Objective:To explore the application effect of high-fidelity simulation teaching in the training of emergency management for difficult airways among anesthesia nursing students,providing practical references for enhan...Objective:To explore the application effect of high-fidelity simulation teaching in the training of emergency management for difficult airways among anesthesia nursing students,providing practical references for enhancing their clinical emergency response capabilities.Methods:Eighty-four anesthesia nursing students who interned in the Department of Anesthesiology of our hospital from September 2023 to March 2024 were selected as the research subjects.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=42)and an observation group(n=42)using the random number table method.The control group adopted the traditional teaching mode(theoretical lectures+video demonstrations),while the observation group adopted the high-fidelity simulation teaching mode.After the training,the theoretical assessment scores,operational assessment scores,emergency response capability scores,and teaching satisfaction of the two groups of students were compared.Results:The observation group scored significantly higher than the control group in both theoretical assessment(90.35±4.82)points and practical assessment(92.17±3.96)points,with scores of(79.26±5.78)points and(81.34±5.21)points,respectively,in the control group.The differences were statistically significant(p<0.05).The observation group also scored higher than the control group in all dimensions of emergency response capabilities and total scores,including airway assessment(18.92±2.05)points vs.(14.56±2.37)points,equipment selection(19.15±1.83)points vs.(13.89±2.24)points,operation execution(19.36±1.78)points vs.(14.23±2.41)points,teamwork(18.73±2.11)points vs.(13.98±2.53)points,and total score(76.16±6.84)points vs.(56.66±7.92)points.All differences were statistically significant(p<0.05).The teaching satisfaction rate in the observation group was 97.62%(41/42),significantly higher than that in the control group at 78.57%(33/42),with a statistically significant difference(p<0.05).Conclusion:High-fidelity simulation teaching can effectively enhance the theoretical knowledge,practical skills,and emergency response capabilities of anesthesia nursing students in managing difficult airways,as well as improve teaching satisfaction.It is an efficient clinical teaching model for anesthesia nursing and is worthy of promotion and application.展开更多
Objective:To explore the application effect of scenario simulation teaching method based on Debriefing-GAS mode in the teaching of clinical nursing students in neurosurgery and its influence on critical thinking,clini...Objective:To explore the application effect of scenario simulation teaching method based on Debriefing-GAS mode in the teaching of clinical nursing students in neurosurgery and its influence on critical thinking,clinical practice ability and teaching satisfaction.Methods:A total of 100 nursing students who were doing their internship in the Department of Neurosurgery at a tertiary hospital in Sichuan Province from July 2024 to June 2025 were selected and divided into a control group and an experimental group,with 50 students in each group,using the historical control grouping method.The control group used the traditional teaching method for scenario simulation,while the experimental group used the Debriefing-GAS model for scenario simulation teaching.The teaching effect was evaluated using the DASH scale,the CIDI-CV scale,the clinical practice ability scale and the self-made teaching satisfaction questionnaire,and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0.Results:The total DASH score of the experimental group(6.45±0.41)was significantly higher than that of the control group(5.12±0.47,t=14.01,p<0.001);The total score of critical thinking ability(338.6±22.5)was higher than that of the control group(307.8±24.1,t=6.55,p<0.001);The score of clinical practice ability(189.4±15.2)was significantly higher than that of the control group(168.7±14.9,t=6.49,p<0).Teaching satisfaction was 96%in the experimental group and 82%in the control group,statistically significant(χ^(2)=4.32,p=0.038).Conclusion:The scenario simulation teaching method based on the Debriefing-GAS model can significantly improve the learning initiative,reflective ability,critical thinking level and clinical practice ability of clinical nursing students,and enhance teaching satisfaction.展开更多
Objective:To gain insight into the potential factors that may cause perceived stress and anxiety in simulation education.Methods:A secondary qualitative analysis study using qualitative thematic synthesis.A local high...Objective:To gain insight into the potential factors that may cause perceived stress and anxiety in simulation education.Methods:A secondary qualitative analysis study using qualitative thematic synthesis.A local higher education institution that conducted pre-registration nursing programs.A total of 189 undergraduate nursing students that were never attained any clinical placement prior to the parent study.Focus group interviews were conducted to collect data that were then transcribed and analyzed through the qualitative thematic synthesis approach to develop themes.Results:Three themes were emerged from the participants’simulation experiences in terms of peoples(the observers vs the observed),actions(the prepared vs the unprepared),and settings(the realism vs the simulation).Conclusions:By considering and reviewing the current design and development of the simulation practice,the findings of this study contribute to the body of knowledge with valuable insights on stress and anxiety that may affect students’learning in simulation.展开更多
Objectives:The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of simulation-based education(SBE)on the knowledge and skills of nursing students in managing childhood epileptic seizures.Materials and Methods:A quasi...Objectives:The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of simulation-based education(SBE)on the knowledge and skills of nursing students in managing childhood epileptic seizures.Materials and Methods:A quasi-experimental design was conducted among 160 third-year B.Sc.nursing students at a SUM nursing college in Bhubaneswar,India.The experimental group(n=80)participated in a structured simulation-based session,while the control group(n=80)received routine lecture-demonstration sessions.Knowledge was measured using a 20-item multiple-choice questionnaire and skills were assessed through an Objective Structured Clinical Examination checklist.Results:The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in posttest knowledge(13.15±1.40 vs.9.56±2.10;t=11.24,P<0.001)and skill scores(17.28±1.82 vs.12.42±2.18;t=10.96,P<0.001)compared with the control group.Ranked data analysis further confirmed higher postintervention knowledge and skill levels(Z=−-6.42 and−-6.55,respectively;P<0.001).These results indicated that SBE produced substantial gains in both cognitive and psychomotor domains.Conclusion:SBE significantly enhances nursing students’knowledge and skills in managing childhood epileptic seizures compared to traditional teaching.Incorporating structured simulation modules into pediatric nursing curricula can improve clinical competence,reduce anxiety,and bolster patient safety in pediatric emergency care.展开更多
Objective:To explore the application effect of in-situ simulation teaching method based on the concept of ideological and political education in the first aid skills training of clinical practice nursing students.Meth...Objective:To explore the application effect of in-situ simulation teaching method based on the concept of ideological and political education in the first aid skills training of clinical practice nursing students.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was used to select 220 trainee nurses from a hospital in 2024 and randomly divided them into the experimental group(n=110)and the control group(n=110).The control group adopted the traditional theory teaching+skill operation demonstration teaching method,while the experimental group implemented the in-situ simulation teaching plan integrating the ideological and political concepts of the curriculum on the basis of the traditional teaching.The scores of the first aid skills operation assessment,the Chinese version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale(JSE-NS),the Nursing Student Professional Identity Scale,and the Humanistic Care Ability Scale(CAI)were compared between the two groups after the intervention.Results:After the intervention,the scores of the first aid skills operation assessment,the total score of JSE-NS and each dimension,the total score of professional identity,and the total score of CAI and each dimension of the nursing students in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The in-situ simulation teaching method based on the concept of ideological and political education in the curriculum can effectively enhance the first aid skills level,empathy ability,professional identity and humanistic care ability of trainee nurses,and is an effective way to achieve the deep integration of first aid skills training and ideological and political education.展开更多
Objectives This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the semi-virtual simulation and traditional simulation teaching models based on the Standards of Best Practice(SOBP)according to the International Nursing As...Objectives This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the semi-virtual simulation and traditional simulation teaching models based on the Standards of Best Practice(SOBP)according to the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning(INACSL)in the Adult Nursing course.Methods This study used a quasi-experimental design.A total of 94 third-year nursing students from a university in Beijing between November and December 2022 were recruited as participants.An innovative semi-virtual simulation teaching model was designed based on the SOBP established by the INACSL.In the Adult Nursing course,both the semi-virtual and traditional simulation teaching models were implemented.At the end of the simulation sessions,participants completed the Chinese version of the Simulation Effectiveness Tool-Modified(SET-M)to assess the effectiveness of the two teaching models.Results All nursing students completed the simulation sessions.There was no difference(t=−0.93,P=0.353)in the total scores between the semi-virtual simulation teaching model(50.87±5.30)and the traditional simulation teaching model(50.37±5.16).However,there was a statistically significant difference(t=−2.65,P=0.010)in the prebriefing section(semi-virtual simulation:5.60±0.71;traditional simulation:5.33±0.78).In contrast,no statistically significant differences were found for the scenario and debriefing sections(P>0.05).At the individual item level,statistical differences(P<0.05)between the two models were identified for items 1 and 9,but not for the remaining items(P>0.05).By analyzing the open-ended question,it was found that both simulation models were effective,and students’comments were similar.Conclusions The study demonstrated equivalent effectiveness between the semi-virtual and traditional simulation teaching models.Semi-virtual simulation teaching model could offer a more flexible and feasible approach to simulation teaching.展开更多
Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing addit...Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing additive-induced defects,and alleviating residual stress and deformation,all of which are critical for enhancing the mechanical performance of the manufactured parts.Integrating interlayer friction stir processing(FSP)into WAAM significantly enhances the quality of deposited materials.However,numerical simulation research focusing on elucidating the associated thermomechanical coupling mechanisms remains insufficient.A comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the thermomechanical coupling behavior in friction stir-assisted WAAM.The influence of post-deposition FSP on the coupled thermomechanical response of the WAAM process was analyzed quantitatively.Moreover,the residual stress distribution and deformation behavior under both single-layer and multilayer deposition conditions were investigated.Thermal analysis of different deposition layers in WAAM and friction stir-assisted WAAM was conducted.Results show that subsequent layer deposition induces partial remelting of the previously solidified layer,whereas FSP does not cause such remelting.Furthermore,thermal stress and deformation analysis confirm that interlayer FSP effectively mitigates residual stresses and distortion in WAAM components,thereby improving their structural integrity and mechanical properties.展开更多
BACKGROUND The prevalence of negative emotional states,such as anxiety and depression,has increased annually.Although personal habits are known to influence emotional regulation,the precise mechanisms underlying this ...BACKGROUND The prevalence of negative emotional states,such as anxiety and depression,has increased annually.Although personal habits are known to influence emotional regulation,the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear.AIM To investigate emotion regulation habits impact on students negative emotions during lockdown,using the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as a case example.METHODS During the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown,an online cross-sectional survey was conducted at a Chinese university.Emotional states were assessed using the Depression,Anxiety,and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21),while demographic data and emotion regulation habits were collected concurrently.Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0 and includedχ^(2)-tests for intergroup comparisons,Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient analysis to examine associations,and stepwise linear regression modeling to explore the relationships between emotion regulation habits and emotional states.Statistical significance was set atα=0.05.RESULTS Among the 494 valid questionnaires analyzed,the prevalence rates of negative emotional states were as follows:Depression(65.0%),anxiety(69.4%),and stress(50.8%).DASS-21 scores(mean±SD)demonstrated significant symptomatology:Total(48.77±34.88),depression(16.21±12.18),anxiety(14.90±11.91),and stress(17.64±12.07).Significant positive intercorrelations were observed among all DASS-21 subscales(P<0.01).Regression analysis identified key predictors of negative emotions(P<0.05):Risk factors included late-night frequency and academic pressure,while protective factors were the frequency of parental contact and the number of same-gender friends.Additionally,compensatory spending and binge eating positively predicted all negative emotion scores(β>0,P<0.01),whereas appropriate recreational activities negatively predicted these scores(β<0,P<0.01).CONCLUSION High negative emotion prevalence occurred among confined students.Recreational activities were protective,while compensatory spending and binge eating were risk factors,necessitating guided emotion regulation.展开更多
The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-ti...The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-time scenarios.This review begins with a concise overview of traditional tight-binding(TB)models,including both(semi-)empirical and first-principles approaches,establishing the foundation for understanding MLTB developments.We then present a systematic classification of existing MLTB methodologies,grouped into two major categories:direct prediction of TB Hamiltonian elements and inference of empirical parameters.A comparative analysis with other ML-based electronic structure models is also provided,highlighting the advancement of MLTB approaches.Finally,we explore the emerging MLTB application ecosystem,highlighting how the integration of MLTB models with a diverse suite of post-processing tools from linear-scaling solvers to quantum transport frameworks and molecular dynamics interfaces is essential for tackling complex scientific problems across different domains.The continued advancement of this integrated paradigm promises to accelerate materials discovery and open new frontiers in the predictive simulation of complex quantum phenomena.展开更多
Vitrimers belong to a class of polymeric materials capable of bond exchange reactions,showing great promise for environmental protection and sustainable development.However,studies on the coupling mechanism between th...Vitrimers belong to a class of polymeric materials capable of bond exchange reactions,showing great promise for environmental protection and sustainable development.However,studies on the coupling mechanism between the bond exchange kinetics and segmental dynamics near the glass transition temperature(T_(g))remain scarce.Herein,we employed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamic heterogeneity of the segment motion and bond exchange in vitrimers.The simulation results revealed that the bond exchange energy barrier exerts a much stronger influence on the bond exchange kinetics than on the segmental dynamics.At lower temperatures,slower segmental relaxation further constraind the bond exchange rate.Additionally,increasing the bond exchange energy barrier markedly enhanced the dynamic heterogeneity of segment motion.A close correlation was observed between heterogeneity and bond exchange.This study elucidated the coupling mechanism between bond exchange and segmental dynamics at the molecular scale,thereby providing a theoretical basis for designing vitrimer materials with tunable dynamic properties.展开更多
Ice crystal icing is an important cause of accidents in aircraft engines.Ice formation in aircraft engines can cause internal blades to freeze,affecting the quality of the air flow field and blocking the flow path.On ...Ice crystal icing is an important cause of accidents in aircraft engines.Ice formation in aircraft engines can cause internal blades to freeze,affecting the quality of the air flow field and blocking the flow path.On the other hand,the entry of ice crystal particles into the combustion chamber can cause a decrease in temperature or even flameout,leading to engine surge or shutdown.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct multiphase flow tests on ice crystals for aircraft components such as aircraft engines.Conducting ice crystal multiphase flow tests on aircraft is an effective research method,but it requires the construction of an ice crystal multiphase flow test platform that meets relevant technical requirements.The paper focuses on the relevant experimental requirements and combines wind tunnel test structures to conduct multiphase flow numerical simulations on various forms of jet pipelines,obtaining particle motion distribution results.After comparison,the optimal form of jet structure is obtained,providing the best selection scheme for the design of relevant wind tunnel structures.展开更多
Centrifugal casting of ductile iron pipe is a high-temperature,semi-continuous production process.However,conducting laboratory research on the solidification process of centrifugal casting of ductile iron pipe presen...Centrifugal casting of ductile iron pipe is a high-temperature,semi-continuous production process.However,conducting laboratory research on the solidification process of centrifugal casting of ductile iron pipe presents significant challenges.In this study,a novel research method was introduced for investigating the solidification process of ductile iron pipe,namely thermal simulation of ductile iron pipe.Comparative research was conducted on the microstructure and properties of the thermal simulation sample and the ductile iron pipe.The findings indicate that the thermal simulation sample and ductile iron pipe exhibit good heat transfer similarity and microstructure similarity.The difference of cooling rate between thermal simulation sample and ductile pipe is less than 0.24℃·s^(-1),and the difference of microstructure content of free cementite,ferrite,and pearlite is less than 5%.The tensile strength of annealed ductile iron pipe is 466 MPa,with an elongation of 16.1%and a Brinell hardness of 156.5 HBW.In comparison,the tensile strength of annealed thermal simulation sample is 482.0 MPa,with an elongation of 15.5%and a Brinell hardness of 159.0 HBW.These results suggest that the thermal simulation experimental research method is both scientific and feasible,offering an objective,reliable,and cost-effective approach to laboratory research on ductile iron pipe.展开更多
Cubic-shaped magnetic particles subjected to a dimensionless uniaxial anisotropy(Q=0.1)aligned with one of the crystallographic axes provide an ideal system for investigating magnetic equilibrium states.In this system...Cubic-shaped magnetic particles subjected to a dimensionless uniaxial anisotropy(Q=0.1)aligned with one of the crystallographic axes provide an ideal system for investigating magnetic equilibrium states.In this system,three fundamental magnetization configurations are identified:(i)the flower state,(ii)the twisted flower state,and(iii)the vortex state.This problem corresponds to standard problem No.3 proposed by the NIST Micromagnetics Modeling Group,widely adopted as a benchmark for validating computational micromagnetics methods.In this work,we approach the problem using a computational method based on direct dipolar interactions,in contrast to conventional techniques that typically compute the demagnetizing field via finite difference-based fast Fourier transform(FFT)methods,tensor grid approaches,or finite element formulations.Our results are compared with established literature data,focusing on the dimensionless parameterλ=L/l_(ex),where L is the cube edge length and l_(ex)is the exchange length of the material.To analyze equilibrium state transitions,we systematically varied the size L as a function of the simulation cell number N and intercellular spacing a,determining the criticalλvalue associated with configuration changes.Our simulations reveal that the transition between the twisted flower and vortex states occurs atλ≈8.45,consistent with values reported in the literature,validating our code(Grupo de Física da Matéeria Condensada-UFJF),and shows that this standard problem can be resolved using only interaction dipolar of a direct way without the need for sophisticated additional calculations.展开更多
BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints...BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints,and patient safety concerns have constrained its practicality.Simulation-based training has become a reliable,safe,and cost-efficient alternative.Dry lab techniques,especially virtual and augmented reality,make up 78%of current dry lab research,whereas wet labs still set the standard for anatomical realism.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness,limitations,and future directions of wet and dry lab simulation in orthopaedic training.METHODS A scoping review was carried out across four databases-PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and EBSCOhost-up to 2025.Medical Subject Headings included:"Orthopaedic Education","Wet Lab","Dry Lab","Simulation Training","Virtual Reality",and"Surgical Procedure".Eligible studies focused on orthopaedic or spinal surgical education,employed wet or dry lab techniques,and assessed training effectiveness.Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English publications,abstracts only,non-orthopaedic research,and studies unrelated to simulation.Two reviewers independently screened titles,abstracts,and full texts,resolving discrepancies with a third reviewer.RESULTS From 1851 records,101 studies met inclusion:78 on dry labs,7 on wet labs,4 on both.Virtual reality(VR)simulations were most common,with AI increasingly used for feedback and assessment.Cadaveric training remains the gold standard for accuracy and tactile feedback,while dry labs-especially VR-offer scalability,lower cost(40%-60%savings in five studies),and accessibility for novices.Senior residents prefer wet labs for complex tasks;juniors favour dry labs for basics.Challenges include limited transferability data,lack of standard outcome metrics,and ethical concerns about cadaver use and AI assessment.CONCLUSION Wet and dry labs each have unique strengths in orthopaedic training.A hybrid approach combining both,supported by standardised assessments and outcome studies,is most effective.Future efforts should aim for uniform reporting,integrating new technologies,and policy support for hybrid curricula to enhance skills and patient care.展开更多
This study introduces a new ocean surface friction velocity scheme and a modified Thompson cloud microphysics parameterization scheme into the CMA-TYM model.The impact of these two parameterization schemes on the pred...This study introduces a new ocean surface friction velocity scheme and a modified Thompson cloud microphysics parameterization scheme into the CMA-TYM model.The impact of these two parameterization schemes on the prediction of the movement track and intensity of Typhoon Kompasu in 2021 is examined.Additionally,the possible reasons for their effects on tropical cyclone(TC)intensity prediction are analyzed.Statistical results show that both parameterization schemes improve the predictions of Typhoon Kompasu’s track and intensity.The influence on track prediction becomes evident after 60 h of model integration,while the significant positive impact on intensity prediction is observed after 66 h.Further analysis reveals that these two schemes affect the timing and magnitude of extreme TC intensity values by influencing the evolution of the TC’s warm-core structure.展开更多
In sediment transport on a mobile erodible bed,near-bed particles tend to preferentially locate under specific flow regions and form an uneven bedform.These moving and mobile particles can significantly modulate turbu...In sediment transport on a mobile erodible bed,near-bed particles tend to preferentially locate under specific flow regions and form an uneven bedform.These moving and mobile particles can significantly modulate turbulence at various scales,from inertial large-scale motions to small viscous motions.This study analyzes the particle-resolved direct numerical simulation data of particle-laden two-phase flow with multilayers of particles in turbulent flows over static and mobile beds.The double-average method is adopted for energy transfer analysis.The result shows that the alternative streaky bedform in the spanwise directions correlates with the streak structures in the near-wall turbulence in the mobile bed case.The energy redistribution and exchange,as well as the dissipation,are analyzed in detail,and an energy transfer diagram is given in the last to summarize the energy transfer processes.In both the static and mobile bed cases,flow energy is introduced into the system via the work performed by volume forces acting on the mean flow.The viscous dissipations in the double mean and form-induced fields are more pronounced in the static bed case,and the work done by the fluid-particle interfacial stress in the double mean and turbulent fields is more pronounced in the mobile bed case.The prominent energy contribution in the form-induced field is the production by the form-induced stress on the mean strain in the mobile bed case.In addition,sediment transport involving a limited number of mobile particles is insufficient to capture the energy transfer processes that occur over the troughs and may intertwine the energy transfer processes over the mobile particles and the fixed particle bed.展开更多
As the core determinant of lithium-ion battery performance,electrode materials play a crucial role in defining the battery's capacity,cycling stability,and durability.During charging and discharging,electrode mate...As the core determinant of lithium-ion battery performance,electrode materials play a crucial role in defining the battery's capacity,cycling stability,and durability.During charging and discharging,electrode materials undergo complex ion intercalation and deintercalation processes,accompanied by defect formation and structural evolution.However,the microscopic mechanisms underlying processes such as cation disordering,lattice oxygen loss,and stage structure formation are still not fully understood.To address these challenges,we have developed the Electrode Dynamic Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation Simulator(EDIS),a software platform designed to simulate the dynamic processes of ion intercalation and deintercalation in electrode materials.Leveraging high-precision machine learning potentials,EDIS can efficiently model structural evolution and lithium-ion diffusion behavior under various states of charge and discharge,achieving accuracy approaching that of quantum mechanical methods in relevant chemical spaces.The software supports quantitative analysis of how variations in lithium-ion concentration and distribution affect lithium-ion transport properties,enables evaluation of the impact of structural defects,and allows for tracking of both structural evolution and transport characteristics during continuous cycling.EDIS is versatile and can be extended to sodium-ion batteries and related systems.By enabling in-depth analysis of these microscopic processes,EDIS provides a robust theoretical tool for mechanistic studies and the rational design of high-performance electrode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Automation and intelligence have become the primary trends in the design of investment casting processes.However,the design of gating and riser systems still lacks precise quantitative evaluation criteria.Numerical si...Automation and intelligence have become the primary trends in the design of investment casting processes.However,the design of gating and riser systems still lacks precise quantitative evaluation criteria.Numerical simulation plays a significant role in quantitatively evaluating current processes and making targeted improvements,but its limitations lie in the inability to dynamically reflect the formation outcomes of castings under varying process conditions,making real-time adjustments to gating and riser designs challenging.In this study,an automated design model for gating and riser systems based on integrated parametric 3D modeling-simulation framework is proposed,which enhances the flexibility and usability of evaluating the casting process by simulation.Firstly,geometric feature extraction technology is employed to obtain the geometric information of the target casting.Based on this information,an automated design framework for gating and riser systems is established,incorporating multiple structural parameters for real-time process control.Subsequently,the simulation results for various structural parameters are analyzed,and the influence of these parameters on casting formation is thoroughly investigated.Finally,the optimal design scheme is generated and validated through experimental verification.Simulation analysis and experimental results show that using a larger gate neck(24 mm in side length) and external risers promotes a more uniform temperature distribution and a more stable flow state,effectively eliminating shrinkage cavities and enhancing process yield by 15%.展开更多
基金Mechanism of HSP90 Regulating DRP1 Acetylation-Induced Mitochondrial Dynamics Imbalance in Endothelial Cells Promoting Atherosclerosis Progression,Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital(Project No.:2025JCYBBQN-1163)。
文摘Objective:To explore the application effect of high-fidelity simulation teaching in the training of emergency management for difficult airways among anesthesia nursing students,providing practical references for enhancing their clinical emergency response capabilities.Methods:Eighty-four anesthesia nursing students who interned in the Department of Anesthesiology of our hospital from September 2023 to March 2024 were selected as the research subjects.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=42)and an observation group(n=42)using the random number table method.The control group adopted the traditional teaching mode(theoretical lectures+video demonstrations),while the observation group adopted the high-fidelity simulation teaching mode.After the training,the theoretical assessment scores,operational assessment scores,emergency response capability scores,and teaching satisfaction of the two groups of students were compared.Results:The observation group scored significantly higher than the control group in both theoretical assessment(90.35±4.82)points and practical assessment(92.17±3.96)points,with scores of(79.26±5.78)points and(81.34±5.21)points,respectively,in the control group.The differences were statistically significant(p<0.05).The observation group also scored higher than the control group in all dimensions of emergency response capabilities and total scores,including airway assessment(18.92±2.05)points vs.(14.56±2.37)points,equipment selection(19.15±1.83)points vs.(13.89±2.24)points,operation execution(19.36±1.78)points vs.(14.23±2.41)points,teamwork(18.73±2.11)points vs.(13.98±2.53)points,and total score(76.16±6.84)points vs.(56.66±7.92)points.All differences were statistically significant(p<0.05).The teaching satisfaction rate in the observation group was 97.62%(41/42),significantly higher than that in the control group at 78.57%(33/42),with a statistically significant difference(p<0.05).Conclusion:High-fidelity simulation teaching can effectively enhance the theoretical knowledge,practical skills,and emergency response capabilities of anesthesia nursing students in managing difficult airways,as well as improve teaching satisfaction.It is an efficient clinical teaching model for anesthesia nursing and is worthy of promotion and application.
基金2023 Teaching Reform Project of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Project No.:JGJD202322)。
文摘Objective:To explore the application effect of scenario simulation teaching method based on Debriefing-GAS mode in the teaching of clinical nursing students in neurosurgery and its influence on critical thinking,clinical practice ability and teaching satisfaction.Methods:A total of 100 nursing students who were doing their internship in the Department of Neurosurgery at a tertiary hospital in Sichuan Province from July 2024 to June 2025 were selected and divided into a control group and an experimental group,with 50 students in each group,using the historical control grouping method.The control group used the traditional teaching method for scenario simulation,while the experimental group used the Debriefing-GAS model for scenario simulation teaching.The teaching effect was evaluated using the DASH scale,the CIDI-CV scale,the clinical practice ability scale and the self-made teaching satisfaction questionnaire,and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0.Results:The total DASH score of the experimental group(6.45±0.41)was significantly higher than that of the control group(5.12±0.47,t=14.01,p<0.001);The total score of critical thinking ability(338.6±22.5)was higher than that of the control group(307.8±24.1,t=6.55,p<0.001);The score of clinical practice ability(189.4±15.2)was significantly higher than that of the control group(168.7±14.9,t=6.49,p<0).Teaching satisfaction was 96%in the experimental group and 82%in the control group,statistically significant(χ^(2)=4.32,p=0.038).Conclusion:The scenario simulation teaching method based on the Debriefing-GAS model can significantly improve the learning initiative,reflective ability,critical thinking level and clinical practice ability of clinical nursing students,and enhance teaching satisfaction.
基金supported by School Research Grant of Tung Wah College(SRG210401).
文摘Objective:To gain insight into the potential factors that may cause perceived stress and anxiety in simulation education.Methods:A secondary qualitative analysis study using qualitative thematic synthesis.A local higher education institution that conducted pre-registration nursing programs.A total of 189 undergraduate nursing students that were never attained any clinical placement prior to the parent study.Focus group interviews were conducted to collect data that were then transcribed and analyzed through the qualitative thematic synthesis approach to develop themes.Results:Three themes were emerged from the participants’simulation experiences in terms of peoples(the observers vs the observed),actions(the prepared vs the unprepared),and settings(the realism vs the simulation).Conclusions:By considering and reviewing the current design and development of the simulation practice,the findings of this study contribute to the body of knowledge with valuable insights on stress and anxiety that may affect students’learning in simulation.
文摘Objectives:The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of simulation-based education(SBE)on the knowledge and skills of nursing students in managing childhood epileptic seizures.Materials and Methods:A quasi-experimental design was conducted among 160 third-year B.Sc.nursing students at a SUM nursing college in Bhubaneswar,India.The experimental group(n=80)participated in a structured simulation-based session,while the control group(n=80)received routine lecture-demonstration sessions.Knowledge was measured using a 20-item multiple-choice questionnaire and skills were assessed through an Objective Structured Clinical Examination checklist.Results:The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in posttest knowledge(13.15±1.40 vs.9.56±2.10;t=11.24,P<0.001)and skill scores(17.28±1.82 vs.12.42±2.18;t=10.96,P<0.001)compared with the control group.Ranked data analysis further confirmed higher postintervention knowledge and skill levels(Z=−-6.42 and−-6.55,respectively;P<0.001).These results indicated that SBE produced substantial gains in both cognitive and psychomotor domains.Conclusion:SBE significantly enhances nursing students’knowledge and skills in managing childhood epileptic seizures compared to traditional teaching.Incorporating structured simulation modules into pediatric nursing curricula can improve clinical competence,reduce anxiety,and bolster patient safety in pediatric emergency care.
基金2023 Sichuan Nursing Vocational College Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project(Project No.:2023RWSY53)。
文摘Objective:To explore the application effect of in-situ simulation teaching method based on the concept of ideological and political education in the first aid skills training of clinical practice nursing students.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was used to select 220 trainee nurses from a hospital in 2024 and randomly divided them into the experimental group(n=110)and the control group(n=110).The control group adopted the traditional theory teaching+skill operation demonstration teaching method,while the experimental group implemented the in-situ simulation teaching plan integrating the ideological and political concepts of the curriculum on the basis of the traditional teaching.The scores of the first aid skills operation assessment,the Chinese version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale(JSE-NS),the Nursing Student Professional Identity Scale,and the Humanistic Care Ability Scale(CAI)were compared between the two groups after the intervention.Results:After the intervention,the scores of the first aid skills operation assessment,the total score of JSE-NS and each dimension,the total score of professional identity,and the total score of CAI and each dimension of the nursing students in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The in-situ simulation teaching method based on the concept of ideological and political education in the curriculum can effectively enhance the first aid skills level,empathy ability,professional identity and humanistic care ability of trainee nurses,and is an effective way to achieve the deep integration of first aid skills training and ideological and political education.
文摘Objectives This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the semi-virtual simulation and traditional simulation teaching models based on the Standards of Best Practice(SOBP)according to the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning(INACSL)in the Adult Nursing course.Methods This study used a quasi-experimental design.A total of 94 third-year nursing students from a university in Beijing between November and December 2022 were recruited as participants.An innovative semi-virtual simulation teaching model was designed based on the SOBP established by the INACSL.In the Adult Nursing course,both the semi-virtual and traditional simulation teaching models were implemented.At the end of the simulation sessions,participants completed the Chinese version of the Simulation Effectiveness Tool-Modified(SET-M)to assess the effectiveness of the two teaching models.Results All nursing students completed the simulation sessions.There was no difference(t=−0.93,P=0.353)in the total scores between the semi-virtual simulation teaching model(50.87±5.30)and the traditional simulation teaching model(50.37±5.16).However,there was a statistically significant difference(t=−2.65,P=0.010)in the prebriefing section(semi-virtual simulation:5.60±0.71;traditional simulation:5.33±0.78).In contrast,no statistically significant differences were found for the scenario and debriefing sections(P>0.05).At the individual item level,statistical differences(P<0.05)between the two models were identified for items 1 and 9,but not for the remaining items(P>0.05).By analyzing the open-ended question,it was found that both simulation models were effective,and students’comments were similar.Conclusions The study demonstrated equivalent effectiveness between the semi-virtual and traditional simulation teaching models.Semi-virtual simulation teaching model could offer a more flexible and feasible approach to simulation teaching.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4600902)Shandong Provincial Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars(ZR2024YQ020)。
文摘Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing additive-induced defects,and alleviating residual stress and deformation,all of which are critical for enhancing the mechanical performance of the manufactured parts.Integrating interlayer friction stir processing(FSP)into WAAM significantly enhances the quality of deposited materials.However,numerical simulation research focusing on elucidating the associated thermomechanical coupling mechanisms remains insufficient.A comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the thermomechanical coupling behavior in friction stir-assisted WAAM.The influence of post-deposition FSP on the coupled thermomechanical response of the WAAM process was analyzed quantitatively.Moreover,the residual stress distribution and deformation behavior under both single-layer and multilayer deposition conditions were investigated.Thermal analysis of different deposition layers in WAAM and friction stir-assisted WAAM was conducted.Results show that subsequent layer deposition induces partial remelting of the previously solidified layer,whereas FSP does not cause such remelting.Furthermore,thermal stress and deformation analysis confirm that interlayer FSP effectively mitigates residual stresses and distortion in WAAM components,thereby improving their structural integrity and mechanical properties.
文摘BACKGROUND The prevalence of negative emotional states,such as anxiety and depression,has increased annually.Although personal habits are known to influence emotional regulation,the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear.AIM To investigate emotion regulation habits impact on students negative emotions during lockdown,using the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as a case example.METHODS During the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown,an online cross-sectional survey was conducted at a Chinese university.Emotional states were assessed using the Depression,Anxiety,and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21),while demographic data and emotion regulation habits were collected concurrently.Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0 and includedχ^(2)-tests for intergroup comparisons,Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient analysis to examine associations,and stepwise linear regression modeling to explore the relationships between emotion regulation habits and emotional states.Statistical significance was set atα=0.05.RESULTS Among the 494 valid questionnaires analyzed,the prevalence rates of negative emotional states were as follows:Depression(65.0%),anxiety(69.4%),and stress(50.8%).DASS-21 scores(mean±SD)demonstrated significant symptomatology:Total(48.77±34.88),depression(16.21±12.18),anxiety(14.90±11.91),and stress(17.64±12.07).Significant positive intercorrelations were observed among all DASS-21 subscales(P<0.01).Regression analysis identified key predictors of negative emotions(P<0.05):Risk factors included late-night frequency and academic pressure,while protective factors were the frequency of parental contact and the number of same-gender friends.Additionally,compensatory spending and binge eating positively predicted all negative emotion scores(β>0,P<0.01),whereas appropriate recreational activities negatively predicted these scores(β<0,P<0.01).CONCLUSION High negative emotion prevalence occurred among confined students.Recreational activities were protective,while compensatory spending and binge eating were risk factors,necessitating guided emotion regulation.
基金supported by the Advanced Materials-National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2025ZD0618401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12504285)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20250472)NFSG grant from BITS-Pilani,Dubai campus。
文摘The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-time scenarios.This review begins with a concise overview of traditional tight-binding(TB)models,including both(semi-)empirical and first-principles approaches,establishing the foundation for understanding MLTB developments.We then present a systematic classification of existing MLTB methodologies,grouped into two major categories:direct prediction of TB Hamiltonian elements and inference of empirical parameters.A comparative analysis with other ML-based electronic structure models is also provided,highlighting the advancement of MLTB approaches.Finally,we explore the emerging MLTB application ecosystem,highlighting how the integration of MLTB models with a diverse suite of post-processing tools from linear-scaling solvers to quantum transport frameworks and molecular dynamics interfaces is essential for tackling complex scientific problems across different domains.The continued advancement of this integrated paradigm promises to accelerate materials discovery and open new frontiers in the predictive simulation of complex quantum phenomena.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52173020 and 52573023)。
文摘Vitrimers belong to a class of polymeric materials capable of bond exchange reactions,showing great promise for environmental protection and sustainable development.However,studies on the coupling mechanism between the bond exchange kinetics and segmental dynamics near the glass transition temperature(T_(g))remain scarce.Herein,we employed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamic heterogeneity of the segment motion and bond exchange in vitrimers.The simulation results revealed that the bond exchange energy barrier exerts a much stronger influence on the bond exchange kinetics than on the segmental dynamics.At lower temperatures,slower segmental relaxation further constraind the bond exchange rate.Additionally,increasing the bond exchange energy barrier markedly enhanced the dynamic heterogeneity of segment motion.A close correlation was observed between heterogeneity and bond exchange.This study elucidated the coupling mechanism between bond exchange and segmental dynamics at the molecular scale,thereby providing a theoretical basis for designing vitrimer materials with tunable dynamic properties.
文摘Ice crystal icing is an important cause of accidents in aircraft engines.Ice formation in aircraft engines can cause internal blades to freeze,affecting the quality of the air flow field and blocking the flow path.On the other hand,the entry of ice crystal particles into the combustion chamber can cause a decrease in temperature or even flameout,leading to engine surge or shutdown.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct multiphase flow tests on ice crystals for aircraft components such as aircraft engines.Conducting ice crystal multiphase flow tests on aircraft is an effective research method,but it requires the construction of an ice crystal multiphase flow test platform that meets relevant technical requirements.The paper focuses on the relevant experimental requirements and combines wind tunnel test structures to conduct multiphase flow numerical simulations on various forms of jet pipelines,obtaining particle motion distribution results.After comparison,the optimal form of jet structure is obtained,providing the best selection scheme for the design of relevant wind tunnel structures.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52130109)。
文摘Centrifugal casting of ductile iron pipe is a high-temperature,semi-continuous production process.However,conducting laboratory research on the solidification process of centrifugal casting of ductile iron pipe presents significant challenges.In this study,a novel research method was introduced for investigating the solidification process of ductile iron pipe,namely thermal simulation of ductile iron pipe.Comparative research was conducted on the microstructure and properties of the thermal simulation sample and the ductile iron pipe.The findings indicate that the thermal simulation sample and ductile iron pipe exhibit good heat transfer similarity and microstructure similarity.The difference of cooling rate between thermal simulation sample and ductile pipe is less than 0.24℃·s^(-1),and the difference of microstructure content of free cementite,ferrite,and pearlite is less than 5%.The tensile strength of annealed ductile iron pipe is 466 MPa,with an elongation of 16.1%and a Brinell hardness of 156.5 HBW.In comparison,the tensile strength of annealed thermal simulation sample is 482.0 MPa,with an elongation of 15.5%and a Brinell hardness of 159.0 HBW.These results suggest that the thermal simulation experimental research method is both scientific and feasible,offering an objective,reliable,and cost-effective approach to laboratory research on ductile iron pipe.
基金CAPES,CNPq,and FAPEMIG(Brazilian Agencies)for their financial support。
文摘Cubic-shaped magnetic particles subjected to a dimensionless uniaxial anisotropy(Q=0.1)aligned with one of the crystallographic axes provide an ideal system for investigating magnetic equilibrium states.In this system,three fundamental magnetization configurations are identified:(i)the flower state,(ii)the twisted flower state,and(iii)the vortex state.This problem corresponds to standard problem No.3 proposed by the NIST Micromagnetics Modeling Group,widely adopted as a benchmark for validating computational micromagnetics methods.In this work,we approach the problem using a computational method based on direct dipolar interactions,in contrast to conventional techniques that typically compute the demagnetizing field via finite difference-based fast Fourier transform(FFT)methods,tensor grid approaches,or finite element formulations.Our results are compared with established literature data,focusing on the dimensionless parameterλ=L/l_(ex),where L is the cube edge length and l_(ex)is the exchange length of the material.To analyze equilibrium state transitions,we systematically varied the size L as a function of the simulation cell number N and intercellular spacing a,determining the criticalλvalue associated with configuration changes.Our simulations reveal that the transition between the twisted flower and vortex states occurs atλ≈8.45,consistent with values reported in the literature,validating our code(Grupo de Física da Matéeria Condensada-UFJF),and shows that this standard problem can be resolved using only interaction dipolar of a direct way without the need for sophisticated additional calculations.
文摘BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints,and patient safety concerns have constrained its practicality.Simulation-based training has become a reliable,safe,and cost-efficient alternative.Dry lab techniques,especially virtual and augmented reality,make up 78%of current dry lab research,whereas wet labs still set the standard for anatomical realism.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness,limitations,and future directions of wet and dry lab simulation in orthopaedic training.METHODS A scoping review was carried out across four databases-PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and EBSCOhost-up to 2025.Medical Subject Headings included:"Orthopaedic Education","Wet Lab","Dry Lab","Simulation Training","Virtual Reality",and"Surgical Procedure".Eligible studies focused on orthopaedic or spinal surgical education,employed wet or dry lab techniques,and assessed training effectiveness.Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English publications,abstracts only,non-orthopaedic research,and studies unrelated to simulation.Two reviewers independently screened titles,abstracts,and full texts,resolving discrepancies with a third reviewer.RESULTS From 1851 records,101 studies met inclusion:78 on dry labs,7 on wet labs,4 on both.Virtual reality(VR)simulations were most common,with AI increasingly used for feedback and assessment.Cadaveric training remains the gold standard for accuracy and tactile feedback,while dry labs-especially VR-offer scalability,lower cost(40%-60%savings in five studies),and accessibility for novices.Senior residents prefer wet labs for complex tasks;juniors favour dry labs for basics.Challenges include limited transferability data,lack of standard outcome metrics,and ethical concerns about cadaver use and AI assessment.CONCLUSION Wet and dry labs each have unique strengths in orthopaedic training.A hybrid approach combining both,supported by standardised assessments and outcome studies,is most effective.Future efforts should aim for uniform reporting,integrating new technologies,and policy support for hybrid curricula to enhance skills and patient care.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2023YFC3008004]。
文摘This study introduces a new ocean surface friction velocity scheme and a modified Thompson cloud microphysics parameterization scheme into the CMA-TYM model.The impact of these two parameterization schemes on the prediction of the movement track and intensity of Typhoon Kompasu in 2021 is examined.Additionally,the possible reasons for their effects on tropical cyclone(TC)intensity prediction are analyzed.Statistical results show that both parameterization schemes improve the predictions of Typhoon Kompasu’s track and intensity.The influence on track prediction becomes evident after 60 h of model integration,while the significant positive impact on intensity prediction is observed after 66 h.Further analysis reveals that these two schemes affect the timing and magnitude of extreme TC intensity values by influencing the evolution of the TC’s warm-core structure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12388101 and 12472221)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.lzujbky-2024-oy10).
文摘In sediment transport on a mobile erodible bed,near-bed particles tend to preferentially locate under specific flow regions and form an uneven bedform.These moving and mobile particles can significantly modulate turbulence at various scales,from inertial large-scale motions to small viscous motions.This study analyzes the particle-resolved direct numerical simulation data of particle-laden two-phase flow with multilayers of particles in turbulent flows over static and mobile beds.The double-average method is adopted for energy transfer analysis.The result shows that the alternative streaky bedform in the spanwise directions correlates with the streak structures in the near-wall turbulence in the mobile bed case.The energy redistribution and exchange,as well as the dissipation,are analyzed in detail,and an energy transfer diagram is given in the last to summarize the energy transfer processes.In both the static and mobile bed cases,flow energy is introduced into the system via the work performed by volume forces acting on the mean flow.The viscous dissipations in the double mean and form-induced fields are more pronounced in the static bed case,and the work done by the fluid-particle interfacial stress in the double mean and turbulent fields is more pronounced in the mobile bed case.The prominent energy contribution in the form-induced field is the production by the form-induced stress on the mean strain in the mobile bed case.In addition,sediment transport involving a limited number of mobile particles is insufficient to capture the energy transfer processes that occur over the troughs and may intertwine the energy transfer processes over the mobile particles and the fixed particle bed.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB1040300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52172258)。
文摘As the core determinant of lithium-ion battery performance,electrode materials play a crucial role in defining the battery's capacity,cycling stability,and durability.During charging and discharging,electrode materials undergo complex ion intercalation and deintercalation processes,accompanied by defect formation and structural evolution.However,the microscopic mechanisms underlying processes such as cation disordering,lattice oxygen loss,and stage structure formation are still not fully understood.To address these challenges,we have developed the Electrode Dynamic Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation Simulator(EDIS),a software platform designed to simulate the dynamic processes of ion intercalation and deintercalation in electrode materials.Leveraging high-precision machine learning potentials,EDIS can efficiently model structural evolution and lithium-ion diffusion behavior under various states of charge and discharge,achieving accuracy approaching that of quantum mechanical methods in relevant chemical spaces.The software supports quantitative analysis of how variations in lithium-ion concentration and distribution affect lithium-ion transport properties,enables evaluation of the impact of structural defects,and allows for tracking of both structural evolution and transport characteristics during continuous cycling.EDIS is versatile and can be extended to sodium-ion batteries and related systems.By enabling in-depth analysis of these microscopic processes,EDIS provides a robust theoretical tool for mechanistic studies and the rational design of high-performance electrode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB3706802)。
文摘Automation and intelligence have become the primary trends in the design of investment casting processes.However,the design of gating and riser systems still lacks precise quantitative evaluation criteria.Numerical simulation plays a significant role in quantitatively evaluating current processes and making targeted improvements,but its limitations lie in the inability to dynamically reflect the formation outcomes of castings under varying process conditions,making real-time adjustments to gating and riser designs challenging.In this study,an automated design model for gating and riser systems based on integrated parametric 3D modeling-simulation framework is proposed,which enhances the flexibility and usability of evaluating the casting process by simulation.Firstly,geometric feature extraction technology is employed to obtain the geometric information of the target casting.Based on this information,an automated design framework for gating and riser systems is established,incorporating multiple structural parameters for real-time process control.Subsequently,the simulation results for various structural parameters are analyzed,and the influence of these parameters on casting formation is thoroughly investigated.Finally,the optimal design scheme is generated and validated through experimental verification.Simulation analysis and experimental results show that using a larger gate neck(24 mm in side length) and external risers promotes a more uniform temperature distribution and a more stable flow state,effectively eliminating shrinkage cavities and enhancing process yield by 15%.
