Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthe...Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthesis of perovskite nanostructures have been made towards potential device applications.The engineering of their band structures holds great promise in the rational tuning of the electronic and optical properties of perovskite nanostructures,which is one of the keys to achieving efficient and multifunctional optoelectronic devices.In this article,we summarize recent advances in band structure engineering of perovskite nanostructures.A survey of bandgap engineering of nanostructured perovskites is firstly presented from the aspects of dimensionality tailoring,compositional substitution,phase segregation and transition,as well as strain and pressure stimuli.The strategies of electronic doping are then reviewed,including defect-induced self-doping,inorganic or organic molecules-based chemical doping,and modification by metal ions or nanostructures.Based on the bandgap engineering and electronic doping,discussions on engineering energy band alignments in perovskite nanostructures are provided for building high-performance perovskite p-n junctions and heterostructures.At last,we provide our perspectives in engineering band structures of perovskite nanostructures towards future low-energy optoelectronics technologies.展开更多
Microneedle(MN)is a medical device containing an array of needles with a micrometer-scale.It can penetrate the human stratum corneum painlessly and efficiently for treatment and diagnosis purposes.Currently,the materi...Microneedle(MN)is a medical device containing an array of needles with a micrometer-scale.It can penetrate the human stratum corneum painlessly and efficiently for treatment and diagnosis purposes.Currently,the materials commonly used to manufacture MNs include silicon,polymers,ceramics and metals.Metallic MNs(MMNs)have drawn significant attention owing to its superior mechanical properties,machinability,and biocompatibility.This paper is a state-of-the-art review of the structure,fabrication technologies,and applications of MMNs.According to the relative position of the axis of MN and the plane of the substrate,MMNs can be divided into in-plane and out-of-plane.Solid,hollow,coated and porous MMNs are also employed to characterize their internal and surface structures.Until now,numerous fabrication technologies,including cutting tool machining,non-traditional machining,etching,hot-forming,and additive manufacturing,have been used to fabricate MMNs.The recent advances in the application of MMNs in drug delivery,disease diagnosis,and cosmetology are also discussed in-depth.Finally,the shortcomings in the fabrication and application of MMNs and future directions for development are highlighted.展开更多
Ganoderma polysaccharides(GPs),derived from various species of the Ganoderma genus,exhibit diverse bioactivities,including immune modulation,anti-tumor effects,and gut microbiota regulation.These properties position G...Ganoderma polysaccharides(GPs),derived from various species of the Ganoderma genus,exhibit diverse bioactivities,including immune modulation,anti-tumor effects,and gut microbiota regulation.These properties position GPs as dual-purpose agents for medicinal and functional food development.This review comprehensively explores the structural complexity of six key GPs and their specific mechanisms of action,such as TLR signaling in immune modulation,apoptosis pathways in anti-tumor activity,and their prebiotic effects on gut microbiota.Additionally,the structure-activity relationships(SARs)of GPs are highlighted to elucidate their biological efficacy.Advances in green extraction techniques,including ultrasonic-assisted and enzymatic methods,are discussed for their roles in enhancing yield and aligning with sustainable production principles.Furthermore,the review addresses biotechnological innovations in polysaccharide biosynthesis,improving production efficiency and making large-scale production feasible.These insights,combined with ongoing research into their bioactivity,provide a solid foundation for developing health-promoting functional food products that incorporate GPs.Furthermore,future research directions are suggested to optimize biosynthesis pathways and fully harness the health benefits of these polysaccharides.展开更多
Hollow multi-shelled structure(HoMS)is the novel multifunctional structural system,which are con-structed with nanoparticles as structural units,featuring two or more shells,multiple interfaces,and numerous chan-nels ...Hollow multi-shelled structure(HoMS)is the novel multifunctional structural system,which are con-structed with nanoparticles as structural units,featuring two or more shells,multiple interfaces,and numerous chan-nels and demonstrating outstanding properties in energy conversion and mass transfer.In recent years,owing to the breakthroughs in synthetic methods,the diversity of composition and structure of HoMS has been greatly enriched,showing broad application prospects in energy,catalysis,environment and other fields.This review focuses on the research status of HoMS for catalytic applications.Firstly,the new synthesis method for HoMS,namely the sequen-tial templating approach,is introduced from both practical and theoretical perspectives.Then,it summarizes and discusses the structure-performance relationship between the shell structure and catalytic performance.The unique temporal-spatial ordering property of mass transport in HoMS and the major breakthroughs it brings in catalytic applications are discussed.Finally,it looks forward to the opportunities and challenges in the development of HoMS.展开更多
Enterprise applications utilize relational databases and structured business processes, requiring slow and expensive conversion of inputs and outputs, from business documents such as invoices, purchase orders, and rec...Enterprise applications utilize relational databases and structured business processes, requiring slow and expensive conversion of inputs and outputs, from business documents such as invoices, purchase orders, and receipts, into known templates and schemas before processing. We propose a new LLM Agent-based intelligent data extraction, transformation, and load (IntelligentETL) pipeline that not only ingests PDFs and detects inputs within it but also addresses the extraction of structured and unstructured data by developing tools that most efficiently and securely deal with respective data types. We study the efficiency of our proposed pipeline and compare it with enterprise solutions that also utilize LLMs. We establish the supremacy in timely and accurate data extraction and transformation capabilities of our approach for analyzing the data from varied sources based on nested and/or interlinked input constraints.展开更多
Chickpea(Cicer arietinum Linn.)is a widely cultivated edible legume worldwide.Starch is the major carbohydrate in chickpea seeds and amounts up to 50%of the dry matter.Compared with other legume starches and cereal st...Chickpea(Cicer arietinum Linn.)is a widely cultivated edible legume worldwide.Starch is the major carbohydrate in chickpea seeds and amounts up to 50%of the dry matter.Compared with other legume starches and cereal starches,there is a lack of systematic review on chickpea starch.Herein,this review summarized the extraction,composition,structure,properties,modification and food uses of chickpea starch.Literatures showed that chickpea starch exhibited unique molecular structures and functional properties differed from other starches from legumes,cereal and tubers.Moreover,chickpea starch has been found to have remarkable resistance to digestion.The chickpea resistant starch showed prebiotic effect and potential health benefits.To date,chickpea starch has been modified by physical,chemical,biological and dual modification methods to change its functional properties such as swelling power,solubility,thermal,pasting,gel textural properties,and digestibility,which are essential to widen its applications.In food sectors,chickpea starch could be used as fillings,thickeners,gelling agents or a source of resistant starch in various formulated foods.In the end,suggestions on how to deeply understand and exploit chickpea starch are proposed.展开更多
Exploring the suitability of biochar for improving soil quality under different water and salt conditions is important for maintaining soil health and productivity in the arid regions of northwestern China.We compared...Exploring the suitability of biochar for improving soil quality under different water and salt conditions is important for maintaining soil health and productivity in the arid regions of northwestern China.We compared the effects of biochar application practices on soil physical,chemical and biological properties under different irrigation and water salinity levels in a two-year field experiment in a mulched and drip-irrigated maize field in Gansu Province,China.Eight treatments in total included the combination of two biochar addition rates of 0 t ha–1(B0)and 60 t ha–1(B1),two irrigation levels of full(W1)and deficit irrigation(W2;W2=1/2 W1)and two water salinity levels of fresh water(S0,0.71 g L–1)and brackish water(S1,4.00 g L–1).The minimum dataset method was used to calculate the soil quality index(SQI)under different treatments.Deficit and brackish water irrigation significantly reduced SQI by 3.80–9.80%through reducing some soil physical,chemical and biological properties.Biochar application significantly increased the SQI by 6.13 and 10.40%under full irrigation with fresh and brackish water,respectively.Biochar addition enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria(e.g.,Proteobacteria,Patescibacteria)in the soil in all water–salt treatments.The partial least squares path model showed that biochar application significantly enhanced the SQI mainly by improving soil aggregation and pore structure under particular water–salt conditions.This research provides an important basis for utilizing biochar to improve soil quality in arid regions of Northwest China under various water–salt conditions.展开更多
Manure slurry application to farmland reduces chemical fertilizer use,mitigates pollution,and improves soil fertility.However,researches on the role of anaerobically treated cow slurry applied to soil microorganisms i...Manure slurry application to farmland reduces chemical fertilizer use,mitigates pollution,and improves soil fertility.However,researches on the role of anaerobically treated cow slurry applied to soil microorganisms in Northeast China remain underexplored.Here,in laboratory incubation experiments,different treatments including various combinations of sterilized and non-sterilized soil and slurry,and different application rates were employed to examine the effects of indigenous microorganisms on soil microbial communities.Field-collected soil samples were employed to examine the responses and spatial variations of soil microbes under production conditions.The results indicated that indigenous soil microorganisms exerted a dominant influence in the microbial community variations,while the impact of cow slurry microbiota on community diversity was relatively minor.At the phylum level,Proteobacteria(P=0.031,R=0.969)showed a significant positive correlation with the slurry application,whereas Acidobacteriota(P=0.012,R=–0.988)and Basidiomycota(P=0.01,R=–0.99)showed significant negative correlations.In the field environment,the autumn slurry application effects on soil microbes in the following year were not significant.In contrast,under spring slurry application,the cow slurry-soil agglomerations led to significant spatial differences in soil microbial communities,with higher microbial diversity observed in the vicinity of agglomerations.The microbes in agglomerations,such as Actinomycetes,Bacteroides and Proteobacteria,were found to be beneficial for the crop residue decomposition.These microorganisms could decompose organic compounds including lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,and xylan in crop straw.Overall,slurry application indeed influenced soil microbes and induced spatial variations,providing insights for sustainable agricultural practices.展开更多
Materials engineering plays a key role in the field of electrochemical energy storage,and considerable efforts have been made in recent years to fulfill the future requirements of electrochemical energy storage using ...Materials engineering plays a key role in the field of electrochemical energy storage,and considerable efforts have been made in recent years to fulfill the future requirements of electrochemical energy storage using novel functional electrode materials.Materials with hollow structures are of particular interests due to their low density,large specific surface area and high porosity,making them promising candidates for energy conversion and storage.The Kirkendall effect has been widely applied for the synthesis of nanoscale hollow structures,which involves an unbalanced counter diffusion through a reaction interface.Herein,the recent progress on the use of the nanoscale Kirkendall effect to synthesize hollow nanostructures,including nanoparticles,one-dimensional(1-D),two-dimensional(2-D),and three-dimensional(3-D)nanostructures,and their potential applications in energy storage devices are summarized and discussed.And prospects is made for the future development of this research field.展开更多
Changes in the intestinal immune micro-environment of the gastrointestinal tract are indispensable in the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal cancer.Tertiary lymphoid structure(TLS)is an immune cell aggrega...Changes in the intestinal immune micro-environment of the gastrointestinal tract are indispensable in the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal cancer.Tertiary lymphoid structure(TLS)is an immune cell aggregation structure found around gastrointestinal cancer in recent years.More and more research proves that tertiary lymphoid structure plays a key biological role and clinical value in disease progression,patient prognosis,and adjuvant treatment.This review aims to explore the research progress,biological significance,and potential clinical applications of TLSs in gastrointestinal tumors.The formation,development,and interaction of TLSs with tumor microenvironment have been reviewed and analyzed in recent years.Meanwhile,this review not only evaluates the clinical value of TLSs as prognostic biomarkers and predictors of treatment response but also explores their role in guiding the formulation of immunotherapy strategies for gastrointestinal tumors.In addition,this review points out the main problems in the current research of TLSs and looks forward to their future development,especially their broad application prospects in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognostic evaluation of gastrointestinal tumors.展开更多
Offshore structures such as platforms,pipelines,the hulls of ships,wind turbine foundations,etc.,are constantly subjected to harsh seawater environments with high salinity,changes in temperature,humidity,biological ac...Offshore structures such as platforms,pipelines,the hulls of ships,wind turbine foundations,etc.,are constantly subjected to harsh seawater environments with high salinity,changes in temperature,humidity,biological activity,etc.These conditions promote corrosion and jeopardize the service,safety and service life.In this study,recent developments in ocean materials for corrosion resistance are extensively reviewed.It classifies corrosion-resistant materials as metal alloys,nanocomposites,and nanostructured hybrid materials and discusses their performance,mechanisms of protection,and applications in the field.It treats high-performance materials such as stainless steels,Ni-based alloys,and Ti alloys,polymers and composites,ceramics,or evenbioinspired coatings.A comprehensive study including corrosion failure mechanisms,such as pitting,crevice,galvanic,microbiologically influenced,stress corrosion cracking(SCC),is provided to present a comprehensive view of the necessary selection of materials and corrosion control practices.Concurrently,the review presents protective technologies such as cathodic protection systems,anodizing,passivation,thermal spray coatings,as well as emerging ones such as plasma electrolytic oxidation and self-healing smart coatings.Advanced high entropy alloys,graphene barriers and additive manufacturing are stressed as they have the potential to disrupt marine corrosion protection.However,issues such as long-term performance verification,cost-performance ratio for optimal design,compatibility with on-line monitoring systems,and compliance with environmental standard still remain unsolved.The paper highlights significant research gaps and potential future directions in AI-enabled material design,green coatings,and development of digital corrosion management systems.In the end,this book is a great resource for engineers,researchers,and policymakers involved in the development of durable,efficient and ecologically friendly marine infrastructure.展开更多
Inspired by nature's self-similar designs,novel honeycomb-spiderweb based self-similar hybrid cellular structures are proposed here for efficient energy absorption in impact applications.The energy absorption is e...Inspired by nature's self-similar designs,novel honeycomb-spiderweb based self-similar hybrid cellular structures are proposed here for efficient energy absorption in impact applications.The energy absorption is enhanced by optimizing the geometry and topology for a given mass.The proposed hybrid cellular structure is arrived after a thorough analysis of topologically enhanced self-similar structures.The optimized cell designs are rigorously tested considering dynamic loads involving crush and high-velocity bullet impact.Furthermore,the influence of thickness,radial connectivity,and order of patterning at the unit cell level are also investigated.The maximum crushing efficiency attained is found to be more than 95%,which is significantly higher than most existing traditional designs.Later on,the first and second-order hierarchical self-similar unit cell designs developed during crush analysis are used to prepare the cores for sandwich structures.Impact tests are performed on the developed sandwich structures using the standard 9-mm parabellum.The influence of multistaging on impact resistance is also investigated by maintaining a constant total thickness and mass of the sandwich structure.Moreover,in order to avoid layer-wise weak zones and hence,attain a uniform out-of-plane impact strength,off-setting the designs in each stage is proposed.The sandwich structures with first and second-order self-similar hybrid cores are observed to withstand impact velocities as high as 170 m/s and 270 m/s,respectively.展开更多
The rapid solidified process and hot press method were performed to produce three hypereutectic 55%Si-Al, 70%Si-Al and 90%Si-Al alloys for heat dissipation materials. The results show that the atomization is an effect...The rapid solidified process and hot press method were performed to produce three hypereutectic 55%Si-Al, 70%Si-Al and 90%Si-Al alloys for heat dissipation materials. The results show that the atomization is an effective rapid solidified method to produce the Si-Al alloy and the size of atomized Si-Al alloy powder is less than 50 μm. The rapid solidified Si-Al alloy powder were hot pressed at 550 ℃ with the pressure of 700 MPa to obtain the relative densities of 99.4%, 99.2% and 94.4% for 55%Si-Al, 70%Si-Al and 90%Si-Al alloys, respectively. The typical physical properties, such as the thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE） and electrical conductivity of rapid solidified Si-Al alloys are acceptable as a heat dissipation material for many semiconductor devices. The 55%Si-Al alloy changes greatly （CTE） with the increase of temperature but obtains a good thermal conductivity. The CTE of 90%Si-Al alloy matches with the silicon very well but its thermal conductivity value is less than 100 W/（m.K）. Therefore, the 70%Si-Al alloy possesses the best comprehensive properties of CTE and thermal conductivity for using as the heat sink materials.展开更多
Inspired by natural porous architectures,numerous attempts have been made to generate porous structures.Owing to the smooth surfaces,highly interconnected porous architectures,and mathematical controllable geometry fe...Inspired by natural porous architectures,numerous attempts have been made to generate porous structures.Owing to the smooth surfaces,highly interconnected porous architectures,and mathematical controllable geometry features,triply periodic minimal surface(TPMS)is emerging as an outstanding solution to constructing porous structures in recent years.However,many advantages of TPMS are not fully utilized in current research.Critical problems of the process from design,manufacturing to applications need further systematic and integrated discussions.In this work,a comprehensive overview of TPMS porous structures is provided.In order to generate the digital models of TPMS,the geometry design algorithms and performance control strategies are introduced according to diverse requirements.Based on that,precise additive manufacturing methods are summarized for fabricating physical TPMS products.Furthermore,actual multidisciplinary applications are presented to clarify the advantages and further potential of TPMS porous structures.Eventually,the existing problems and further research outlooks are discussed.展开更多
Over millions of years of evolution,nature has created organisms with overwhelming performances due to their unique materials and structures,providing us with valuable inspirations for the development of next-generati...Over millions of years of evolution,nature has created organisms with overwhelming performances due to their unique materials and structures,providing us with valuable inspirations for the development of next-generation biomedical devices.As a promising new technology,3D printing enables the fabrication of multiscale,multi-material,and multi-functional threedimensional(3D)biomimetic materials and structures with high precision and great flexibility.The manufacturing challenges of biomedical devices with advanced biomimetic materials and structures for various applications were overcome with the flourishing development of 3D printing technologies.In this paper,the state-of-the-art additive manufacturing of biomimetic materials and structures in the field of biomedical engineering were overviewed.Various kinds of biomedical applications,including implants,lab-on-chip,medicine,microvascular network,and artificial organs and tissues,were respectively discussed.The technical challenges and limitations of biomimetic additive manufacturing in biomedical applications were further investigated,and the potential solutions and intriguing future technological developments of biomimetic 3D printing of biomedical devices were highlighted.展开更多
Molten salt synthesis （MSS） method has advantages of the simplicity in the process equipment, versatile and large-scale synthesis, and friendly environment, which provides an excellent approach to synthesize high pu...Molten salt synthesis （MSS） method has advantages of the simplicity in the process equipment, versatile and large-scale synthesis, and friendly environment, which provides an excellent approach to synthesize high pure oxide powders with controllable compositions and morphologies. Among these oxides, perovskite oxides with a composition of ABO3 exhibit a broad spectrum of physical properties and functions （e.g. ferroelectric, piezoelectric, magnetic, photovoltaic and photocatalytic properties）. The downscaling of the spatial geometry of perovskite oxides into nanometers result in novel properties that are different from the bulk and film counterparts. Recent interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology has led to great efforts focusing on the synthesis of low-dimensional perovskite oxide nanostructures （PONs） to better understand their novel physical properties at nanoscale. Therefore, the low-dimensional PONs such as perovskite nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanobelts, and two dimensional oxide nanostructures, play an important role in developing the next generation of oxide electronics. In the past few years, much effort has been made on the synthesis of PONs by MSS method and their structural characterizations. The functional applications of PONs are also explored in the fields of storage memory, energy harvesting, and solar energy conversion. This review summarizes the recent progress in the synthesis of low-dimensional PONs by MSS method and its modified ways. Their structural char- acterization and physical properties are also scrutinized. The potential applications of low-dimensional PONs in different fields such as data memory and storage, energy harvesting, solar energy conversion, are highlighted. Perspectives concerning the future research trends and challenges of low-dimensional PONs are also outlined. ~ 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science ＆ Technology.展开更多
In order to evaluate the carbonation life of newly-built concrete structures,two kinds of nondestructive methods are adopted to test the thickness of the concrete cover and the ultrasonic velocity of two newly-built t...In order to evaluate the carbonation life of newly-built concrete structures,two kinds of nondestructive methods are adopted to test the thickness of the concrete cover and the ultrasonic velocity of two newly-built tunnel structures.Simultaneously a probabilistic method is proposed based on the relationship between the accelerated carbonation rate and the ultrasonic velocity.This proposed method is applied to evaluate the carbonation related lives of two newly-built tunnels and the results indicate that even under nearly the same environment and CO2 combining conditions,there exits a big difference in the probabilistic carbonation lives between the two tunnels;i.e.,the probabilistic lives of Tunnel A and Tunnel B are 94.0% and 82.3% and the corresponding maximum discrepancies are 11.6% and 27.0%,respectively.Thus,it can be concluded that the scattered quality of the concrete cover is attributed to the differences in construction technique,which eventually leads to the diversity in the evaluated probabilistic carbonation lives of the two tunnels.展开更多
Metal cyanamides are an emerging class of functional materials with potential applications in sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies such as catalysis,supercapacitors,photoluminescence and next-gen bat...Metal cyanamides are an emerging class of functional materials with potential applications in sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies such as catalysis,supercapacitors,photoluminescence and next-gen batteries.The[NCN]^(2-)as the anion,which is isolobal with[O]^(2-)endows metal cyanamides with similar physicochemical properties as oxides and chalcogenides.Whereas the unique quasI-linear structure and electronic resonance between[N=C=N]^(2-)and[N-C≡N]^(2-)of[NCN]entity bring out superior properties beyond oxides and chalcogenides.In this review,we present research status,challenges,and the recent striking progress on the metal cyanamides in the synthesis and applications.Specifically,the characteristic structures,physicochemical properties,synthetic methods with corresponding merits/demerits and latest applications in energy conversion and storage of cyanamides are summarized.The detailed outlooks for the new compounds design,morphology manipulation and potential applications are also exhibited.展开更多
In the present study, bond-coats for thermal barrier coatings were deposited via air plasma spraying（APS） techniques onto Inconel 800 and Hastelloy C-276 alloy substrates. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transm...In the present study, bond-coats for thermal barrier coatings were deposited via air plasma spraying（APS） techniques onto Inconel 800 and Hastelloy C-276 alloy substrates. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, and atomic force microscopy（AFM） were used to investigate the phases and microstructure of the as-sprayed, APS-deposited Co Ni Cr Al Y bond-coatings. The aim of this work was to study the suitability of the bond-coat materials for high temperature applications. Confirmation of nanoscale grains of the γ/γ′-phase was obtained by TEM, high-resolution TEM, and AFM. We concluded that these changes result from the plastic deformation of the bond-coat during the deposition, resulting in Co Ni Cr Al Y bond-coatings with excellent thermal cyclic resistance suitable for use in high-temperature applications. Cyclic oxidative stability was observed to also depend on the underlying metallic alloy substrate.展开更多
基金support from Australian Research Council (ARC, FT150100450, IH150100006 and CE170100039)support from the MCATM and the FLEET+1 种基金the support from Shenzhen Nanshan District Pilotage Team Program (LHTD20170006)support from Guangzhou Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 201804010322)
文摘Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthesis of perovskite nanostructures have been made towards potential device applications.The engineering of their band structures holds great promise in the rational tuning of the electronic and optical properties of perovskite nanostructures,which is one of the keys to achieving efficient and multifunctional optoelectronic devices.In this article,we summarize recent advances in band structure engineering of perovskite nanostructures.A survey of bandgap engineering of nanostructured perovskites is firstly presented from the aspects of dimensionality tailoring,compositional substitution,phase segregation and transition,as well as strain and pressure stimuli.The strategies of electronic doping are then reviewed,including defect-induced self-doping,inorganic or organic molecules-based chemical doping,and modification by metal ions or nanostructures.Based on the bandgap engineering and electronic doping,discussions on engineering energy band alignments in perovskite nanostructures are provided for building high-performance perovskite p-n junctions and heterostructures.At last,we provide our perspectives in engineering band structures of perovskite nanostructures towards future low-energy optoelectronics technologies.
基金Supported by Guangdong Provincial Key-Area Research and Development Program(Grant No.2023B0101200014)Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2024A1515010440).
文摘Microneedle(MN)is a medical device containing an array of needles with a micrometer-scale.It can penetrate the human stratum corneum painlessly and efficiently for treatment and diagnosis purposes.Currently,the materials commonly used to manufacture MNs include silicon,polymers,ceramics and metals.Metallic MNs(MMNs)have drawn significant attention owing to its superior mechanical properties,machinability,and biocompatibility.This paper is a state-of-the-art review of the structure,fabrication technologies,and applications of MMNs.According to the relative position of the axis of MN and the plane of the substrate,MMNs can be divided into in-plane and out-of-plane.Solid,hollow,coated and porous MMNs are also employed to characterize their internal and surface structures.Until now,numerous fabrication technologies,including cutting tool machining,non-traditional machining,etching,hot-forming,and additive manufacturing,have been used to fabricate MMNs.The recent advances in the application of MMNs in drug delivery,disease diagnosis,and cosmetology are also discussed in-depth.Finally,the shortcomings in the fabrication and application of MMNs and future directions for development are highlighted.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82373762,31872675)Major Special Programe of science and technology of Yunnan(202402AA310032,202305AH340005)+1 种基金the Cooperation Project with DR PLANT Company(2023)the Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China(Nos.P2020-KF02,P2022-KF10).
文摘Ganoderma polysaccharides(GPs),derived from various species of the Ganoderma genus,exhibit diverse bioactivities,including immune modulation,anti-tumor effects,and gut microbiota regulation.These properties position GPs as dual-purpose agents for medicinal and functional food development.This review comprehensively explores the structural complexity of six key GPs and their specific mechanisms of action,such as TLR signaling in immune modulation,apoptosis pathways in anti-tumor activity,and their prebiotic effects on gut microbiota.Additionally,the structure-activity relationships(SARs)of GPs are highlighted to elucidate their biological efficacy.Advances in green extraction techniques,including ultrasonic-assisted and enzymatic methods,are discussed for their roles in enhancing yield and aligning with sustainable production principles.Furthermore,the review addresses biotechnological innovations in polysaccharide biosynthesis,improving production efficiency and making large-scale production feasible.These insights,combined with ongoing research into their bioactivity,provide a solid foundation for developing health-promoting functional food products that incorporate GPs.Furthermore,future research directions are suggested to optimize biosynthesis pathways and fully harness the health benefits of these polysaccharides.
文摘Hollow multi-shelled structure(HoMS)is the novel multifunctional structural system,which are con-structed with nanoparticles as structural units,featuring two or more shells,multiple interfaces,and numerous chan-nels and demonstrating outstanding properties in energy conversion and mass transfer.In recent years,owing to the breakthroughs in synthetic methods,the diversity of composition and structure of HoMS has been greatly enriched,showing broad application prospects in energy,catalysis,environment and other fields.This review focuses on the research status of HoMS for catalytic applications.Firstly,the new synthesis method for HoMS,namely the sequen-tial templating approach,is introduced from both practical and theoretical perspectives.Then,it summarizes and discusses the structure-performance relationship between the shell structure and catalytic performance.The unique temporal-spatial ordering property of mass transport in HoMS and the major breakthroughs it brings in catalytic applications are discussed.Finally,it looks forward to the opportunities and challenges in the development of HoMS.
文摘Enterprise applications utilize relational databases and structured business processes, requiring slow and expensive conversion of inputs and outputs, from business documents such as invoices, purchase orders, and receipts, into known templates and schemas before processing. We propose a new LLM Agent-based intelligent data extraction, transformation, and load (IntelligentETL) pipeline that not only ingests PDFs and detects inputs within it but also addresses the extraction of structured and unstructured data by developing tools that most efficiently and securely deal with respective data types. We study the efficiency of our proposed pipeline and compare it with enterprise solutions that also utilize LLMs. We establish the supremacy in timely and accurate data extraction and transformation capabilities of our approach for analyzing the data from varied sources based on nested and/or interlinked input constraints.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272239)Demonstration Project of Sichuan Province for the Transfer and Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements(2024ZHCG0079)+1 种基金Chongqing Technological Innovation Alliance for Agricultural Products Processing Industry(CTIA-APPI 2024-2-1)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2100101).
文摘Chickpea(Cicer arietinum Linn.)is a widely cultivated edible legume worldwide.Starch is the major carbohydrate in chickpea seeds and amounts up to 50%of the dry matter.Compared with other legume starches and cereal starches,there is a lack of systematic review on chickpea starch.Herein,this review summarized the extraction,composition,structure,properties,modification and food uses of chickpea starch.Literatures showed that chickpea starch exhibited unique molecular structures and functional properties differed from other starches from legumes,cereal and tubers.Moreover,chickpea starch has been found to have remarkable resistance to digestion.The chickpea resistant starch showed prebiotic effect and potential health benefits.To date,chickpea starch has been modified by physical,chemical,biological and dual modification methods to change its functional properties such as swelling power,solubility,thermal,pasting,gel textural properties,and digestibility,which are essential to widen its applications.In food sectors,chickpea starch could be used as fillings,thickeners,gelling agents or a source of resistant starch in various formulated foods.In the end,suggestions on how to deeply understand and exploit chickpea starch are proposed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1900401)。
文摘Exploring the suitability of biochar for improving soil quality under different water and salt conditions is important for maintaining soil health and productivity in the arid regions of northwestern China.We compared the effects of biochar application practices on soil physical,chemical and biological properties under different irrigation and water salinity levels in a two-year field experiment in a mulched and drip-irrigated maize field in Gansu Province,China.Eight treatments in total included the combination of two biochar addition rates of 0 t ha–1(B0)and 60 t ha–1(B1),two irrigation levels of full(W1)and deficit irrigation(W2;W2=1/2 W1)and two water salinity levels of fresh water(S0,0.71 g L–1)and brackish water(S1,4.00 g L–1).The minimum dataset method was used to calculate the soil quality index(SQI)under different treatments.Deficit and brackish water irrigation significantly reduced SQI by 3.80–9.80%through reducing some soil physical,chemical and biological properties.Biochar application significantly increased the SQI by 6.13 and 10.40%under full irrigation with fresh and brackish water,respectively.Biochar addition enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria(e.g.,Proteobacteria,Patescibacteria)in the soil in all water–salt treatments.The partial least squares path model showed that biochar application significantly enhanced the SQI mainly by improving soil aggregation and pore structure under particular water–salt conditions.This research provides an important basis for utilizing biochar to improve soil quality in arid regions of Northwest China under various water–salt conditions.
基金Supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M700742)Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund(LBH–Z21109)。
文摘Manure slurry application to farmland reduces chemical fertilizer use,mitigates pollution,and improves soil fertility.However,researches on the role of anaerobically treated cow slurry applied to soil microorganisms in Northeast China remain underexplored.Here,in laboratory incubation experiments,different treatments including various combinations of sterilized and non-sterilized soil and slurry,and different application rates were employed to examine the effects of indigenous microorganisms on soil microbial communities.Field-collected soil samples were employed to examine the responses and spatial variations of soil microbes under production conditions.The results indicated that indigenous soil microorganisms exerted a dominant influence in the microbial community variations,while the impact of cow slurry microbiota on community diversity was relatively minor.At the phylum level,Proteobacteria(P=0.031,R=0.969)showed a significant positive correlation with the slurry application,whereas Acidobacteriota(P=0.012,R=–0.988)and Basidiomycota(P=0.01,R=–0.99)showed significant negative correlations.In the field environment,the autumn slurry application effects on soil microbes in the following year were not significant.In contrast,under spring slurry application,the cow slurry-soil agglomerations led to significant spatial differences in soil microbial communities,with higher microbial diversity observed in the vicinity of agglomerations.The microbes in agglomerations,such as Actinomycetes,Bacteroides and Proteobacteria,were found to be beneficial for the crop residue decomposition.These microorganisms could decompose organic compounds including lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,and xylan in crop straw.Overall,slurry application indeed influenced soil microbes and induced spatial variations,providing insights for sustainable agricultural practices.
文摘Materials engineering plays a key role in the field of electrochemical energy storage,and considerable efforts have been made in recent years to fulfill the future requirements of electrochemical energy storage using novel functional electrode materials.Materials with hollow structures are of particular interests due to their low density,large specific surface area and high porosity,making them promising candidates for energy conversion and storage.The Kirkendall effect has been widely applied for the synthesis of nanoscale hollow structures,which involves an unbalanced counter diffusion through a reaction interface.Herein,the recent progress on the use of the nanoscale Kirkendall effect to synthesize hollow nanostructures,including nanoparticles,one-dimensional(1-D),two-dimensional(2-D),and three-dimensional(3-D)nanostructures,and their potential applications in energy storage devices are summarized and discussed.And prospects is made for the future development of this research field.
文摘Changes in the intestinal immune micro-environment of the gastrointestinal tract are indispensable in the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal cancer.Tertiary lymphoid structure(TLS)is an immune cell aggregation structure found around gastrointestinal cancer in recent years.More and more research proves that tertiary lymphoid structure plays a key biological role and clinical value in disease progression,patient prognosis,and adjuvant treatment.This review aims to explore the research progress,biological significance,and potential clinical applications of TLSs in gastrointestinal tumors.The formation,development,and interaction of TLSs with tumor microenvironment have been reviewed and analyzed in recent years.Meanwhile,this review not only evaluates the clinical value of TLSs as prognostic biomarkers and predictors of treatment response but also explores their role in guiding the formulation of immunotherapy strategies for gastrointestinal tumors.In addition,this review points out the main problems in the current research of TLSs and looks forward to their future development,especially their broad application prospects in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognostic evaluation of gastrointestinal tumors.
文摘Offshore structures such as platforms,pipelines,the hulls of ships,wind turbine foundations,etc.,are constantly subjected to harsh seawater environments with high salinity,changes in temperature,humidity,biological activity,etc.These conditions promote corrosion and jeopardize the service,safety and service life.In this study,recent developments in ocean materials for corrosion resistance are extensively reviewed.It classifies corrosion-resistant materials as metal alloys,nanocomposites,and nanostructured hybrid materials and discusses their performance,mechanisms of protection,and applications in the field.It treats high-performance materials such as stainless steels,Ni-based alloys,and Ti alloys,polymers and composites,ceramics,or evenbioinspired coatings.A comprehensive study including corrosion failure mechanisms,such as pitting,crevice,galvanic,microbiologically influenced,stress corrosion cracking(SCC),is provided to present a comprehensive view of the necessary selection of materials and corrosion control practices.Concurrently,the review presents protective technologies such as cathodic protection systems,anodizing,passivation,thermal spray coatings,as well as emerging ones such as plasma electrolytic oxidation and self-healing smart coatings.Advanced high entropy alloys,graphene barriers and additive manufacturing are stressed as they have the potential to disrupt marine corrosion protection.However,issues such as long-term performance verification,cost-performance ratio for optimal design,compatibility with on-line monitoring systems,and compliance with environmental standard still remain unsolved.The paper highlights significant research gaps and potential future directions in AI-enabled material design,green coatings,and development of digital corrosion management systems.In the end,this book is a great resource for engineers,researchers,and policymakers involved in the development of durable,efficient and ecologically friendly marine infrastructure.
基金the Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),Department of Science and Technology,India,for funding this research through grant number SRG/2019/001581。
文摘Inspired by nature's self-similar designs,novel honeycomb-spiderweb based self-similar hybrid cellular structures are proposed here for efficient energy absorption in impact applications.The energy absorption is enhanced by optimizing the geometry and topology for a given mass.The proposed hybrid cellular structure is arrived after a thorough analysis of topologically enhanced self-similar structures.The optimized cell designs are rigorously tested considering dynamic loads involving crush and high-velocity bullet impact.Furthermore,the influence of thickness,radial connectivity,and order of patterning at the unit cell level are also investigated.The maximum crushing efficiency attained is found to be more than 95%,which is significantly higher than most existing traditional designs.Later on,the first and second-order hierarchical self-similar unit cell designs developed during crush analysis are used to prepare the cores for sandwich structures.Impact tests are performed on the developed sandwich structures using the standard 9-mm parabellum.The influence of multistaging on impact resistance is also investigated by maintaining a constant total thickness and mass of the sandwich structure.Moreover,in order to avoid layer-wise weak zones and hence,attain a uniform out-of-plane impact strength,off-setting the designs in each stage is proposed.The sandwich structures with first and second-order self-similar hybrid cores are observed to withstand impact velocities as high as 170 m/s and 270 m/s,respectively.
基金Project (2011) supported by the Hunan Nonferrous Research Funding of Hunan Nonferrous Metals Holding Group Co.,Ltd.,China
文摘The rapid solidified process and hot press method were performed to produce three hypereutectic 55%Si-Al, 70%Si-Al and 90%Si-Al alloys for heat dissipation materials. The results show that the atomization is an effective rapid solidified method to produce the Si-Al alloy and the size of atomized Si-Al alloy powder is less than 50 μm. The rapid solidified Si-Al alloy powder were hot pressed at 550 ℃ with the pressure of 700 MPa to obtain the relative densities of 99.4%, 99.2% and 94.4% for 55%Si-Al, 70%Si-Al and 90%Si-Al alloys, respectively. The typical physical properties, such as the thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE） and electrical conductivity of rapid solidified Si-Al alloys are acceptable as a heat dissipation material for many semiconductor devices. The 55%Si-Al alloy changes greatly （CTE） with the increase of temperature but obtains a good thermal conductivity. The CTE of 90%Si-Al alloy matches with the silicon very well but its thermal conductivity value is less than 100 W/（m.K）. Therefore, the 70%Si-Al alloy possesses the best comprehensive properties of CTE and thermal conductivity for using as the heat sink materials.
基金financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC1107103)Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2021C01107)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M681846)Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51821093).
文摘Inspired by natural porous architectures,numerous attempts have been made to generate porous structures.Owing to the smooth surfaces,highly interconnected porous architectures,and mathematical controllable geometry features,triply periodic minimal surface(TPMS)is emerging as an outstanding solution to constructing porous structures in recent years.However,many advantages of TPMS are not fully utilized in current research.Critical problems of the process from design,manufacturing to applications need further systematic and integrated discussions.In this work,a comprehensive overview of TPMS porous structures is provided.In order to generate the digital models of TPMS,the geometry design algorithms and performance control strategies are introduced according to diverse requirements.Based on that,precise additive manufacturing methods are summarized for fabricating physical TPMS products.Furthermore,actual multidisciplinary applications are presented to clarify the advantages and further potential of TPMS porous structures.Eventually,the existing problems and further research outlooks are discussed.
基金The authors acknowledge Arizona State University for the start-up funding support.
文摘Over millions of years of evolution,nature has created organisms with overwhelming performances due to their unique materials and structures,providing us with valuable inspirations for the development of next-generation biomedical devices.As a promising new technology,3D printing enables the fabrication of multiscale,multi-material,and multi-functional threedimensional(3D)biomimetic materials and structures with high precision and great flexibility.The manufacturing challenges of biomedical devices with advanced biomimetic materials and structures for various applications were overcome with the flourishing development of 3D printing technologies.In this paper,the state-of-the-art additive manufacturing of biomimetic materials and structures in the field of biomedical engineering were overviewed.Various kinds of biomedical applications,including implants,lab-on-chip,medicine,microvascular network,and artificial organs and tissues,were respectively discussed.The technical challenges and limitations of biomimetic additive manufacturing in biomedical applications were further investigated,and the potential solutions and intriguing future technological developments of biomimetic 3D printing of biomedical devices were highlighted.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11674161,11174122 and 11134004)the Six Big Talent Peak Project from Jiangsu Province(Grant No.XCL-004)open project of National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures,Nanjing University(Grant No.M28026)
文摘Molten salt synthesis （MSS） method has advantages of the simplicity in the process equipment, versatile and large-scale synthesis, and friendly environment, which provides an excellent approach to synthesize high pure oxide powders with controllable compositions and morphologies. Among these oxides, perovskite oxides with a composition of ABO3 exhibit a broad spectrum of physical properties and functions （e.g. ferroelectric, piezoelectric, magnetic, photovoltaic and photocatalytic properties）. The downscaling of the spatial geometry of perovskite oxides into nanometers result in novel properties that are different from the bulk and film counterparts. Recent interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology has led to great efforts focusing on the synthesis of low-dimensional perovskite oxide nanostructures （PONs） to better understand their novel physical properties at nanoscale. Therefore, the low-dimensional PONs such as perovskite nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanobelts, and two dimensional oxide nanostructures, play an important role in developing the next generation of oxide electronics. In the past few years, much effort has been made on the synthesis of PONs by MSS method and their structural characterizations. The functional applications of PONs are also explored in the fields of storage memory, energy harvesting, and solar energy conversion. This review summarizes the recent progress in the synthesis of low-dimensional PONs by MSS method and its modified ways. Their structural char- acterization and physical properties are also scrutinized. The potential applications of low-dimensional PONs in different fields such as data memory and storage, energy harvesting, solar energy conversion, are highlighted. Perspectives concerning the future research trends and challenges of low-dimensional PONs are also outlined. ~ 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science ＆ Technology.
基金Key Construction Project of Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel(No.7612005822)the National Basic Research Program of China(973Program)(No.2009CB623203).
文摘In order to evaluate the carbonation life of newly-built concrete structures,two kinds of nondestructive methods are adopted to test the thickness of the concrete cover and the ultrasonic velocity of two newly-built tunnel structures.Simultaneously a probabilistic method is proposed based on the relationship between the accelerated carbonation rate and the ultrasonic velocity.This proposed method is applied to evaluate the carbonation related lives of two newly-built tunnels and the results indicate that even under nearly the same environment and CO2 combining conditions,there exits a big difference in the probabilistic carbonation lives between the two tunnels;i.e.,the probabilistic lives of Tunnel A and Tunnel B are 94.0% and 82.3% and the corresponding maximum discrepancies are 11.6% and 27.0%,respectively.Thus,it can be concluded that the scattered quality of the concrete cover is attributed to the differences in construction technique,which eventually leads to the diversity in the evaluated probabilistic carbonation lives of the two tunnels.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 21871008,21801247 and 21905292)the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(Program No.20dz1204400)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDJ-SSWJSC013)。
文摘Metal cyanamides are an emerging class of functional materials with potential applications in sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies such as catalysis,supercapacitors,photoluminescence and next-gen batteries.The[NCN]^(2-)as the anion,which is isolobal with[O]^(2-)endows metal cyanamides with similar physicochemical properties as oxides and chalcogenides.Whereas the unique quasI-linear structure and electronic resonance between[N=C=N]^(2-)and[N-C≡N]^(2-)of[NCN]entity bring out superior properties beyond oxides and chalcogenides.In this review,we present research status,challenges,and the recent striking progress on the metal cyanamides in the synthesis and applications.Specifically,the characteristic structures,physicochemical properties,synthetic methods with corresponding merits/demerits and latest applications in energy conversion and storage of cyanamides are summarized.The detailed outlooks for the new compounds design,morphology manipulation and potential applications are also exhibited.
基金provided by Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme-Ⅱ(TEQIP-Ⅱ)at MNNIT Allahabad
文摘In the present study, bond-coats for thermal barrier coatings were deposited via air plasma spraying（APS） techniques onto Inconel 800 and Hastelloy C-276 alloy substrates. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, and atomic force microscopy（AFM） were used to investigate the phases and microstructure of the as-sprayed, APS-deposited Co Ni Cr Al Y bond-coatings. The aim of this work was to study the suitability of the bond-coat materials for high temperature applications. Confirmation of nanoscale grains of the γ/γ′-phase was obtained by TEM, high-resolution TEM, and AFM. We concluded that these changes result from the plastic deformation of the bond-coat during the deposition, resulting in Co Ni Cr Al Y bond-coatings with excellent thermal cyclic resistance suitable for use in high-temperature applications. Cyclic oxidative stability was observed to also depend on the underlying metallic alloy substrate.
