Over 100 reaches of perennial streams(PS) and non-perennial streams(NPS) were classified based on the Rosgen stream classification. NPS were mainly type B(39%), characterized by moderate entrenchment and low sinuosity...Over 100 reaches of perennial streams(PS) and non-perennial streams(NPS) were classified based on the Rosgen stream classification. NPS were mainly type B(39%), characterized by moderate entrenchment and low sinuosity. The remainder were almost equally split between three different classes, highlighting the morphological diversity of NPS. Fiftynine percent of PS belonged to type C;such streams are slightly entrenched, less sinuous and have a sequential riffle-pool configuration. Surface particles were significantly coarser than the subsurface in both stream types in thalweg and low flow areas, whereas in NPS, this was prominent, showing 4-5 times more armoring than PS. Even though the NPS had a significantly coarser surface sediment layer than PS in thalweg and low flow areas, its subsurface sediment showed similar particle sizes to PS;this is an indication of surface armoring and provision of more infiltration of fine particles in NPS. A two-year return period flow event did not result in a change of the cross-section profiles. In both stream types, the horizontal force required to uproot herbaceous vegetation with unexposed roots under moist conditions manually was higher than the tractive force at high flows;however, at bankfull flows, it was lower. Also, the uprooting force in PS was lower than that of NPS, indicating that NPS banks are more stable, and numerical analyses showed they are stable under the self-weight.展开更多
Sign language dataset is essential in sign language recognition and translation(SLRT). Current public sign language datasets are small and lack diversity, which does not meet the practical application requirements for...Sign language dataset is essential in sign language recognition and translation(SLRT). Current public sign language datasets are small and lack diversity, which does not meet the practical application requirements for SLRT. However, making a large-scale and diverse sign language dataset is difficult as sign language data on the Internet is scarce. In making a large-scale and diverse sign language dataset, some sign language data qualities are not up to standard. This paper proposes a two information streams transformer(TIST) model to judge whether the quality of sign language data is qualified. To verify that TIST effectively improves sign language recognition(SLR), we make two datasets, the screened dataset and the unscreened dataset. In this experiment, this paper uses visual alignment constraint(VAC) as the baseline model. The experimental results show that the screened dataset can achieve better word error rate(WER) than the unscreened dataset.展开更多
Cryogenic block streams consist of a stream of rocks superficially resembling a stream deposit but lacking a matrix, usually occurring on a valley or gully floor or on slopes that are less steep than the maximum angle...Cryogenic block streams consist of a stream of rocks superficially resembling a stream deposit but lacking a matrix, usually occurring on a valley or gully floor or on slopes that are less steep than the maximum angle of repose of coarse sediments. They are usually formed on perennially frozen ground, but can also occur as relict landforms. There are three main active kinds forming today, viz., Siberian and Tibetan dynamic rock streams and lag block streams. During their formation, the blocks in the active Siberian and Tibetan dynamic block streams move downslope at up to 1 rn/a. They are forming today on the Tibetan Plateau and in the more arid parts of south-central Siberia, although the processes involved in the movement are different. In the case of the Tibetan type, individual blocks slide downslope over the substrate in winter on an icy coating in areas of minimal winter precipitation. The Siberian type develops in areas of 15-80 cm of winter snow cover and an MAAT （mean annual air temperature） of-4 ~C to -17 ~C. The movement is due to creep of snow and ice and collapse of the blocks downslope during thawing. Lag block streams are formed by meltwater flowing over the surface of sediment consisting primarily of larger blocks with a limited amount of interstitial sediment. The erosion of the matrix is primarily in the spring in areas of higher winter precipitation on 10^-30~ slopes. The blocks remain stationary, but the interstitial sediment is washed out by strong seasonal flows of meltwater or rain to form an alluvial fan. The boulders undergo weathering and become more rounded in the process. Lag block streams can also develop without the presence of permafrost in areas with cold climates or glaciers. Block streams also occur as relict deposits in older deposits under various climatic regimes that are unsuitable for their formation today. An example of relict lag block streams with subangular to subrounded blocks occurs in gullies on the forested mountainsides at Felsen in Germany, and is the original ＂felsenmeer＂. Similar examples occur near Vitosha Mountain in Bulgaria. The ＂stone runs＂ in the Falkland Islands are examples of the more angular relict lag block streams. In both Tasmania and the Falkland Islands, they mask a more complex history, the underlying soils indicating periods of tropical and temperate soil formation resulting from weathering during and since the Tertiary Period. Block streams have also been reported from beneath cold-based glaciers in Sweden, and below till in Canada, and when ex- humed, can continue to develop.展开更多
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)coupled with deep learning such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)have been widely applied across numerous domains,including agriculture,smart city monitoring,and fire rescue operatio...Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)coupled with deep learning such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)have been widely applied across numerous domains,including agriculture,smart city monitoring,and fire rescue operations,owing to their malleability and versatility.However,the computation-intensive and latency-sensitive natures of CNNs present a formidable obstacle to their deployment on resource-constrained UAVs.Some early studies have explored a hybrid approach that dynamically switches between lightweight and complex models to balance accuracy and latency.However,they often overlook scenarios involving multiple concurrent CNN streams,where competition for resources between streams can substantially impact latency and overall system performance.In this paper,we first investigate the deployment of both lightweight and complex models for multiple CNN streams in UAV swarm.Specifically,we formulate an optimization problem to minimize the total latency across multiple CNN streams,under the constraints on UAV memory and the accuracy requirement of each stream.To address this problem,we propose an algorithm called Adaptive Model Switching of collaborative inference for MultiCNN streams(AMSM)to identify the inference strategy with a low latency.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AMSM algorithm consistently achieves the lowest latency while meeting the accuracy requirements compared to benchmark algorithms.展开更多
A new algorithm for clustering multiple data streams is proposed.The algorithm can effectively cluster data streams which show similar behavior with some unknown time delays.The algorithm uses the autoregressive （AR...A new algorithm for clustering multiple data streams is proposed.The algorithm can effectively cluster data streams which show similar behavior with some unknown time delays.The algorithm uses the autoregressive （AR） modeling technique to measure correlations between data streams.It exploits estimated frequencies spectra to extract the essential features of streams.Each stream is represented as the sum of spectral components and the correlation is measured component-wise.Each spectral component is described by four parameters,namely,amplitude,phase,damping rate and frequency.The ε-lag-correlation between two spectral components is calculated.The algorithm uses such information as similarity measures in clustering data streams.Based on a sliding window model,the algorithm can continuously report the most recent clustering results and adjust the number of clusters.Experiments on real and synthetic streams show that the proposed clustering method has a higher speed and clustering quality than other similar methods.展开更多
A novel data streams partitioning method is proposed to resolve problems of range-aggregation continuous queries over parallel streams for power industry.The first step of this method is to parallel sample the data,wh...A novel data streams partitioning method is proposed to resolve problems of range-aggregation continuous queries over parallel streams for power industry.The first step of this method is to parallel sample the data,which is implemented as an extended reservoir-sampling algorithm.A skip factor based on the change ratio of data-values is introduced to describe the distribution characteristics of data-values adaptively.The second step of this method is to partition the fluxes of data streams averagely,which is implemented with two alternative equal-depth histogram generating algorithms that fit the different cases：one for incremental maintenance based on heuristics and the other for periodical updates to generate an approximate partition vector.The experimental results on actual data prove that the method is efficient,practical and suitable for time-varying data streams processing.展开更多
Ephemeral and perennial streams of mountainous catchments in Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka and Hong Kong of China were studied for two years on vegetation dynamics.Each year,sampling was conducted during a period...Ephemeral and perennial streams of mountainous catchments in Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka and Hong Kong of China were studied for two years on vegetation dynamics.Each year,sampling was conducted during a period when ephemeral streams had low surface flows.Sampling was realized contiguously using belt transects.The standing crop biomass(hereafter biomass)of herbaceous vegetation in ephemeral channels was comparatively lower than perennials and so was the herb diversity.Herb diversity showed a peak from 1.5 to 4.5 m from the centerline/thalweg of ephemeral and perennial streams.Out of 24 herbs,only three were common for both.A peak herb biomass zone was observed in perennials in the same region where diversity peaked.In ephemerals,herb biomass increased laterally up to^1.5 m,and was constant thereafter.Seedling experiment results tallied with the field diversity observations of both stream types,and suggested that seed dispersion was the main reason for herb colonization.Furthermore,it showed sapling emergence to be significantly higher in perennials than ephemerals.Return period of annual maximum monthly rainfall was a strong indicator of age of trees in ephemeral streams,and elucidated the possibility of hindcasting past flow episodes.Electrical conductivity was significantly high in ephemeral streams among all the water quality parameters.The contents of the water nutrients were approximately the same in both stream types.While recommending further studies on eco-hydrology of ephemerals,we recognize ephemeral streams to be valuable references in climate change studies due to their responsiveness and representativeness in long term hydrological changes.展开更多
In order to avoid the redundant and inconsistent information in distributed data streams, a sampling method based on min-wise hash functions is designed and the practical semantics of the union of distributed data str...In order to avoid the redundant and inconsistent information in distributed data streams, a sampling method based on min-wise hash functions is designed and the practical semantics of the union of distributed data streams is defined. First, for each family of min-wise hash functions, the data with the minimum hash value are selected as local samples and the biased effect caused by frequent updates in a single data stream is filtered out. Secondly, for the same hash function, the sample with the minimum hash value is selected as the global sample and the local samples are combined at the center node to filter out the biased effect of duplicated updates. Finally, based on the obtained uniform samples, several aggregations on the defined semantics of the union of data streams are precisely estimated. The results of comparison tests on synthetic and real-life data streams demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.展开更多
The phytic acid contents of eight fractions of wheat flours from different mill streams and those in wheat brans, which were separated by different sieves into various sizes, were determined and analyzed. A rapid meth...The phytic acid contents of eight fractions of wheat flours from different mill streams and those in wheat brans, which were separated by different sieves into various sizes, were determined and analyzed. A rapid method for phytic acid assay by adding thioglycolic acid （mercapto acetic acid） with 2,2-bipyridine was used, with an acidic iron-Ⅲ-solution of known iron content. The amount ofphytate was indicated by the decrease in iron in the supernatant. Significant differences were observed in phytic acid content among different milling streams and different cultivars （P〈0.05）. On an average, coarse bran had the highest phytic acid content （53.85 mg g^-1）, and the shorts had 28.48 mg g^-1. The B5 break flour had a higher phytic acid content （4.8 mg g^-1） than the B7 （2.75 mg g^-1） and B8 （2.03 mg g^-1） reduction flours. Lower values were found in the B3, B6 and B7 flours （1.07, 0.79, and 0.76 mg g^-1, respectively）. The phytic acid contents of bran decreased with smaller bran sizes, ranging from 54 to 5.09 mg g^-1.展开更多
Objective To compare the bacterioplankton communities in streams exposed to pollution of different types. Methods The bacterioplankton communities in three selected heavily polluted streams were investigated by using ...Objective To compare the bacterioplankton communities in streams exposed to pollution of different types. Methods The bacterioplankton communities in three selected heavily polluted streams were investigated by using terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism （T‐RFLP） analysis in combination with 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. Results Both T‐RFLP and 16S rRNA gene clone library revealed a great difference in bacterioplankton community composition in the different streams. Conclusion This work might provide some new insights into bioremediation of heavily polluted streams.展开更多
文摘Over 100 reaches of perennial streams(PS) and non-perennial streams(NPS) were classified based on the Rosgen stream classification. NPS were mainly type B(39%), characterized by moderate entrenchment and low sinuosity. The remainder were almost equally split between three different classes, highlighting the morphological diversity of NPS. Fiftynine percent of PS belonged to type C;such streams are slightly entrenched, less sinuous and have a sequential riffle-pool configuration. Surface particles were significantly coarser than the subsurface in both stream types in thalweg and low flow areas, whereas in NPS, this was prominent, showing 4-5 times more armoring than PS. Even though the NPS had a significantly coarser surface sediment layer than PS in thalweg and low flow areas, its subsurface sediment showed similar particle sizes to PS;this is an indication of surface armoring and provision of more infiltration of fine particles in NPS. A two-year return period flow event did not result in a change of the cross-section profiles. In both stream types, the horizontal force required to uproot herbaceous vegetation with unexposed roots under moist conditions manually was higher than the tractive force at high flows;however, at bankfull flows, it was lower. Also, the uprooting force in PS was lower than that of NPS, indicating that NPS banks are more stable, and numerical analyses showed they are stable under the self-weight.
基金supported by the National Language Commission to research on sign language data specifications for artificial intelligence applications and test standards for language service translation systems (No.ZDI145-70)。
文摘Sign language dataset is essential in sign language recognition and translation(SLRT). Current public sign language datasets are small and lack diversity, which does not meet the practical application requirements for SLRT. However, making a large-scale and diverse sign language dataset is difficult as sign language data on the Internet is scarce. In making a large-scale and diverse sign language dataset, some sign language data qualities are not up to standard. This paper proposes a two information streams transformer(TIST) model to judge whether the quality of sign language data is qualified. To verify that TIST effectively improves sign language recognition(SLR), we make two datasets, the screened dataset and the unscreened dataset. In this experiment, this paper uses visual alignment constraint(VAC) as the baseline model. The experimental results show that the screened dataset can achieve better word error rate(WER) than the unscreened dataset.
文摘Cryogenic block streams consist of a stream of rocks superficially resembling a stream deposit but lacking a matrix, usually occurring on a valley or gully floor or on slopes that are less steep than the maximum angle of repose of coarse sediments. They are usually formed on perennially frozen ground, but can also occur as relict landforms. There are three main active kinds forming today, viz., Siberian and Tibetan dynamic rock streams and lag block streams. During their formation, the blocks in the active Siberian and Tibetan dynamic block streams move downslope at up to 1 rn/a. They are forming today on the Tibetan Plateau and in the more arid parts of south-central Siberia, although the processes involved in the movement are different. In the case of the Tibetan type, individual blocks slide downslope over the substrate in winter on an icy coating in areas of minimal winter precipitation. The Siberian type develops in areas of 15-80 cm of winter snow cover and an MAAT （mean annual air temperature） of-4 ~C to -17 ~C. The movement is due to creep of snow and ice and collapse of the blocks downslope during thawing. Lag block streams are formed by meltwater flowing over the surface of sediment consisting primarily of larger blocks with a limited amount of interstitial sediment. The erosion of the matrix is primarily in the spring in areas of higher winter precipitation on 10^-30~ slopes. The blocks remain stationary, but the interstitial sediment is washed out by strong seasonal flows of meltwater or rain to form an alluvial fan. The boulders undergo weathering and become more rounded in the process. Lag block streams can also develop without the presence of permafrost in areas with cold climates or glaciers. Block streams also occur as relict deposits in older deposits under various climatic regimes that are unsuitable for their formation today. An example of relict lag block streams with subangular to subrounded blocks occurs in gullies on the forested mountainsides at Felsen in Germany, and is the original ＂felsenmeer＂. Similar examples occur near Vitosha Mountain in Bulgaria. The ＂stone runs＂ in the Falkland Islands are examples of the more angular relict lag block streams. In both Tasmania and the Falkland Islands, they mask a more complex history, the underlying soils indicating periods of tropical and temperate soil formation resulting from weathering during and since the Tertiary Period. Block streams have also been reported from beneath cold-based glaciers in Sweden, and below till in Canada, and when ex- humed, can continue to develop.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61931011)the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program,China(No.BE2021013-4)the Fundamental Research Project in University Characteristic Disciplines,China(No.ILF240071A24)。
文摘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)coupled with deep learning such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)have been widely applied across numerous domains,including agriculture,smart city monitoring,and fire rescue operations,owing to their malleability and versatility.However,the computation-intensive and latency-sensitive natures of CNNs present a formidable obstacle to their deployment on resource-constrained UAVs.Some early studies have explored a hybrid approach that dynamically switches between lightweight and complex models to balance accuracy and latency.However,they often overlook scenarios involving multiple concurrent CNN streams,where competition for resources between streams can substantially impact latency and overall system performance.In this paper,we first investigate the deployment of both lightweight and complex models for multiple CNN streams in UAV swarm.Specifically,we formulate an optimization problem to minimize the total latency across multiple CNN streams,under the constraints on UAV memory and the accuracy requirement of each stream.To address this problem,we propose an algorithm called Adaptive Model Switching of collaborative inference for MultiCNN streams(AMSM)to identify the inference strategy with a low latency.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AMSM algorithm consistently achieves the lowest latency while meeting the accuracy requirements compared to benchmark algorithms.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60673060)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK2005047)
文摘A new algorithm for clustering multiple data streams is proposed.The algorithm can effectively cluster data streams which show similar behavior with some unknown time delays.The algorithm uses the autoregressive （AR） modeling technique to measure correlations between data streams.It exploits estimated frequencies spectra to extract the essential features of streams.Each stream is represented as the sum of spectral components and the correlation is measured component-wise.Each spectral component is described by four parameters,namely,amplitude,phase,damping rate and frequency.The ε-lag-correlation between two spectral components is calculated.The algorithm uses such information as similarity measures in clustering data streams.Based on a sliding window model,the algorithm can continuously report the most recent clustering results and adjust the number of clusters.Experiments on real and synthetic streams show that the proposed clustering method has a higher speed and clustering quality than other similar methods.
基金The High Technology Research Plan of Jiangsu Prov-ince (No.BG2004034)the Foundation of Graduate Creative Program ofJiangsu Province (No.xm04-36).
文摘A novel data streams partitioning method is proposed to resolve problems of range-aggregation continuous queries over parallel streams for power industry.The first step of this method is to parallel sample the data,which is implemented as an extended reservoir-sampling algorithm.A skip factor based on the change ratio of data-values is introduced to describe the distribution characteristics of data-values adaptively.The second step of this method is to partition the fluxes of data streams averagely,which is implemented with two alternative equal-depth histogram generating algorithms that fit the different cases：one for incremental maintenance based on heuristics and the other for periodical updates to generate an approximate partition vector.The experimental results on actual data prove that the method is efficient,practical and suitable for time-varying data streams processing.
基金funded by the Research Grants Council Fund of Hong Kong(Project number:Poly U152161/14E)Environment and Conservation Fund,Hong Kong(Project number:39/2011)。
文摘Ephemeral and perennial streams of mountainous catchments in Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka and Hong Kong of China were studied for two years on vegetation dynamics.Each year,sampling was conducted during a period when ephemeral streams had low surface flows.Sampling was realized contiguously using belt transects.The standing crop biomass(hereafter biomass)of herbaceous vegetation in ephemeral channels was comparatively lower than perennials and so was the herb diversity.Herb diversity showed a peak from 1.5 to 4.5 m from the centerline/thalweg of ephemeral and perennial streams.Out of 24 herbs,only three were common for both.A peak herb biomass zone was observed in perennials in the same region where diversity peaked.In ephemerals,herb biomass increased laterally up to^1.5 m,and was constant thereafter.Seedling experiment results tallied with the field diversity observations of both stream types,and suggested that seed dispersion was the main reason for herb colonization.Furthermore,it showed sapling emergence to be significantly higher in perennials than ephemerals.Return period of annual maximum monthly rainfall was a strong indicator of age of trees in ephemeral streams,and elucidated the possibility of hindcasting past flow episodes.Electrical conductivity was significantly high in ephemeral streams among all the water quality parameters.The contents of the water nutrients were approximately the same in both stream types.While recommending further studies on eco-hydrology of ephemerals,we recognize ephemeral streams to be valuable references in climate change studies due to their responsiveness and representativeness in long term hydrological changes.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No60973023,60603040)the Natural Science Foundation of Southeast University(NoKJ2009362)
文摘In order to avoid the redundant and inconsistent information in distributed data streams, a sampling method based on min-wise hash functions is designed and the practical semantics of the union of distributed data streams is defined. First, for each family of min-wise hash functions, the data with the minimum hash value are selected as local samples and the biased effect caused by frequent updates in a single data stream is filtered out. Secondly, for the same hash function, the sample with the minimum hash value is selected as the global sample and the local samples are combined at the center node to filter out the biased effect of duplicated updates. Finally, based on the obtained uniform samples, several aggregations on the defined semantics of the union of data streams are precisely estimated. The results of comparison tests on synthetic and real-life data streams demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.
基金support was provided bythe National Basic Research Program of China (973Program, 2009CB118301)the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of ChinaNational High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program, 2006AA10Z1E9)
文摘The phytic acid contents of eight fractions of wheat flours from different mill streams and those in wheat brans, which were separated by different sieves into various sizes, were determined and analyzed. A rapid method for phytic acid assay by adding thioglycolic acid （mercapto acetic acid） with 2,2-bipyridine was used, with an acidic iron-Ⅲ-solution of known iron content. The amount ofphytate was indicated by the decrease in iron in the supernatant. Significant differences were observed in phytic acid content among different milling streams and different cultivars （P〈0.05）. On an average, coarse bran had the highest phytic acid content （53.85 mg g^-1）, and the shorts had 28.48 mg g^-1. The B5 break flour had a higher phytic acid content （4.8 mg g^-1） than the B7 （2.75 mg g^-1） and B8 （2.03 mg g^-1） reduction flours. Lower values were found in the B3, B6 and B7 flours （1.07, 0.79, and 0.76 mg g^-1, respectively）. The phytic acid contents of bran decreased with smaller bran sizes, ranging from 54 to 5.09 mg g^-1.
基金supported by the Research Fund from China Priority Scientific Research Project for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No. 2008ZX07526‐001‐004)
文摘Objective To compare the bacterioplankton communities in streams exposed to pollution of different types. Methods The bacterioplankton communities in three selected heavily polluted streams were investigated by using terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism （T‐RFLP） analysis in combination with 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. Results Both T‐RFLP and 16S rRNA gene clone library revealed a great difference in bacterioplankton community composition in the different streams. Conclusion This work might provide some new insights into bioremediation of heavily polluted streams.
