In considering of high proportion of renewable energy supply in 2050, the accelerating of energy consumption gross, source and environment can affect the energy system restrict affection are stronger. Add wind and sol...In considering of high proportion of renewable energy supply in 2050, the accelerating of energy consumption gross, source and environment can affect the energy system restrict affection are stronger. Add wind and solar to electricity energy with large amount of energy source exploitation. The energy source amount per person is lower. Considering the renewable energy amount and supply, primary energy storage and structure problem is standing out. Before the wide spread of renewable energy, Using the high-carbon energy in China can pollute seriously. Chinese energy supply and demand problem is research key point. This paper researches Chinese energy supply and demand pattern system and evaluation methodology, gives out the inner and outer influencing elements. And evaluate Chinese energy supply and demand pattern from energy gross, structure, distribution and transportation. Use energy supply synthesize radar comparison chart in certain time period. From energy security, economy, clean and efficiency, analyze the benefit comparisons of Chinese energy supply and demand pattern. This energy supply and demand pattern model will give one certain theoretical analysis and practice reference to the further high proportion of renewable energy.展开更多
The equilibrium between the supply and demand of water purification services is essential for safeguarding watershed ecosystems and supporting sustainable socio-economic growth.While current research mainly emphasizes...The equilibrium between the supply and demand of water purification services is essential for safeguarding watershed ecosystems and supporting sustainable socio-economic growth.While current research mainly emphasizes the static analysis of this balance,dynamic investigations into service flow characteristics remain scarce.This study focuses on the Xiangjiang River Basin in southern China,utilizing the InVEST model,differential equations governing supply and demand,and social network analysis to investigate the spatio-temporal patterns of water purification service supply and demand.The results reveal that between 2000 and 2020,the supply of water purification services showed a slight upward trend,while demand exhibited a fluctuating downward tendency,and the supply-demand surplus fluctuated.On an annual basis,the supply generally met the demand,but significant spatial variation in supply-demand balance was observed,with high-risk zones concentrated in the central Hengshao arid corridor and the northern Changzhutan metropolitan area.In the water purification service network,surplus nodes increased,while deficit nodes decreased over time.Network density improved from 98.96%in 2000 to 100%in 2020.The flow of surplus services from upstream regions alleviated supply-demand imbalances downstream,notably in the Hengyang-Shaoyang(Hengshao)arid corridor and the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan(Changzhutan)metropolitan area.However,during drought years,diminished water volume intensified supply-demand pressures in these regions.This research framework,which incorporates the dynamic effects of service flow,broadens the scope of water purification service studies and provides a solid foundation for integrated water resource and environmental management.展开更多
Helium is an irreplaceable strategic mineral resource, and commercial helium-rich gas fields(He>0.1%) worldwide are typically discovered serendipitously during hydrocarbon exploration efforts. According to an analy...Helium is an irreplaceable strategic mineral resource, and commercial helium-rich gas fields(He>0.1%) worldwide are typically discovered serendipitously during hydrocarbon exploration efforts. According to an analysis of 75 helium-rich gas fields and 1048 natural gas samples worldwide, helium in natural gas generally exhibits “scarce”, “accompanying”, and“complex” properties, and helium-rich gas fields often occur at depths <4500 m. Helium concentrations in He-CH_(4) and He-CO_(2) gas fields are notably lower than those in He-N_(2)gas fields(He>1%). However, geological reserves in the former two types of gas fields are mainly in the range of 10^(7)–10^(11)m^(3), whereas in the latter, they are only in the range of 10^(5)–10^(7)m^(3). There are nevertheless notable disparities in the genesis and migration patterns between helium and gaseous hydrocarbons. Helium necessitates carriers(such as formation water, hydrocarbon fluids, N_(2), mantle-derived fluids, etc.) during both accumulation and long-distance migration processes, where migration conduits are not confined to sedimentary strata, and may extend to the basin's basement, lower crust, and even lithospheric mantle. However, the accumulation conditions of both helium and gaseous hydrocarbons are generally considered equivalent. The presence of gaseous hydrocarbons facilitates both the rapid exsolution of helium within helium-containing fluids and subsequent efficient aggregation in gaseous hydrocarbons, while both reduce helium diffusion and diminish escape flux. In terms of caprock, gypsum, salt, and thick shale as sealing layers contribute to the long-term preservation of helium over geological timescales. Large helium-rich gas fields, predominantly crust-derived gas fields, are primarily concentrated in uplifted zones of ancient cratonic basins and their peripheries. Based on a diagram of the He concentration versus He/N_(2) ratio, crust-derived helium fields can be categorized as basement, combined basement-sedimentary rock, and sedimentary rock helium supply types. Comprehensively given China's helium grade, helium resource endowment,natural gas industrialization process, and current helium purification processes, the foremost deployment zones for the commercial production of helium should be the helium-rich gas fields located in the Ordos, Tarim, Sichuan, and Qaidam Basins in western and central China. In addition, certain(extra) large helium-containing gas fields serve as important replacement zones.展开更多
文摘In considering of high proportion of renewable energy supply in 2050, the accelerating of energy consumption gross, source and environment can affect the energy system restrict affection are stronger. Add wind and solar to electricity energy with large amount of energy source exploitation. The energy source amount per person is lower. Considering the renewable energy amount and supply, primary energy storage and structure problem is standing out. Before the wide spread of renewable energy, Using the high-carbon energy in China can pollute seriously. Chinese energy supply and demand problem is research key point. This paper researches Chinese energy supply and demand pattern system and evaluation methodology, gives out the inner and outer influencing elements. And evaluate Chinese energy supply and demand pattern from energy gross, structure, distribution and transportation. Use energy supply synthesize radar comparison chart in certain time period. From energy security, economy, clean and efficiency, analyze the benefit comparisons of Chinese energy supply and demand pattern. This energy supply and demand pattern model will give one certain theoretical analysis and practice reference to the further high proportion of renewable energy.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42171258,No.U22A20611Joint Fund of Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China,No.2024JJ8350。
文摘The equilibrium between the supply and demand of water purification services is essential for safeguarding watershed ecosystems and supporting sustainable socio-economic growth.While current research mainly emphasizes the static analysis of this balance,dynamic investigations into service flow characteristics remain scarce.This study focuses on the Xiangjiang River Basin in southern China,utilizing the InVEST model,differential equations governing supply and demand,and social network analysis to investigate the spatio-temporal patterns of water purification service supply and demand.The results reveal that between 2000 and 2020,the supply of water purification services showed a slight upward trend,while demand exhibited a fluctuating downward tendency,and the supply-demand surplus fluctuated.On an annual basis,the supply generally met the demand,but significant spatial variation in supply-demand balance was observed,with high-risk zones concentrated in the central Hengshao arid corridor and the northern Changzhutan metropolitan area.In the water purification service network,surplus nodes increased,while deficit nodes decreased over time.Network density improved from 98.96%in 2000 to 100%in 2020.The flow of surplus services from upstream regions alleviated supply-demand imbalances downstream,notably in the Hengyang-Shaoyang(Hengshao)arid corridor and the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan(Changzhutan)metropolitan area.However,during drought years,diminished water volume intensified supply-demand pressures in these regions.This research framework,which incorporates the dynamic effects of service flow,broadens the scope of water purification service studies and provides a solid foundation for integrated water resource and environmental management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42203027,42141021,U2244209,U20B6001,42172149,and 42311530064)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M730039)the China National Petroleum Corporation Limited-Peking University Basic Research Program(Grant No.JTGS-2022-JS-327)。
文摘Helium is an irreplaceable strategic mineral resource, and commercial helium-rich gas fields(He>0.1%) worldwide are typically discovered serendipitously during hydrocarbon exploration efforts. According to an analysis of 75 helium-rich gas fields and 1048 natural gas samples worldwide, helium in natural gas generally exhibits “scarce”, “accompanying”, and“complex” properties, and helium-rich gas fields often occur at depths <4500 m. Helium concentrations in He-CH_(4) and He-CO_(2) gas fields are notably lower than those in He-N_(2)gas fields(He>1%). However, geological reserves in the former two types of gas fields are mainly in the range of 10^(7)–10^(11)m^(3), whereas in the latter, they are only in the range of 10^(5)–10^(7)m^(3). There are nevertheless notable disparities in the genesis and migration patterns between helium and gaseous hydrocarbons. Helium necessitates carriers(such as formation water, hydrocarbon fluids, N_(2), mantle-derived fluids, etc.) during both accumulation and long-distance migration processes, where migration conduits are not confined to sedimentary strata, and may extend to the basin's basement, lower crust, and even lithospheric mantle. However, the accumulation conditions of both helium and gaseous hydrocarbons are generally considered equivalent. The presence of gaseous hydrocarbons facilitates both the rapid exsolution of helium within helium-containing fluids and subsequent efficient aggregation in gaseous hydrocarbons, while both reduce helium diffusion and diminish escape flux. In terms of caprock, gypsum, salt, and thick shale as sealing layers contribute to the long-term preservation of helium over geological timescales. Large helium-rich gas fields, predominantly crust-derived gas fields, are primarily concentrated in uplifted zones of ancient cratonic basins and their peripheries. Based on a diagram of the He concentration versus He/N_(2) ratio, crust-derived helium fields can be categorized as basement, combined basement-sedimentary rock, and sedimentary rock helium supply types. Comprehensively given China's helium grade, helium resource endowment,natural gas industrialization process, and current helium purification processes, the foremost deployment zones for the commercial production of helium should be the helium-rich gas fields located in the Ordos, Tarim, Sichuan, and Qaidam Basins in western and central China. In addition, certain(extra) large helium-containing gas fields serve as important replacement zones.
