The basic parameters involved in current start-wave theoretical models such as density and velocity are difficult to obtain through traditional traffic detection devices. Thus it is hard to apply these theoretical mod...The basic parameters involved in current start-wave theoretical models such as density and velocity are difficult to obtain through traditional traffic detection devices. Thus it is hard to apply these theoretical models to the actual verification and prediction for real situation. Unmanned aerial vehicle( UAV),which can shoot aerial video and identify vehicles, roads and other objects, is introduced in this study as a new type of traffic information collection method to gather the real-time data of the necessary parameters. An improved start-wave velocity model is proposed,where the speed and density of traffic flow are converted into vehicle space headway,mean vehicle length and other auxiliary parameters which can be recognized from aerial video or other means. A UAV was used for video shooting at intersections in a flight experiment in order to verify the accuracy of the calculated start-wave velocity.The mean absolute error rate between the calculated velocity and the actual velocity is 2. 277%. Moreover, the improved start-wave velocity model showed much better accuracy than the traditional start-wave velocity model. The results indicate that the improved model is accurate enough to be used for model calibration and validation in signal timing optimization.展开更多
脉动热管是一种结构简单、传热性能突出的新型传热元件,由于运行过程涉及沸腾与冷凝及两相流动,传热及流动机理复杂,因此目前对其运行过程的相关数值模拟尚不成熟。本文采用VOF（volume of fluid）模型,考虑表面张力和壁面接触角的影响...脉动热管是一种结构简单、传热性能突出的新型传热元件,由于运行过程涉及沸腾与冷凝及两相流动,传热及流动机理复杂,因此目前对其运行过程的相关数值模拟尚不成熟。本文采用VOF（volume of fluid）模型,考虑表面张力和壁面接触角的影响,采用数值模拟软件对单环路脉动热管的流动及传热特性进行了研究。数值模拟中,单环路脉动热管的充液率为40%～60%,热端加热功率为10～40W,探讨了热管蒸发段与冷凝段长度比对热管启动及换热性能的影响,并分析了脉动热管运行时流型特征。结果表明：随蒸发段和冷凝段长度比值增大,脉动热管启动时间缩短,且换热性能有一定提高;但在低充液率时,容易出现＂干烧＂现象。在低加热功率时,脉动热管的启动方式为温度突变式;而在高加热功率时,其启动方式为温度渐变式。此外,通过蒸发段的温度振荡特征可以确定脉动热管的启动时间。展开更多
草地广泛分布于干旱区和半干旱区,对季节性气候变化的响应十分敏感,但目前针对草地物候对季节性气候变化响应的研究仍较为薄弱。文章以内蒙古为例,基于不同草地类型的NDVI数据,辅以动态阈值、趋势分析和偏相关方法研究了2001—2020年草...草地广泛分布于干旱区和半干旱区,对季节性气候变化的响应十分敏感,但目前针对草地物候对季节性气候变化响应的研究仍较为薄弱。文章以内蒙古为例,基于不同草地类型的NDVI数据,辅以动态阈值、趋势分析和偏相关方法研究了2001—2020年草地物候时空动态、变化趋势及其随海拔梯度、气温和降水变化特征。结果表明内蒙古地区:(1)随纬度、海拔升高,草地生长季始期(start of growing season,SOS)逐渐推迟,生长季末期(end of growing season,EOS)缓慢推迟,生长季长度(length of growing season,LOS)呈不规律性变化趋势。(2)SOS集中在4月上旬到5月下旬,71.3%呈显著提前趋势,速率为0~2.0 d/a。EOS集中在9月下旬到10月中旬,69.98%呈推迟趋势。LOS持续在110~230 d,50.31%呈变长趋势。(3)在海拔500~2500 m的区域,随海拔上升,SOS推迟、EOS提前、LOS延长。(4)SOS与夏、秋、冬的气温为显著负相关关系,与春、秋、冬降水为显著负相关关系,与春季气温和夏季降水呈显著的正相关关系。EOS与春、夏、秋降水以不显著负相关性为主,与冬季降水以不显著正相关为主,与四季气温以负相关关系为主。LOS与春、夏、冬气温以负相关为主,秋季气温与LOS的正负相关参半。以上研究结果对内蒙古草地生长监测和应对气候异常提出保护策略、制定行之有效的防灾减灾措施、构建稳定的生态屏障具有指导意义。展开更多
基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2009AA11Z220)
文摘The basic parameters involved in current start-wave theoretical models such as density and velocity are difficult to obtain through traditional traffic detection devices. Thus it is hard to apply these theoretical models to the actual verification and prediction for real situation. Unmanned aerial vehicle( UAV),which can shoot aerial video and identify vehicles, roads and other objects, is introduced in this study as a new type of traffic information collection method to gather the real-time data of the necessary parameters. An improved start-wave velocity model is proposed,where the speed and density of traffic flow are converted into vehicle space headway,mean vehicle length and other auxiliary parameters which can be recognized from aerial video or other means. A UAV was used for video shooting at intersections in a flight experiment in order to verify the accuracy of the calculated start-wave velocity.The mean absolute error rate between the calculated velocity and the actual velocity is 2. 277%. Moreover, the improved start-wave velocity model showed much better accuracy than the traditional start-wave velocity model. The results indicate that the improved model is accurate enough to be used for model calibration and validation in signal timing optimization.
文摘脉动热管是一种结构简单、传热性能突出的新型传热元件,由于运行过程涉及沸腾与冷凝及两相流动,传热及流动机理复杂,因此目前对其运行过程的相关数值模拟尚不成熟。本文采用VOF（volume of fluid）模型,考虑表面张力和壁面接触角的影响,采用数值模拟软件对单环路脉动热管的流动及传热特性进行了研究。数值模拟中,单环路脉动热管的充液率为40%～60%,热端加热功率为10～40W,探讨了热管蒸发段与冷凝段长度比对热管启动及换热性能的影响,并分析了脉动热管运行时流型特征。结果表明：随蒸发段和冷凝段长度比值增大,脉动热管启动时间缩短,且换热性能有一定提高;但在低充液率时,容易出现＂干烧＂现象。在低加热功率时,脉动热管的启动方式为温度突变式;而在高加热功率时,其启动方式为温度渐变式。此外,通过蒸发段的温度振荡特征可以确定脉动热管的启动时间。
文摘草地广泛分布于干旱区和半干旱区,对季节性气候变化的响应十分敏感,但目前针对草地物候对季节性气候变化响应的研究仍较为薄弱。文章以内蒙古为例,基于不同草地类型的NDVI数据,辅以动态阈值、趋势分析和偏相关方法研究了2001—2020年草地物候时空动态、变化趋势及其随海拔梯度、气温和降水变化特征。结果表明内蒙古地区:(1)随纬度、海拔升高,草地生长季始期(start of growing season,SOS)逐渐推迟,生长季末期(end of growing season,EOS)缓慢推迟,生长季长度(length of growing season,LOS)呈不规律性变化趋势。(2)SOS集中在4月上旬到5月下旬,71.3%呈显著提前趋势,速率为0~2.0 d/a。EOS集中在9月下旬到10月中旬,69.98%呈推迟趋势。LOS持续在110~230 d,50.31%呈变长趋势。(3)在海拔500~2500 m的区域,随海拔上升,SOS推迟、EOS提前、LOS延长。(4)SOS与夏、秋、冬的气温为显著负相关关系,与春、秋、冬降水为显著负相关关系,与春季气温和夏季降水呈显著的正相关关系。EOS与春、夏、秋降水以不显著负相关性为主,与冬季降水以不显著正相关为主,与四季气温以负相关关系为主。LOS与春、夏、冬气温以负相关为主,秋季气温与LOS的正负相关参半。以上研究结果对内蒙古草地生长监测和应对气候异常提出保护策略、制定行之有效的防灾减灾措施、构建稳定的生态屏障具有指导意义。
