Leaf thickness in rice critically influences photosynthetic efficiency and yield,yet its genetic basis remains poorly understood,with few functional genes previously characterized.In this study,we employ a pangenome-w...Leaf thickness in rice critically influences photosynthetic efficiency and yield,yet its genetic basis remains poorly understood,with few functional genes previously characterized.In this study,we employ a pangenome-wide association study(Pan-GWAS)on 302 diverse rice accessions from southern China,identifying 49 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)associated with leaf thickness.The most significant locus,qLT9,is fine-mapped to a 79-kb region on chromosome 9.Transcriptomic and genomic sequence analyses identify LOC_Os09g33480,which encodes a protein belonging to Multiple Organellar RNA Editing Factor family,as the key candidate gene.Overexpression and complementation transgenic experiments confirm LOC_Os09g33480(OsLT9)as the functional gene underlying qLT9,demonstrating a 24-bp Indel in its promoter correlates with the expression levels and leaf thickness.Notably,OsLT9 overexpression lines show not only thicker leaf,but also significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield,establishing a link between leaf thickness modulation and yield enhancement.Population genomic analyses indicate strong selection for OsLT9 during domestication and breeding,with modern cultivars favoring thick leaf haplotype of OsLT9.This study establishes OsLT9 as a key regulator controlling leaf thickness in rice,and provides a valuable genetic resource for molecular breeding of high-yielding rice through optimization of plant architecture.展开更多
Leaf angle is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly influences crop architecture and yield.Plant hormones,such as auxin,play a critical role in regulating leaf angle;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms ...Leaf angle is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly influences crop architecture and yield.Plant hormones,such as auxin,play a critical role in regulating leaf angle;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.Here,we reveal that the auxin response factor gene,OsARF12,which is highly expressed in the leaf lamina joint,negatively regulates rice(Oryza sativa L.)leaf angle via affecting shoot gravitropism.Overexpression lines of OsARF12 exhibit more erect leaf angles,while the osarf12 mutants display enlarged leaf angles compared to the wild type.Further studies demonstrate that OsARF12 directly activates the expression of Loose Plant Architecture1(LPA1)and LAZY1 by binding to their promoters.The osarf12 mutant presents impaired shoot gravitropism,a phenotype consistent with that of the lpa1 and lazy1 mutants.Collectively,we elucidate the biological functions of OsARF12,which modulates leaf angle through its impact on shoot gravitropism by regulating the expression levels of LPA1 and LAZY1.This study provides insight into the role of auxin in determining rice leaf angle,potentially holding profound effects for the optimization of crop architecture.展开更多
Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the i...Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the improvement of animal flesh quality.Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharides(PGLP)have a similar composition and lower cost compared with Panax ginseng root polysaccharides.However,its function and application effects in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)are unclear.Methods A total of 540 sub-adult grass carp(679±1.29 g),one of the important economic fish species,were used as experimental models and fed diets supplemented with 0,100,200,300,400,or 500 mg/kg PGLP for 60 d.After 60 d,grass carp were weighed,and their muscles were collected to explore the effects of PGLP on the growth and development of myofibers and energy metabolism-related parameters.Results Our study found that PGLP increased the growth performance and muscle nutritional composition as well as improved muscle hardness,springiness,cohesiveness,chewiness,and hyperplasia of myofibers of sub-adult grass carp.Besides,PGLP promoted muscle energy metabolism by increasing creatine,glycogen,pyruvate,and acetyl-CoA contents and creatine kinase(CK),pyruvate kinase(PK),phosphofructokinase(PFK),and hexokinase(HK)activities,while decreasing lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity and lactate content in fish muscle.Finally,our study found that PGLP enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I–V,biogenesis,and fusion and decreasing autophagy and fission in fish muscle.Conclusions PGLP improved growth performance and flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp,which may be related to enhancing hyperplasia of myofibers by promoting energy metabolism.We concluded that the recommended amount of PGLP in sub-adult grass carp feed to optimize growth performance is 100–200 mg/kg.This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGLP in fish feed and for the analysis of the mechanism of nutrition and feed regulating fish flesh quality,which is of great significance.展开更多
Understanding plant responses under low-pressure conditions is important for developing closed cultivation systems that simulate space environments.This study aimed to assess the effects of different pressure levels o...Understanding plant responses under low-pressure conditions is important for developing closed cultivation systems that simulate space environments.This study aimed to assess the effects of different pressure levels on growth,photosynthesis,and secondary metabolite accumulation in red leaf lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.var.‘Super Caesar’s Red’).Plants were cultivated for three weeks in sealed chambers under 101 kPa(atmospheric pressure),66 kPa(moderate low pressure),and 33 kPa(severe low pressure).Growth analysis showed that leaf length and leaf area decreased significantly with reduced pressure,while chlorophyll content and SPAD values increased gradually.Photosynthetic measurements indicated lower transpiration and stomatal conductance under low pressure relative to atmospheric conditions,consistent with reduced stomatal size and density observed by SEM.Secondary metabolite analysis showed strong induction of anthocyanins(41.3%at 66 kPa and 190.8%at 33 kPa),with significant increases in phenolic and flavonoid contents.Thus,low-pressure conditions may suppress morphological growth but promote secondary metabolite contents,offering potential advantages for quality-oriented cultivation strategies.This study provides fundamental insights into physiological adaptation under low pressure and practical implications for crop selection and management in space agriculture and other controlled environments.展开更多
The leaf nitrogen(N)to phosphorus(P)ratio(N:P)is a critical indicator of nutrient dynamics and ecosystem function.Investigating temporal variations in leaf N:P can provide valuable insights into how plants adapt to en...The leaf nitrogen(N)to phosphorus(P)ratio(N:P)is a critical indicator of nutrient dynamics and ecosystem function.Investigating temporal variations in leaf N:P can provide valuable insights into how plants adapt to environmental changes and nutrient availability.However,limited research has been conducted on long-term temporal leaf N:P variation over a range of temperature zones.Using long-term monitoring data from the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN),we investigated temporal changes in leaf N and P stoichiometry for 50 dominant tree species from 10 typical forest sites across temperate and subtropical regions,and identified the underlying mechanisms driving these changes.For both regions combined,leaf P concentration of the 50 dominant tree species decreased(20.6%),whereas leaf N:P increased(52.0%)from 2005 to 2020.Leaf P decreased and leaf N:P increased in 67% and 69% of the tree species,respectively.The leaf N:P increase was primarily driven by the tree species in eastern subtropical forests,where global change factors and soil nutrients explained 68% of leaf N:P variation.The P limitation exhibited by tree species in eastern subtropical forest ecosystems intensified over time,and elevated temperature and CO_(2) levels,coupled with decreased soil available P concentrations,appear to be the main factors driving long-term leaf N:P increases in these forests.Investigating long-term variations in soil nutrients together with global change factors will improve our understanding of the nutrient status of forest ecosystems in the context of global change and will support effective forest ecosystem management.展开更多
DNA methylation plays important roles in regulating gene expression during development.However,little is known about the influence of DNA methylation on secondary metabolism during leaf development in the tea plant(Ca...DNA methylation plays important roles in regulating gene expression during development.However,little is known about the influence of DNA methylation on secondary metabolism during leaf development in the tea plant(Camellia sinensis).In this study,we combined the methylome,transcriptome,and metabolome to investigate the dynamic changes in DNA methylation and its potential regulatory roles in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.In this study,the level of genomic DNA methylation increased as leaf development progressed from tender to old leaf.It additionally exhibited a similar distribution across the genomic background at the two distinct developmental stages studied.Notably,integrated analysis of transcriptomic and methylomic data showed that DNA hypermethylation primarily occurred in genes of the phenylpropanoid,flavonoid,and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.The effect of methylation on transcription of these secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes was dependent on the location of methylation(i.e.,in the promoter,gene or intergenic regions)and the sequence context(i.e.,CpG,CHG,or CHH).Changes in the content of catechins and terpenoids were consistent with the changes in gene transcription and the methylation state of structural genes,such as serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases 1A(SCPL1A),leucoanthocyanidin reductase(LAR),and nerolidol synthase(NES).Our study provides valuable information for dissecting the effects of DNA methylation on regulation of genes involved in secondary metabolism during tea leaf development.展开更多
Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interan...Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interannual differences in water availability are affecting π_(tlp) as a static trait.I monitored the seasonal variation of π_(tlp) during a drought year starting in early spring with juvenile leaves and assessed the interannual variation in π_(tlp) of fully matured leaves among years with diverting water availability for three temperate broad-leaved tree species.The largest seasonal changes in π_(tlp) occurred during leaf unfolding until leaves were fully developed and matured.After leaves matured,no significant changes occurred for the rest of the vegetation period.Interannual variation that could be related to water availability was only present in one of the three tree species.The results suggest that the investigated species have a rapid period of osmotic adjustment early in the growing season followed by a period of relative stability,when π_(tlp) can be considered as a static trait.展开更多
Tomato leaf diseases significantly reduce crop yield;therefore,early and accurate disease detection is required.Traditional detection methods are laborious and error-prone,particularly in large-scale farms,whereas exi...Tomato leaf diseases significantly reduce crop yield;therefore,early and accurate disease detection is required.Traditional detection methods are laborious and error-prone,particularly in large-scale farms,whereas existing hybrid deep learning models often face computational inefficiencies and poor generalization over diverse environmental and disease conditions.This study presents a unified U-Net-Vision Mamba Model with Hierarchical Bottleneck AttentionMechanism(U-net-Vim-HBAM),which integrates U-Net’s high-resolution segmentation,Vision Mamba’s efficient contextual processing,and a Hierarchical Bottleneck Attention Mechanism to address the challenges of disease detection accuracy,computational complexity,and efficiency in existing models.The model was trained on the Tomato Leaves and PlantVillage combined datasets from Kaggle and achieved 98.63% accuracy,98.24% precision,96.41% recall,and 97.31%F1 score,outperforming baselinemodels.Simulation tests demonstrated the model’s compatibility across devices with computational efficacy,ensuring its potential for integration into real-time mobile agricultural applications.The model’s adaptability to diverse datasets and conditions suggests that it is a versatile and high-precision instrument for disease management in agriculture,supporting sustainable agricultural practices.This offers a promising solution for crop health management and contributes to food security.展开更多
Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifical...Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifically H_(2)O_(2)derived from roots and mediated by the respiratory burst oxidase homolog(NADPH),plays a significant role in regulating ion and plant hormone homeostasis in glycophytic plants,such as Arabidopsis.However,the extent to which root-derived H_(2)O_(2)fulfils similar functions in halophytic plants remains uncertain.Therefore,our study aimed to explore the potential contribution of root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in delaying leaf senescence induced by high salinity,utilizing seashore paspalum as a model halophytic plant.The application of the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor DPI,coupled with a series of leaf senescence analyses,we revealed that root-derived H_(2)O_(2)significantly retards salt-induced leaf senescence.Furthermore,through the application of hormone analysis,lipidomics,ionomics,Non-invasive Micro-test Technology(NMT),and transcriptomics,we established that NADPH-dependent H_(2)O_(2)induced by salt stress in the roots was indispensable for maintaining the balance of the aging hormone,jasmonic acid(JA),and sodium ion homeostasis within this halophytic plant.Finally,by utilizing AtrbohD Arabidopsis mutants and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGs)in Paspalum vaginatum,we demonstrated the pivotal role played by root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in upholding JA homeostasis and regulating JA-triggered leaf senescence in P.vaginatum.This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms that govern plant leaf senescence and its response to salinity-induced stress.展开更多
The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,...The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,and the network pharmacology was used to elucidate their anti-hair loss mechanism,which was verified by molecular docking technology.572 active compounds were identified from the ASE by metabolomics methods,where there are 1447 corresponding targets and 492 targets related to hair loss,totaling 88 targets.20 core active substances were identified by constructing a network between common targets and active substances,which include vanillic acid,chorionic acid,caffeic acid and apigenin.The five key targets of TNF,TP53,IL6,PPARG,and EGFR were screened out by the PPI network analysis on 88 common targets.The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the inflammation,hormone balance,cell growth,proliferation,apoptosis,and oxidative stress are involved.Molecular docking studies have confirmed the high binding affinity between core active compounds and key targets.The drug similarity assessment on these core compounds suggested that they have the potential to be used as potential hair loss treatment drugs.This study elucidates the complex molecular mechanism of ASE in treating hair loss,and provides a reference for the future applications in hair care products.展开更多
This study utilized a computer application developed in Visual StudioTM using C# to extract pixel samples (RGB) from multiple images (26 images obtained from August 20, 2024, to September 22, 2024), of a purslane pot ...This study utilized a computer application developed in Visual StudioTM using C# to extract pixel samples (RGB) from multiple images (26 images obtained from August 20, 2024, to September 22, 2024), of a purslane pot taken from a top-down perspective at a distance of 30 cm. These samples were projected into the CIELAB color space, and the extracted pixels were plotted on the a*b* plane, excluding the luminance value. A polygon was then drawn around all the plotted pixels, defining the color to be identified. Subsequently, the application analyzed another image to determine the number of pixels within the polygon. These identified pixels were transformed to white, and the percentage of these pixels relative to the total number of pixels in the image was calculated. This process yielded percentages for brown (soil), green (leaf cover), and pink (stem color). A single polygon was sufficient to accurately identify the green and brown colors in the images. However, due to varying lighting conditions, customized polygons were necessary for each image to accurately identify the stem color. To validate the green polygon’s accuracy in identifying purslane leaves, all leaves in the image were digitized in AutoCADTM, and the green area was compared to the total image area to obtain the observed green percentage. The green percentage obtained with the polygon was then compared to the observed green percentage, resulting in an R2 value of 0.8431. Similarly, for the brown color, an R2 value of 0.9305 was found. The stem color was not subjected to this validation due to the necessity of multiple polygons. The R2 values were derived from percentage data obtained by analyzing the total pixels in the images. When sampling to estimate the proportion and analyzing only the suggested sample size of pixels, R2 values of 0.93049 for brown and 0.8088 for green were obtained. The average analysis time to determine the brown soil percentage using the polygon (BP) for 26 images with an average size of 1070 × 1210 pixels was 44 seconds. In contrast, sampling to estimate the proportion reduced the analysis time to 0.9 seconds for the same number of images. This indicates that significant time savings can be achieved while obtaining similar results.展开更多
Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene ha...Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene has been identified to be involved in B deficiency induced leaf curling.Our previous results showed the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 might be involved in B-deficiency tolerance.However,altered BnaA1.WRKY53 expression does not influence B concentration in shoot,root and leaf cell walls,which suggests Bna A1.WRKY53 might be involved in other biological processes.Indeed,phenotypic and anatomical analyses revealed that BnaA1.WRKY53 negatively regulated the leaf curling induced by leaf epinasty by suppressing the overexpansion of palisade cells under B deficiency.Further transcriptome enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between wild-type and BnaA1.WRKY53overexpression line showed auxin response pathway was enriched.In addition,Arabidopsis DR5::GFP auxin reporter line showed B deficiency caused predominant auxin signal accumulation in the adaxial side and concomitant adaxial cell expansion,which indicated that B deficiency may induce leaf curling by altering auxin distribution.Phytohormone quantification and gene expression analysis demonstrated that BnaA1.WRKY53 prevent auxin overaccumulation in leaves by suppressing auxin biosynthetic genes under B deficiency.Furthermore,exogenous 1-naphthlcetic acid(NAA)treatment experiments revealed that high auxin could induce leaf curling and BnaA1.WRKY53 expression.Overall,these findings demonstrate that auxin and the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 synergistically regulate leaf curling to maintain an optimal leaf area under B deficiency,and provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms against B-deficiency-induced leaf curling in oilseed rape.展开更多
Potassium(K)is a highly mobile nutrient element that continuously adjusts its demand strategy among and within cotton leaves through redistribution,indirectly leading to variations in the leaf potassium content(LKC,%)...Potassium(K)is a highly mobile nutrient element that continuously adjusts its demand strategy among and within cotton leaves through redistribution,indirectly leading to variations in the leaf potassium content(LKC,%)at different leaf positions.However,due to the interaction between light and leaf age,leaf sensitivity to this change varies at different positions,including the reflection and absorption of the spectrum.Selecting the optimal leaf position for monitoring is a crucial factor in the rapid and accurate evaluation of cotton LKC using spectral remote sensing technology.Therefore,this study proposes a comprehensive multi-leaf position estimation model based on the vertical distribution characteristics of LKC from top to bottom,aiming to achieve an accurate estimation of cotton LKC and optimize the strategy for selecting the monitored leaf position.Between 2020 and 2021,we collected hyperspectral imaging data of the main stem leaves at different positions from top to bottom(Li,i=1,2,3,...,n)during the cotton budding,flowering,and boll-setting stages.Vertical distribution characteristics,sensitivity differences,and spectral correlations of LKC at different leaf positions were investigated.Additionally,the optimal range of the dominant leaf position for monitoring was determined.Partial least squares regression(PLSR),random forest regression(RFR),support vector machine regression(SVR),and the entropy weight method(EWM)were employed to develop LKC estimation models for single-and multi-leaf positions.The results showed a vertical heterogeneous distribution of cotton LKC,with LKC initially increasing and then gradually decreasing from top to bottom;the average LKC of cotton reached its maximum value at the flowering stage.The upper leaf position demonstrated greater sensitivity to K and exhibited a stronger correlation with the spectrum.The selected dominant leaf positions for the three growth stages were L1-L5,L1-L4,and L1-L2,respectively.Based on the dominant leaf position monitoring range,the optimal single leaf position models for estimating LKC during the three growth stages were PLSR-L4,PLSR-L1,and SVR-L2,with the coefficient of determination of the validation set(R2val)being 0.786,0.580,and 0.768,and the root-mean-square error of the validation set(RMSEval)being 0.168,0.197,and 0.191,respectively.The multi-leaf position LKC estimation model was constructed by EWM with R2val being 0.887,0.728,and 0.703,and RMSEval being 0.134,0.172,and 0.209,respectively.In contrast,the newly developed multi-leaf position comprehensive estimation model yielded superior results,improving the model’s stability based on high accuracy,especially during the budding and flowering stages.These findings hold significant importance for investigating cotton LKC spectral models and selecting suitable leaf positions for field monitoring.展开更多
Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss dur...Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss during epidemic years(Huerta-Espino et al.2011;Gebrewahid et al.2020;Kolomiets et al.2021).Breeding varieties resistant to leaf rust have been recognized as the most effective and economical method to mitigate wheat losses caused by Pt.The narrow genetic basis of wheat constrains the number of cultivars resistant to leaf rust(Jin et al.2021).展开更多
The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)w...The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)was conducted by 225 rice germplasm resources to explore the genetic basis of rice flag leaf width(FLW).We identified nine QTLs associated with FLW(qFLWs),with phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 3.17%to 14.37%.Near-isogenic lines(NILs)were developed for fine-mapping of qFLW11,and the function of FLW11 was further verified.We narrowed down q FLW11 to an 87-kb interval,which contains five genes.展开更多
Two leaf color variants red-leaf(R-type)and common-leaf(G-type)of Euonymus sacrosancta Koidz.,were employed as experimental materials to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying chromatic transition.Physiological...Two leaf color variants red-leaf(R-type)and common-leaf(G-type)of Euonymus sacrosancta Koidz.,were employed as experimental materials to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying chromatic transition.Physiological profiling identified anthocyanins and flavo-noids as the predominant pigments responsible for the red foliar phenotype,which exhibited reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation but elevated soluble sugars and proteins.Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between R-type and G-type were significantly enriched in flavonoid biosynthe-sis and carotenoid metabolism pathways.The up-regulation of 22 key genes of anthocyanin synthesis(e.g.,CHS,CHI,LAR,LDOX and UFGT)in R-type may lead to the phenotype of red leaves through the increase of anthocyanin accumula-tion.The downregulated expression of 13 carotenoid syn-thesis-related genes(e.g.,PSY,PDS and VDE)and 6 carot-enoid degradation genes(e.g.,ABA2,CYP707A and NCED)may lead to lower carotenoid content in R-type compared to G-type.Combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),five candidate genes(EsLAR,EsLDOX,EsPDS,EsCYP707A and EsABA2)were screened from two modules highly correlated with anthocyanin con-tent in E.sacrosancta leaves.These genes may play key regulatory roles in leaf coloration and could serve as candi-date genetic resources for leaf color improvement in E.sac-rosancta.Additionally,transcription factors such as C2H2s,C3Hs,and WRKYs were identified as potential regulators in the formation of R-type in E.sacrosancta.This study pro-vides the first systematic elucidation of the transcriptional regulatory network governing red-leaf formation in E.sac-rosancta,establishing a critical theoretical foundation for molecular breeding in ornamental plants.展开更多
Hybridization remains an important method for breeding new poplar varieties.It results in significant variation in leaf phenotype among parents and offspring,and among offspring themselves.This study aimed to investig...Hybridization remains an important method for breeding new poplar varieties.It results in significant variation in leaf phenotype among parents and offspring,and among offspring themselves.This study aimed to investigate whether leaf shape variations were similar in offspring produced from reciprocal crosses.Specifically,two hybrid combinations were produced:the direct cross with Populus ussuriensis as the maternal parent and P.simonii×P.nigra as the paternal parent(HY53),and the reciprocal cross with P.simonii×P.nigra as the maternal parent and P.ussuriensis as the paternal parent(HY268).Using 3-month-old rooted cuttings from 40 clones(36 F1 hybrids and their parents)growing in a greenhouse,we measured and analyzed 14 leaf morphological traits to assess genetic variation and heterosis.The results showed HY53 clones generally exhibited greater average height than HY268 clones.Leaf phenotypes differed between the two hybrid combinations,with significant differences observed among parents and offspring for almost all traits,as revealed by analysis of variance(ANOVA).The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher in HY268 clones.Additionally,leaf traits demonstrated high repeatability.Notably,some hybrid offspring exhibited positive or negative mid-parent heterosis,as well as over-parent heterosis for certain leaf phenotypes.The systematic cluster analysis further indicated distinct separation among HY268 clones.This research provides valuable materials for poplar breeding and offers insights into hybrid vigor in wood plants.The findings highlight the importance of reciprocal crossing in influencing leaf phenotype variation and heterosis,offering practical insights for future breeding strategies.展开更多
A survey conducted on the premature bolting of Huarong large leaf mustard from 2018 to 2024 revealed that Huarong large leaf mustard sown in middle August was associated with a higher propensity for premature bolting....A survey conducted on the premature bolting of Huarong large leaf mustard from 2018 to 2024 revealed that Huarong large leaf mustard sown in middle August was associated with a higher propensity for premature bolting. Furthermore, it was observed that the earlier being sown, the greater the rate of premature bolting when being sown prior to middle August. The rate of premature bolting observed in seedlings sown on August 8 was recorded at 35.6%. It was noted that as the age of the seedlings increased, the rate of premature bolting correspondingly increased. There were notable differences in the tolerance of various cultivars to elevated temperatures and prolonged sunlight exposure. For instance, cultivars such as Zhangjie 1 and Sichuan Shaguodi, which exhibit greater heat resistance, did not demonstrate premature bolting when sown in early August. The prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, drought conditions, and extended periods of sunlight during the seedling stage of Huarong large leaf mustard, coupled with delayed irrigation and transplantation, contributed to the occurrence of premature bolting. The Huarong large leaf mustard, when been sown from late August to early September and transplanted at the appropriate time, exhibited normal growth and development, with no instances of premature bolting observed. It is advisable to select heat-resistant varieties, such as Zhangjie 1, prior to middle August. Huarong large leaf mustard should be sown in early to middle September. Additionally, it is essential to ensure centralized production and timely release of seeds, prompt transplantation and harvesting, and enhance the management of pests and diseases.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301845)GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515012339)+3 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1200801)Seed industry revitalization project of special fund for rural revitalization strategy in Guangdong Province(2024-NPY-00-001)Modern Seed Industry Innovation Capacity Enhancement Progject of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Elite Rice Plan of GDRRI(2023YG01)Guangdong Key Laboratory of Rice Science and Technology(2023B1212060042).
文摘Leaf thickness in rice critically influences photosynthetic efficiency and yield,yet its genetic basis remains poorly understood,with few functional genes previously characterized.In this study,we employ a pangenome-wide association study(Pan-GWAS)on 302 diverse rice accessions from southern China,identifying 49 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)associated with leaf thickness.The most significant locus,qLT9,is fine-mapped to a 79-kb region on chromosome 9.Transcriptomic and genomic sequence analyses identify LOC_Os09g33480,which encodes a protein belonging to Multiple Organellar RNA Editing Factor family,as the key candidate gene.Overexpression and complementation transgenic experiments confirm LOC_Os09g33480(OsLT9)as the functional gene underlying qLT9,demonstrating a 24-bp Indel in its promoter correlates with the expression levels and leaf thickness.Notably,OsLT9 overexpression lines show not only thicker leaf,but also significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield,establishing a link between leaf thickness modulation and yield enhancement.Population genomic analyses indicate strong selection for OsLT9 during domestication and breeding,with modern cultivars favoring thick leaf haplotype of OsLT9.This study establishes OsLT9 as a key regulator controlling leaf thickness in rice,and provides a valuable genetic resource for molecular breeding of high-yielding rice through optimization of plant architecture.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871592)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2042022kf0015)+1 种基金the Creative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2020CFA009)the Project for Technology Innovation of Hubei Province(2024BBA005).
文摘Leaf angle is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly influences crop architecture and yield.Plant hormones,such as auxin,play a critical role in regulating leaf angle;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.Here,we reveal that the auxin response factor gene,OsARF12,which is highly expressed in the leaf lamina joint,negatively regulates rice(Oryza sativa L.)leaf angle via affecting shoot gravitropism.Overexpression lines of OsARF12 exhibit more erect leaf angles,while the osarf12 mutants display enlarged leaf angles compared to the wild type.Further studies demonstrate that OsARF12 directly activates the expression of Loose Plant Architecture1(LPA1)and LAZY1 by binding to their promoters.The osarf12 mutant presents impaired shoot gravitropism,a phenotype consistent with that of the lpa1 and lazy1 mutants.Collectively,we elucidate the biological functions of OsARF12,which modulates leaf angle through its impact on shoot gravitropism by regulating the expression levels of LPA1 and LAZY1.This study provides insight into the role of auxin in determining rice leaf angle,potentially holding profound effects for the optimization of crop architecture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20250)the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-45)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD2400600)Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project(2023JDRC0043)Sichuan Innovation Team of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(SCCXTD-2024-15)。
文摘Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the improvement of animal flesh quality.Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharides(PGLP)have a similar composition and lower cost compared with Panax ginseng root polysaccharides.However,its function and application effects in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)are unclear.Methods A total of 540 sub-adult grass carp(679±1.29 g),one of the important economic fish species,were used as experimental models and fed diets supplemented with 0,100,200,300,400,or 500 mg/kg PGLP for 60 d.After 60 d,grass carp were weighed,and their muscles were collected to explore the effects of PGLP on the growth and development of myofibers and energy metabolism-related parameters.Results Our study found that PGLP increased the growth performance and muscle nutritional composition as well as improved muscle hardness,springiness,cohesiveness,chewiness,and hyperplasia of myofibers of sub-adult grass carp.Besides,PGLP promoted muscle energy metabolism by increasing creatine,glycogen,pyruvate,and acetyl-CoA contents and creatine kinase(CK),pyruvate kinase(PK),phosphofructokinase(PFK),and hexokinase(HK)activities,while decreasing lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity and lactate content in fish muscle.Finally,our study found that PGLP enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I–V,biogenesis,and fusion and decreasing autophagy and fission in fish muscle.Conclusions PGLP improved growth performance and flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp,which may be related to enhancing hyperplasia of myofibers by promoting energy metabolism.We concluded that the recommended amount of PGLP in sub-adult grass carp feed to optimize growth performance is 100–200 mg/kg.This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGLP in fish feed and for the analysis of the mechanism of nutrition and feed regulating fish flesh quality,which is of great significance.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2024-00459463).
文摘Understanding plant responses under low-pressure conditions is important for developing closed cultivation systems that simulate space environments.This study aimed to assess the effects of different pressure levels on growth,photosynthesis,and secondary metabolite accumulation in red leaf lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.var.‘Super Caesar’s Red’).Plants were cultivated for three weeks in sealed chambers under 101 kPa(atmospheric pressure),66 kPa(moderate low pressure),and 33 kPa(severe low pressure).Growth analysis showed that leaf length and leaf area decreased significantly with reduced pressure,while chlorophyll content and SPAD values increased gradually.Photosynthetic measurements indicated lower transpiration and stomatal conductance under low pressure relative to atmospheric conditions,consistent with reduced stomatal size and density observed by SEM.Secondary metabolite analysis showed strong induction of anthocyanins(41.3%at 66 kPa and 190.8%at 33 kPa),with significant increases in phenolic and flavonoid contents.Thus,low-pressure conditions may suppress morphological growth but promote secondary metabolite contents,offering potential advantages for quality-oriented cultivation strategies.This study provides fundamental insights into physiological adaptation under low pressure and practical implications for crop selection and management in space agriculture and other controlled environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030509)the Special Project on National Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation of China(No.2021FY100705).
文摘The leaf nitrogen(N)to phosphorus(P)ratio(N:P)is a critical indicator of nutrient dynamics and ecosystem function.Investigating temporal variations in leaf N:P can provide valuable insights into how plants adapt to environmental changes and nutrient availability.However,limited research has been conducted on long-term temporal leaf N:P variation over a range of temperature zones.Using long-term monitoring data from the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN),we investigated temporal changes in leaf N and P stoichiometry for 50 dominant tree species from 10 typical forest sites across temperate and subtropical regions,and identified the underlying mechanisms driving these changes.For both regions combined,leaf P concentration of the 50 dominant tree species decreased(20.6%),whereas leaf N:P increased(52.0%)from 2005 to 2020.Leaf P decreased and leaf N:P increased in 67% and 69% of the tree species,respectively.The leaf N:P increase was primarily driven by the tree species in eastern subtropical forests,where global change factors and soil nutrients explained 68% of leaf N:P variation.The P limitation exhibited by tree species in eastern subtropical forest ecosystems intensified over time,and elevated temperature and CO_(2) levels,coupled with decreased soil available P concentrations,appear to be the main factors driving long-term leaf N:P increases in these forests.Investigating long-term variations in soil nutrients together with global change factors will improve our understanding of the nutrient status of forest ecosystems in the context of global change and will support effective forest ecosystem management.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2022A1515111141 and 2023A1515010786)。
文摘DNA methylation plays important roles in regulating gene expression during development.However,little is known about the influence of DNA methylation on secondary metabolism during leaf development in the tea plant(Camellia sinensis).In this study,we combined the methylome,transcriptome,and metabolome to investigate the dynamic changes in DNA methylation and its potential regulatory roles in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.In this study,the level of genomic DNA methylation increased as leaf development progressed from tender to old leaf.It additionally exhibited a similar distribution across the genomic background at the two distinct developmental stages studied.Notably,integrated analysis of transcriptomic and methylomic data showed that DNA hypermethylation primarily occurred in genes of the phenylpropanoid,flavonoid,and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.The effect of methylation on transcription of these secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes was dependent on the location of methylation(i.e.,in the promoter,gene or intergenic regions)and the sequence context(i.e.,CpG,CHG,or CHH).Changes in the content of catechins and terpenoids were consistent with the changes in gene transcription and the methylation state of structural genes,such as serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases 1A(SCPL1A),leucoanthocyanidin reductase(LAR),and nerolidol synthase(NES).Our study provides valuable information for dissecting the effects of DNA methylation on regulation of genes involved in secondary metabolism during tea leaf development.
基金supported by the European Union as a mobility grant
文摘Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interannual differences in water availability are affecting π_(tlp) as a static trait.I monitored the seasonal variation of π_(tlp) during a drought year starting in early spring with juvenile leaves and assessed the interannual variation in π_(tlp) of fully matured leaves among years with diverting water availability for three temperate broad-leaved tree species.The largest seasonal changes in π_(tlp) occurred during leaf unfolding until leaves were fully developed and matured.After leaves matured,no significant changes occurred for the rest of the vegetation period.Interannual variation that could be related to water availability was only present in one of the three tree species.The results suggest that the investigated species have a rapid period of osmotic adjustment early in the growing season followed by a period of relative stability,when π_(tlp) can be considered as a static trait.
文摘Tomato leaf diseases significantly reduce crop yield;therefore,early and accurate disease detection is required.Traditional detection methods are laborious and error-prone,particularly in large-scale farms,whereas existing hybrid deep learning models often face computational inefficiencies and poor generalization over diverse environmental and disease conditions.This study presents a unified U-Net-Vision Mamba Model with Hierarchical Bottleneck AttentionMechanism(U-net-Vim-HBAM),which integrates U-Net’s high-resolution segmentation,Vision Mamba’s efficient contextual processing,and a Hierarchical Bottleneck Attention Mechanism to address the challenges of disease detection accuracy,computational complexity,and efficiency in existing models.The model was trained on the Tomato Leaves and PlantVillage combined datasets from Kaggle and achieved 98.63% accuracy,98.24% precision,96.41% recall,and 97.31%F1 score,outperforming baselinemodels.Simulation tests demonstrated the model’s compatibility across devices with computational efficacy,ensuring its potential for integration into real-time mobile agricultural applications.The model’s adaptability to diverse datasets and conditions suggests that it is a versatile and high-precision instrument for disease management in agriculture,supporting sustainable agricultural practices.This offers a promising solution for crop health management and contributes to food security.
基金supported by the Project funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(Grant No.322QN248)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32401488,32060409,32371782 and 32460358)+3 种基金the Innovational Fund for Scientific and Technological Personnel of Hainan Province(Grant No.KJRC 2023C21)the Hainan High-level Talents Project(Grant No.321RC475)Collaborative Innovation Center Project of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture in Hainan University(XTCX2022NYB08)Collaborative Innovation Center Project of Ecological Civilization in Hainan University(XTCX2022STC10).
文摘Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifically H_(2)O_(2)derived from roots and mediated by the respiratory burst oxidase homolog(NADPH),plays a significant role in regulating ion and plant hormone homeostasis in glycophytic plants,such as Arabidopsis.However,the extent to which root-derived H_(2)O_(2)fulfils similar functions in halophytic plants remains uncertain.Therefore,our study aimed to explore the potential contribution of root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in delaying leaf senescence induced by high salinity,utilizing seashore paspalum as a model halophytic plant.The application of the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor DPI,coupled with a series of leaf senescence analyses,we revealed that root-derived H_(2)O_(2)significantly retards salt-induced leaf senescence.Furthermore,through the application of hormone analysis,lipidomics,ionomics,Non-invasive Micro-test Technology(NMT),and transcriptomics,we established that NADPH-dependent H_(2)O_(2)induced by salt stress in the roots was indispensable for maintaining the balance of the aging hormone,jasmonic acid(JA),and sodium ion homeostasis within this halophytic plant.Finally,by utilizing AtrbohD Arabidopsis mutants and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGs)in Paspalum vaginatum,we demonstrated the pivotal role played by root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in upholding JA homeostasis and regulating JA-triggered leaf senescence in P.vaginatum.This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms that govern plant leaf senescence and its response to salinity-induced stress.
文摘The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,and the network pharmacology was used to elucidate their anti-hair loss mechanism,which was verified by molecular docking technology.572 active compounds were identified from the ASE by metabolomics methods,where there are 1447 corresponding targets and 492 targets related to hair loss,totaling 88 targets.20 core active substances were identified by constructing a network between common targets and active substances,which include vanillic acid,chorionic acid,caffeic acid and apigenin.The five key targets of TNF,TP53,IL6,PPARG,and EGFR were screened out by the PPI network analysis on 88 common targets.The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the inflammation,hormone balance,cell growth,proliferation,apoptosis,and oxidative stress are involved.Molecular docking studies have confirmed the high binding affinity between core active compounds and key targets.The drug similarity assessment on these core compounds suggested that they have the potential to be used as potential hair loss treatment drugs.This study elucidates the complex molecular mechanism of ASE in treating hair loss,and provides a reference for the future applications in hair care products.
文摘This study utilized a computer application developed in Visual StudioTM using C# to extract pixel samples (RGB) from multiple images (26 images obtained from August 20, 2024, to September 22, 2024), of a purslane pot taken from a top-down perspective at a distance of 30 cm. These samples were projected into the CIELAB color space, and the extracted pixels were plotted on the a*b* plane, excluding the luminance value. A polygon was then drawn around all the plotted pixels, defining the color to be identified. Subsequently, the application analyzed another image to determine the number of pixels within the polygon. These identified pixels were transformed to white, and the percentage of these pixels relative to the total number of pixels in the image was calculated. This process yielded percentages for brown (soil), green (leaf cover), and pink (stem color). A single polygon was sufficient to accurately identify the green and brown colors in the images. However, due to varying lighting conditions, customized polygons were necessary for each image to accurately identify the stem color. To validate the green polygon’s accuracy in identifying purslane leaves, all leaves in the image were digitized in AutoCADTM, and the green area was compared to the total image area to obtain the observed green percentage. The green percentage obtained with the polygon was then compared to the observed green percentage, resulting in an R2 value of 0.8431. Similarly, for the brown color, an R2 value of 0.9305 was found. The stem color was not subjected to this validation due to the necessity of multiple polygons. The R2 values were derived from percentage data obtained by analyzing the total pixels in the images. When sampling to estimate the proportion and analyzing only the suggested sample size of pixels, R2 values of 0.93049 for brown and 0.8088 for green were obtained. The average analysis time to determine the brown soil percentage using the polygon (BP) for 26 images with an average size of 1070 × 1210 pixels was 44 seconds. In contrast, sampling to estimate the proportion reduced the analysis time to 0.9 seconds for the same number of images. This indicates that significant time savings can be achieved while obtaining similar results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32002122,32372805)。
文摘Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene has been identified to be involved in B deficiency induced leaf curling.Our previous results showed the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 might be involved in B-deficiency tolerance.However,altered BnaA1.WRKY53 expression does not influence B concentration in shoot,root and leaf cell walls,which suggests Bna A1.WRKY53 might be involved in other biological processes.Indeed,phenotypic and anatomical analyses revealed that BnaA1.WRKY53 negatively regulated the leaf curling induced by leaf epinasty by suppressing the overexpansion of palisade cells under B deficiency.Further transcriptome enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between wild-type and BnaA1.WRKY53overexpression line showed auxin response pathway was enriched.In addition,Arabidopsis DR5::GFP auxin reporter line showed B deficiency caused predominant auxin signal accumulation in the adaxial side and concomitant adaxial cell expansion,which indicated that B deficiency may induce leaf curling by altering auxin distribution.Phytohormone quantification and gene expression analysis demonstrated that BnaA1.WRKY53 prevent auxin overaccumulation in leaves by suppressing auxin biosynthetic genes under B deficiency.Furthermore,exogenous 1-naphthlcetic acid(NAA)treatment experiments revealed that high auxin could induce leaf curling and BnaA1.WRKY53 expression.Overall,these findings demonstrate that auxin and the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 synergistically regulate leaf curling to maintain an optimal leaf area under B deficiency,and provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms against B-deficiency-induced leaf curling in oilseed rape.
基金supported by the Corps Leading Talents Program,China(2023YZ01)the Tianshan Talent Training Program,China(2023TS05)the Crop Smart Production Innovation Team,China(2023TD01).
文摘Potassium(K)is a highly mobile nutrient element that continuously adjusts its demand strategy among and within cotton leaves through redistribution,indirectly leading to variations in the leaf potassium content(LKC,%)at different leaf positions.However,due to the interaction between light and leaf age,leaf sensitivity to this change varies at different positions,including the reflection and absorption of the spectrum.Selecting the optimal leaf position for monitoring is a crucial factor in the rapid and accurate evaluation of cotton LKC using spectral remote sensing technology.Therefore,this study proposes a comprehensive multi-leaf position estimation model based on the vertical distribution characteristics of LKC from top to bottom,aiming to achieve an accurate estimation of cotton LKC and optimize the strategy for selecting the monitored leaf position.Between 2020 and 2021,we collected hyperspectral imaging data of the main stem leaves at different positions from top to bottom(Li,i=1,2,3,...,n)during the cotton budding,flowering,and boll-setting stages.Vertical distribution characteristics,sensitivity differences,and spectral correlations of LKC at different leaf positions were investigated.Additionally,the optimal range of the dominant leaf position for monitoring was determined.Partial least squares regression(PLSR),random forest regression(RFR),support vector machine regression(SVR),and the entropy weight method(EWM)were employed to develop LKC estimation models for single-and multi-leaf positions.The results showed a vertical heterogeneous distribution of cotton LKC,with LKC initially increasing and then gradually decreasing from top to bottom;the average LKC of cotton reached its maximum value at the flowering stage.The upper leaf position demonstrated greater sensitivity to K and exhibited a stronger correlation with the spectrum.The selected dominant leaf positions for the three growth stages were L1-L5,L1-L4,and L1-L2,respectively.Based on the dominant leaf position monitoring range,the optimal single leaf position models for estimating LKC during the three growth stages were PLSR-L4,PLSR-L1,and SVR-L2,with the coefficient of determination of the validation set(R2val)being 0.786,0.580,and 0.768,and the root-mean-square error of the validation set(RMSEval)being 0.168,0.197,and 0.191,respectively.The multi-leaf position LKC estimation model was constructed by EWM with R2val being 0.887,0.728,and 0.703,and RMSEval being 0.134,0.172,and 0.209,respectively.In contrast,the newly developed multi-leaf position comprehensive estimation model yielded superior results,improving the model’s stability based on high accuracy,especially during the budding and flowering stages.These findings hold significant importance for investigating cotton LKC spectral models and selecting suitable leaf positions for field monitoring.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272083)。
文摘Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss during epidemic years(Huerta-Espino et al.2011;Gebrewahid et al.2020;Kolomiets et al.2021).Breeding varieties resistant to leaf rust have been recognized as the most effective and economical method to mitigate wheat losses caused by Pt.The narrow genetic basis of wheat constrains the number of cultivars resistant to leaf rust(Jin et al.2021).
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.LD24C130001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.W2412006 and 32372125)+3 种基金the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant Nos.GHYF2025029 and YBXM2422)the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.YSPTZX202502)the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Project,China(Grant No.CARS-01-18)the Special Support Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant Nos.NKYCLJ-C-2021-015 and CAAS-ZDRW202401)。
文摘The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)was conducted by 225 rice germplasm resources to explore the genetic basis of rice flag leaf width(FLW).We identified nine QTLs associated with FLW(qFLWs),with phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 3.17%to 14.37%.Near-isogenic lines(NILs)were developed for fine-mapping of qFLW11,and the function of FLW11 was further verified.We narrowed down q FLW11 to an 87-kb interval,which contains five genes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32171738)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFD2200304)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572022DQ08).
文摘Two leaf color variants red-leaf(R-type)and common-leaf(G-type)of Euonymus sacrosancta Koidz.,were employed as experimental materials to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying chromatic transition.Physiological profiling identified anthocyanins and flavo-noids as the predominant pigments responsible for the red foliar phenotype,which exhibited reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation but elevated soluble sugars and proteins.Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between R-type and G-type were significantly enriched in flavonoid biosynthe-sis and carotenoid metabolism pathways.The up-regulation of 22 key genes of anthocyanin synthesis(e.g.,CHS,CHI,LAR,LDOX and UFGT)in R-type may lead to the phenotype of red leaves through the increase of anthocyanin accumula-tion.The downregulated expression of 13 carotenoid syn-thesis-related genes(e.g.,PSY,PDS and VDE)and 6 carot-enoid degradation genes(e.g.,ABA2,CYP707A and NCED)may lead to lower carotenoid content in R-type compared to G-type.Combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),five candidate genes(EsLAR,EsLDOX,EsPDS,EsCYP707A and EsABA2)were screened from two modules highly correlated with anthocyanin con-tent in E.sacrosancta leaves.These genes may play key regulatory roles in leaf coloration and could serve as candi-date genetic resources for leaf color improvement in E.sac-rosancta.Additionally,transcription factors such as C2H2s,C3Hs,and WRKYs were identified as potential regulators in the formation of R-type in E.sacrosancta.This study pro-vides the first systematic elucidation of the transcriptional regulatory network governing red-leaf formation in E.sac-rosancta,establishing a critical theoretical foundation for molecular breeding in ornamental plants.
基金supported by“National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD2200203)”“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572022AW02 and No.2572023CT19)”。
文摘Hybridization remains an important method for breeding new poplar varieties.It results in significant variation in leaf phenotype among parents and offspring,and among offspring themselves.This study aimed to investigate whether leaf shape variations were similar in offspring produced from reciprocal crosses.Specifically,two hybrid combinations were produced:the direct cross with Populus ussuriensis as the maternal parent and P.simonii×P.nigra as the paternal parent(HY53),and the reciprocal cross with P.simonii×P.nigra as the maternal parent and P.ussuriensis as the paternal parent(HY268).Using 3-month-old rooted cuttings from 40 clones(36 F1 hybrids and their parents)growing in a greenhouse,we measured and analyzed 14 leaf morphological traits to assess genetic variation and heterosis.The results showed HY53 clones generally exhibited greater average height than HY268 clones.Leaf phenotypes differed between the two hybrid combinations,with significant differences observed among parents and offspring for almost all traits,as revealed by analysis of variance(ANOVA).The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher in HY268 clones.Additionally,leaf traits demonstrated high repeatability.Notably,some hybrid offspring exhibited positive or negative mid-parent heterosis,as well as over-parent heterosis for certain leaf phenotypes.The systematic cluster analysis further indicated distinct separation among HY268 clones.This research provides valuable materials for poplar breeding and offers insights into hybrid vigor in wood plants.The findings highlight the importance of reciprocal crossing in influencing leaf phenotype variation and heterosis,offering practical insights for future breeding strategies.
基金Supported by Key R&D Projects of Hunan Provincial Department of Science and Technology"Study on Key Modern Processing Techniques and Product Development of Huarong Mustard"(2023NK2039).
文摘A survey conducted on the premature bolting of Huarong large leaf mustard from 2018 to 2024 revealed that Huarong large leaf mustard sown in middle August was associated with a higher propensity for premature bolting. Furthermore, it was observed that the earlier being sown, the greater the rate of premature bolting when being sown prior to middle August. The rate of premature bolting observed in seedlings sown on August 8 was recorded at 35.6%. It was noted that as the age of the seedlings increased, the rate of premature bolting correspondingly increased. There were notable differences in the tolerance of various cultivars to elevated temperatures and prolonged sunlight exposure. For instance, cultivars such as Zhangjie 1 and Sichuan Shaguodi, which exhibit greater heat resistance, did not demonstrate premature bolting when sown in early August. The prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, drought conditions, and extended periods of sunlight during the seedling stage of Huarong large leaf mustard, coupled with delayed irrigation and transplantation, contributed to the occurrence of premature bolting. The Huarong large leaf mustard, when been sown from late August to early September and transplanted at the appropriate time, exhibited normal growth and development, with no instances of premature bolting observed. It is advisable to select heat-resistant varieties, such as Zhangjie 1, prior to middle August. Huarong large leaf mustard should be sown in early to middle September. Additionally, it is essential to ensure centralized production and timely release of seeds, prompt transplantation and harvesting, and enhance the management of pests and diseases.
