichlorophenol destruction rate by ozonation is predicted using the enhancement factor model in this paper.展开更多
A scheme for an automatic road surface modeling from a noisy point cloud is presented. The normal vectors of the point cloud are estimated by distance-weighted fitting of local plane. Then, an automatic recognition of...A scheme for an automatic road surface modeling from a noisy point cloud is presented. The normal vectors of the point cloud are estimated by distance-weighted fitting of local plane. Then, an automatic recognition of the road surface from noise is performed based on the fuzzy clustering of normal vectors, with which the mean value is calculated and the projecting plane of point cloud is created to obtain the geometric model accordingly. Based on fuzzy clustering of the intensity attributed to each point, different objects on the road surface are assigned different colors for representing abundant appearances. This unsupervised method is demonstrated in the experiment and shows great effectiveness in reconstructing and rendering better road surface.展开更多
In this study, the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis model （CERES3.0） was coupled into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）, which is called BATS CERES, to represent interaction...In this study, the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis model （CERES3.0） was coupled into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）, which is called BATS CERES, to represent interactions between the land surface and crop growth processes. The effects of crop growth and development on land surface processes were then studied based on numerical simulations using the land surface models. Six sensitivity experiments by BATS show that the land surface fluxes underwent substantial changes when the leaf area index was changed from 0 to 6 m2 m-2. Numerical experiments for Yucheng and Taoyuan stations reveal that the coupled model could capture not only the responses of crop growth and development to environmental conditions, but also the feedbacks to land surface processes. For quantitative evaluation of the effects of crop growth and development on surface fluxes in China, two numerical experiments were conducted over continental China： one by BATS CERES and one by the original BATS. Comparison of the two runs shows decreases of leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover when incorporating dynamic crops in land surface simulation, which lead to less canopy interception, vegetation transpiration, total evapotranspiration, top soil moisture, and more soil evaporation, surface runoff, and root zone soil moisture. These changes are accompanied by decreasing latent heat flux and increasing sensible heat flux in the cropland region. In addition, the comparison between the simulations and observations proved that incorporating the crop growth and development process into the land surface model could reduce the systematic biases of the simulated leaf area index and top soil moisture, hence improve the simulation of land surface fluxes.展开更多
A dynamic global vegetation model （DGVM） coupled with a land surface model （LSM） is generally initialized using a spin-up process to derive a physically-consistent initial condition. Spin-up forcing, which is the ...A dynamic global vegetation model （DGVM） coupled with a land surface model （LSM） is generally initialized using a spin-up process to derive a physically-consistent initial condition. Spin-up forcing, which is the atmospheric forcing used to drive the coupled model to equilibrium solutions in the spin-up process, varies across earlier studies. In the present study, the impact of the spin-up forcing in the initialization stage on the fractional coverages （FCs） of plant functional type （PFT） in the subsequent simulation stage are assessed in seven classic climate regions by a modified Community Land Model’s Dynamic Global Vegetation Model （CLM-DGVM）. Results show that the impact of spin-up forcing is considerable in all regions except the tropical rainforest climate region （TR） and the wet temperate climate region （WM）. In the tropical monsoon climate region （TM）, the TR and TM transition region （TR-TM）, the dry temperate climate region （DM）, the highland climate region （H）, and the boreal forest climate region （BF）, where FCs are affected by climate non-negligibly, the discrepancies in initial FCs, which represent long-term cumulative response of vegetation to different climate anomalies, are large. Moreover, the large discrepancies in initial FCs usually decay slowly because there are trees or shrubs in the five regions. The intrinsic growth timescales of FCs for tree PFTs and shrub PFTs are long, and the variation of FCs of tree PFTs or shrub PFTs can affect that of grass PFTs.展开更多
Landscape pattern is a widely used concept for the demonstration of landscape characteristic features. The integral spatial distribution trend of landscape elements is interested point in the landscape ecological rese...Landscape pattern is a widely used concept for the demonstration of landscape characteristic features. The integral spatial distribution trend of landscape elements is interested point in the landscape ecological research, especially in those of complex secondary forest regions with confusing mosaics of land cover. Trend surface analysis which used in community and population ecological researches was introduced to reveal the landscape pattern. A reasonable and reliable approach for application of trend surface analysis was provided in detail. As key steps of the approach, uniform grid point sampling method was developed. The efforts were also concentrated at an example of Guandishan forested landscape. Some basic rules of spatial distribution of landscape elements were exclaimed. These will be benefit to the further study in the area to enhance the forest sustainable management and landscape planning.展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by project 133/2016/RPP-TO-1/b“Teaching of advanced techniques for geodata processing for follow-up study of geoinformatics”.
文摘As a GIS tool,visibility analysis is used in many areas to evaluate both visible and non-visible places.Visibility analysis builds on a digital surface model describing the terrain morphology,including the position and shapes of all objects that can sometimes act as visibility barriers.However,some barriers,for example vegetation,may be permeable to a certain degree.Despite extensive research and use of visibility analysis in different areas,standard GIS tools do not take permeability into account.This article presents a new method to calculate visibility through partly permeable obstacles.The method is based on a quasi-Monte Carlo simulation with 100 iterations of visibility calculation.Each iteration result represents 1%of vegetation permeability,which can thus range from 1%to 100%visibility behind vegetation obstacles.The main advantage of the method is greater accuracy of visibility results and easy implementation on any GIS software.The incorporation of the proposed method in GIS software would facilitate work in many fields,such as architecture,archaeology,radio communication,and the military.
基金John Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab to support the Imagery of the 2019 DFC datasets
文摘The accuracy of Digital Surface Models(DSMs)generated using stereo matching methods varies due to the varying acquisition conditions and configuration parameters of stereo images.It has been a good practice to fuse these DSMs generated from various stereo pairs to achieve enhanced,in which multiple DSMs are combined through computational approaches into a single,more accurate,and complete DSM.However,accurately characterizing detailed objects and their boundaries still present a challenge since most boundary-ware fusion methods still struggle to achieve sharpened depth discontinuities due to the averaging effects of different DSMs.Therefore,we propose a simple and efficient adaptive image-guided DSM fusion method that applies k-means clustering on small patches of the orthophoto to guide the pixel-level fusion adapted to the most consistent and relevant elevation points.The experiment results show that our proposed method has outperformed comparing methods in accuracy and the ability to preserve sharpened depth edges.
基金financially supported by the scientific research projects coordination unit of Akdeniz University,Project No.FBA-2015-446
文摘A difficult problem in forestry is tree inventory.In this study, a GoProHero attached to a small unmanned aerial vehicle was used to capture images of a small area covered by pinus pinea trees. Then, a digital surface model was generated with image matching. The elevation model representing the terrain surface, a ‘digital terrain model’,was extracted from the digital surface model using morphological filtering. Individual trees were extracted by analyzing elevation flow on the digital elevation model because the elevation reached the highest value on the tree peaks compared to the neighborhood elevation pixels. The quality of the results was assessed by comparison with reference data for correctness of the estimated number of trees. The tree heights were calculated and evaluated with ground truth dataset. The results showed 80% correctness and 90% completeness.
文摘This paper describes the stochastic model of the scattered electromagnetic field.Unlike common_used functional_determined models the proposed is characterised by amplitude/phase fluctuation of the received signal.This paper derives the statistical characteristic of the input signal and describes algorithm for its estimation in post_processing and real_time processing modes.Achieved characteristics allow the mapping and estimation of the surface models more accurate,moreover,such processing increase space resolution of synthetic aperture radar.
基金supported by the Projects of Scientific Investigation(BAP)of Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University[Grant No.01/2019-32].
文摘Stone Pine(Pinus pinea L.)is currently the pine species with the highest commercial value with edible seeds.In this respect,this study introduces a new methodology for extracting Stone Pine trees from Digital Surface Models(DSMs)generated through an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)mission.We developed a novel enhanced probability map of local maxima that facilitates the computation of the orientation symmetry by means of new probabilistic local minima information.Four test sites are used to evaluate our automated framework within one of the most important Stone Pine forest areas in Antalya,Turkey.A Hand-held Mobile Laser Scanner(HMLS)was utilized to collect the reference point cloud dataset.Our findings confirm that the proposed methodology,which uses a single DSM as an input,secures overall pixel-based and object-based F1-scores of 88.3%and 97.7%,respectively.The overall median Euclidean distance revealed between the automatically extracted stem locations and the manually extracted ones is computed to be 36 cm(less than 4 pixels),demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methodology.Finally,the comparison with the state-of-the-art reveals that the outcomes of the proposed methodology outperform the results of six previous studies in this context.
基金supported by the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program and Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition Research Program(2019QZKK0708)as well as the Basic Research Program of Qinghai Province:Lithospheric Geomagnetic Field of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Relationship with Strong Earthquakes(2021-ZJ-969Q).
文摘The National Geophysical Data Center(NGDC)of the United States has collected aeromagnetic data for input into a series of geomagnetic models to improve model resolution;however,in the Tibetan Plateau region,ground-based observations remain insufficient to clearly reflect the characteristics of the region’s lithospheric magnetism.In this study,we evaluate the lithospheric magnetism of the Tibetan Plateau by using a 3D surface spline model based on observations from>200 newly constructed repeat stations(portable stations)to determine the spatial distribution of plateau geomagnetism,as well as its correlation with the tectonic features of the region.We analyze the relationships between M≥5 earthquakes and lithospheric magnetic field variations on the Tibetan Plateau and identify regions susceptible to strong earthquakes.We compare the geomagnetic results with those from an enhanced magnetic model(EMM2015)developed by the NGDC and provide insights into improving lithospheric magnetic field calculations in the Tibetan Plateau region.Further research reveals that these magnetic anomalies exhibit distinct differences from the magnetic-seismic correlation mechanisms observed in other tectonic settings;here,they are governed primarily by the combined effects of compressional magnetism,thermal magnetism,and deep thermal stress.This study provides new evidence of geomagnetic anomalies on the Tibetan Plateau,interprets them physically,and demonstrates their potential for identifying seismic hazard zones on the Plateau.
基金This work was supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK)[grant number 114Y671].
文摘One of the challenges of remote sensing and computer vision lies in the three-dimensional(3-D)reconstruction of individual trees by using automated methods through very high-resolution(VHR)data sets.However,a successful and complete 3-D reconstruction relies on precise delineation of the trees in two dimensions.In this paper,we present an original approach to detect and delineate citrus trees using unmanned aerial vehicles based on photogrammetric digital surface models(DSMs).The symmetry of the citrus trees in a DSM is handled by an orientationbased radial symmetry transform which is computed in a unique way.Next,we propose an efficient strategy to accurately build influence regions of each tree,and then we delineate individual citrus trees through active contours by taking into account the influence region of each canopy.We also present two efficient strategies to filter out erroneously detected canopy regions without having any height thresholds.Experiments are carried out on eight test DSMs composed of different types of citrus orchards with varying densities and canopy sizes.Extensive comparisons to the state-of-the-art approaches reveal that our proposed approach provides superior detection and delineation performances through supporting a nice balance between precision and recall measures.
基金supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40906088)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
文摘Based on the first order small slope approximation theory （SSA-I） for oceanic surface electromagnetic scattering, this paper predicts the Doppler shifts induced by wave displacements. Theoretical results from three distinct hydrody- namic models are compared： a linear model, the nonlinear Barrick model, and the nonlinear Creamer model. Meanwhile, the predicted Doppler shifts are also compared with the results associated to the resonant Bragg waves and the so-called long waves in the framework of the two-scale model. The dependences of the predicted Doppler shifts on the incident angle, the radar frequency, and the wind speed are discussed. At large incident angles, the predicted Doppler shifts for the linear and nonlinear Barrick models are found to be insensitive to the wind speed and this phenomenon is not coincident with the experimental data. The conclusions obtained in this paper are promising for better understanding the properties of time dependent radar echoes from oceanic surfaces.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42088101 and 42375163)the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(Grant No.2021B0301030007)the specific research fund of The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(Grant No.YSPTZX202143)。
文摘In Earth system modeling,the land surface is coupled with the atmosphere through surface turbulent fluxes.These fluxes are computed using mean meteorological variables between the surface and a reference height in the atmosphere.However,the dependence of flux computation on the reference height,which is usually set as the lowest level in the atmosphere in Earth system models,has not received much attention.Based on high-resolution large-eddy simulation(LES)data under unstable conditions,we find the setting of reference height is not trivial within the framework of current surface layer theory.With a reasonable prescription of aerodynamic roughness length(following the setting in LESs),reference heights near the top of the surface layer tend to provide the best estimate of surface fluxes,especially for the momentum flux.Furthermore,this conclusion for the sensible heat flux is insensitive to the ratio of roughness length for momentum versus heat.These results are robust,whether using the classical or revised surface layer theory.They provide a potential guide for setting the proper reference heights for Earth system modeling and can be further tested in the near future using observational data from land–atmosphere feedback observatories.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC)(Grant no.12272148).
文摘A response surface method was utilized for the finite element model updating of a cable-stayed bridge in this paper to establish a baseline finite element model(FEM)that accurately reflects the characteristics of the actual bridge structure.Firstly,an initial FEM was established by the large-scale finite element software ANSYS,and the modal analysis was carried out on the dynamic response measured by the actual bridge structural health monitoring system.The initial error was obtained by comparing the dynamic characteristics of the measured data with those of the initial finite element model.Then,the second-order complete polynomial was selected to construct the response surface model;the corrected parameters were chosen using the sensitivity method.The response surface model(RSM)was fitted under the test cases designed using the central composite design method.After constructing the objective function,the RSMwas optimized and iterated by the sequential quadratic programmingmethod to obtain the corrected FEM.Finally,the dynamic characteristics of the modified FEM were compared with those of the actual bridge to get the final error.The results show that the modified FEM simulates the dynamic characteristics of the actual cable-stayed bridges more accurately.
基金Project supported by Chinese National High Technology Research and Development (863) Program (Grant No. 2007AA12Z170)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40706058)+1 种基金Wuhan Youth Science and Technology Chen Guang Program(Grant No. 200850731388)the wind and waves component of the Canadian Space Agency GRIP project entitled ‘Building Satellite Data into Fisheries and Oceans Operational Systems’
文摘Using the theory of nonlinear interactions between long and short waves, a nonlinear fractal sea surface model is presented for a one dimensional deep sea. Numerical simulation results show that spectra intensity changes at different locations （in both the wave number domain and temporal-frequency domain）, and the system obeys the energy conservation principle. Finally, a method to limit the fractal parameters is also presented to ensure that the model system does not become ill-posed,
文摘In order to shorten the design period, the paper describes a new optimization strategy for computationally expensive design optimization of turbomachinery, combined with design of experiment (DOE), response surface models (RSM), genetic algorithm (GA) and a 3-D Navier-Stokes solver(Numeca Fine). Data points for response evaluations were selected by improved distributed hypercube sampling (IHS) and the 3-D Navier-Stokes analysis was carried out at these sample points. The quadratic response surface model was used to approximate the relationships between the design variables and flow parameters. To maximize the adiabatic efficiency, the genetic algorithm was applied to the response surface model to perform global optimization to achieve the optimum design of NASA Stage 35. An optimum leading edge line was found, which produced a new 3-D rotor blade combined with sweep and lean, and a new stator one with skew. It is concluded that the proposed strategy can provide a reliable method for design optimization of turbomachinery blades at reasonable computing cost.
文摘The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has been paid to the cases with three water phases in the surface media. On the basis of the mixture theory and the theory of fluid dynamics of porous media, the system of universal conservational equations for water and heat of soil, snow and vegetation canopy has been constructed. On this background, all important factors that may affect the water and heat balance in media can be considered naturally, and each factor and term possess distinct physical meaning. In the computation of water content and temperature, the water phase change and the heat transportation by water flow are taken into account. Moreover, particular attention has been given to the water vapor diffusion in soil for arid or semi-arid cases, and snow compaction. In the treatment of surface turbulent fluxes, the difference between aerodynamic and thermal roughness is taken into account. The aerodynamic roughness of vegetation is calculated as a function of canopy density, height and zero-plane displacement. An extrapolation of log linear and exponential relationship is used when calculating the wind profile within canopy. The model has been validated against field measurements in off-line simulations. The desirable model′s performance leads to the conclusion that the IAP94 is able to reproduce the main physical mechanisms governing the energy and water balances in the global land surface. Part II of the present study will concern the validation in a 3-D experiment coupled with the IAP Two-Level AGCM.
基金The research reported herein was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 40145020, 40275023, 49794030, the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences under Grant Nos. G1998040905 and 2001CB309404,
文摘Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and rainfall will result in different surface runoff generation mechanisms. For a large area (e.g., a model grid size of a regional climate model or a general circulation model), these runoff generation mechanisms are commonly present at different portions of a grid cell simultaneously. Missing one of the two major runoff generation mechanisms and failing to consider spatial soil variability can result in significant under/over estimation of surface runoff which can directly introduce large errors in soil moisture states over each model grid cell. Therefore, proper modeling of surface runoff is essential to a reasonable representation of feedbacks in a land-atmosphere system. This paper presents a new surface runoff parameterization with the Philip infiltration formulation that dynamically represents both the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell. The parameterization takes into account the effects of soil heterogeneity on Horton and Dunne runoff. The new parameterization is implemented into the current version of the hydrologically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model and tested over one watershed in Pennsylvania, USA and over the Shiguanhe Basin in the Huaihe Watershed in China. Results show that the new parameterization plays a very important role in partitioning the water budget between surface runoff and soil moisture in the atmosphere-land coupling system, and has potential applications on large hydrological simulations and land-atmospheric interactions. It is further found that the Horton runoff mechanism should be considered within the context of subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil properties and precipitation.
基金Foundation： National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41001057 China National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, No.40825003 Project Supported by State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, No.2011-KF-06
文摘High accuracy surface modeling （HASM） is a method which can be applied to soil property interpolation. In this paper, we present a method of HASM combined geographic information for soil property interpolation （HASM-SP） to improve the accuracy. Based on soil types, land use types and parent rocks, HASM-SP was applied to interpolate soil available P, Li, pH, alkali-hydrolyzable N, total K and Cr in a typical red soil hilly region. To evaluate the performance of HASM-SP, we compared its performance with that of ordinary kriging （OK）, ordinary kriging combined geographic information （OK-Geo） and stratified kriging （SK）. The results showed that the methods combined with geographic information including HASM-SP and OK-Geo obtained a lower estimation bias. HASM-SP also showed less MAEs and RMSEs when it was compared with the other three methods （OK-Geo, OK and SK）. Much more details were presented in the HASM-SP maps for soil properties due to the combination of different types of geographic information which gave abrupt boundary for the spatial varia- tion of soil properties. Therefore, HASM-SP can not only reduce prediction errors but also can be accordant with the distribution of geographic information, which make the spatial simula- tion of soil property more reasonable. HASM-SP has not only enriched the theory of high accuracy surface modeling of soil property, but also provided a scientific method for the ap- plication in resource management and environment planning.
基金Supported by the China Scholarship Council and Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.950215).
文摘Based on the Danckwerts surface renewal model, a simple explicit expression of the enhancement factor in ozone absorption with a first order ozone self-decomposition and parallel second order ozonation reactions has been derived. The results are compared with our previous work based on the film theory. The 2,4-dichlorophenol destruction rate by ozonation is predicted using the enhancement factor model in this paper.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.40471089） and the Key Laboratory of Geo-informatics of State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping.
文摘A scheme for an automatic road surface modeling from a noisy point cloud is presented. The normal vectors of the point cloud are estimated by distance-weighted fitting of local plane. Then, an automatic recognition of the road surface from noise is performed based on the fuzzy clustering of normal vectors, with which the mean value is calculated and the projecting plane of point cloud is created to obtain the geometric model accordingly. Based on fuzzy clustering of the intensity attributed to each point, different objects on the road surface are assigned different colors for representing abundant appearances. This unsupervised method is demonstrated in the experiment and shows great effectiveness in reconstructing and rendering better road surface.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program under Grant Nos.2010CB428403, 2010CB951001, and 2009CB421407the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 41075062 and 40821092
文摘In this study, the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis model （CERES3.0） was coupled into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）, which is called BATS CERES, to represent interactions between the land surface and crop growth processes. The effects of crop growth and development on land surface processes were then studied based on numerical simulations using the land surface models. Six sensitivity experiments by BATS show that the land surface fluxes underwent substantial changes when the leaf area index was changed from 0 to 6 m2 m-2. Numerical experiments for Yucheng and Taoyuan stations reveal that the coupled model could capture not only the responses of crop growth and development to environmental conditions, but also the feedbacks to land surface processes. For quantitative evaluation of the effects of crop growth and development on surface fluxes in China, two numerical experiments were conducted over continental China： one by BATS CERES and one by the original BATS. Comparison of the two runs shows decreases of leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover when incorporating dynamic crops in land surface simulation, which lead to less canopy interception, vegetation transpiration, total evapotranspiration, top soil moisture, and more soil evaporation, surface runoff, and root zone soil moisture. These changes are accompanied by decreasing latent heat flux and increasing sensible heat flux in the cropland region. In addition, the comparison between the simulations and observations proved that incorporating the crop growth and development process into the land surface model could reduce the systematic biases of the simulated leaf area index and top soil moisture, hence improve the simulation of land surface fluxes.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.KZCX2-YW-219State Key Project for Basic Research Program of China(973)under Grant No.2010CB951801Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.40830103
文摘A dynamic global vegetation model （DGVM） coupled with a land surface model （LSM） is generally initialized using a spin-up process to derive a physically-consistent initial condition. Spin-up forcing, which is the atmospheric forcing used to drive the coupled model to equilibrium solutions in the spin-up process, varies across earlier studies. In the present study, the impact of the spin-up forcing in the initialization stage on the fractional coverages （FCs） of plant functional type （PFT） in the subsequent simulation stage are assessed in seven classic climate regions by a modified Community Land Model’s Dynamic Global Vegetation Model （CLM-DGVM）. Results show that the impact of spin-up forcing is considerable in all regions except the tropical rainforest climate region （TR） and the wet temperate climate region （WM）. In the tropical monsoon climate region （TM）, the TR and TM transition region （TR-TM）, the dry temperate climate region （DM）, the highland climate region （H）, and the boreal forest climate region （BF）, where FCs are affected by climate non-negligibly, the discrepancies in initial FCs, which represent long-term cumulative response of vegetation to different climate anomalies, are large. Moreover, the large discrepancies in initial FCs usually decay slowly because there are trees or shrubs in the five regions. The intrinsic growth timescales of FCs for tree PFTs and shrub PFTs are long, and the variation of FCs of tree PFTs or shrub PFTs can affect that of grass PFTs.
文摘Landscape pattern is a widely used concept for the demonstration of landscape characteristic features. The integral spatial distribution trend of landscape elements is interested point in the landscape ecological research, especially in those of complex secondary forest regions with confusing mosaics of land cover. Trend surface analysis which used in community and population ecological researches was introduced to reveal the landscape pattern. A reasonable and reliable approach for application of trend surface analysis was provided in detail. As key steps of the approach, uniform grid point sampling method was developed. The efforts were also concentrated at an example of Guandishan forested landscape. Some basic rules of spatial distribution of landscape elements were exclaimed. These will be benefit to the further study in the area to enhance the forest sustainable management and landscape planning.
