Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to...Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to cereal production worldwide.A number of PHS-associated genes in cereals have been reported;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying PHS remain largely elusive.Here,we report a CRISPRCas9 mutant with severe PHS in a paddy field.The mutated gene OsMFT2 encodes a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(PEBP).Intriguingly,the OsMFT1,in the same PEBP family,had the opposite effect in controlling rice PHS as does OsMFT2.Germination tests of seeds of chimeric protein-expressing plants revealed that the fourth exon conferred the antagonistic activity of OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 in rice PHS.Additionally,two lines of these plants showed elevated grain numbers per panicle,implying that chimeric protein has potential to significantly increase yield.Moreover,transcriptome analysis and genetic studies indicated that OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 performed opposing functions in rice PHS owing to three co-regulated genes that being contrastingly affected by OsMFT1 and OsMFT2.Overall,it seemed that the proper combination of PEBP family members could obtain optimal PHS resistance and high yield.展开更多
Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global ...Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global cereal crops(Li et al.,2019).With the global population increasing and the frequency of natural disasters rising,enhancing wheat yield is crucial to meet food demand.Spike traits such as increased grain number per spike are key determinants of wheat yield.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a significant natural disaster that severely impacts grain yield and end-use quality of wheat(Tai et al.,2021,2024).展开更多
Using seed sowing cultivation method, the four-season soilless cultivation of the sprouting seedlings of Toona sinensis was carried out with different germination accelerating treatments, cultivation substrates, culti...Using seed sowing cultivation method, the four-season soilless cultivation of the sprouting seedlings of Toona sinensis was carried out with different germination accelerating treatments, cultivation substrates, cultivation environment and management technologies by using the corresponding treatment methods in different seasons, so as to produce the sprouting vegetable products of T. sinensis which was not restricted by seasons. The test results showed that using the mixed substrate of pedite and vermiculite in winter and spring can keep moisture but not too high, and the produced sprout vegetable had good quality and high yield.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart.）Griseb.[Method] Effects of fragmentation intensity of fresh roots and their bu...[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart.）Griseb.[Method] Effects of fragmentation intensity of fresh roots and their burial depth on sprouting and early growth of A.philoxeroides were studied by control test.[Result] More sprouts of A.philoxeroides emerged when the fragmentation intensity of fresh roots was higher,while if the fragmentation intensity of fresh roots was lower,the early growth of A.philoxeroides was more rapid.The soil buried depth had significant effect on fresh root sprouts＇ emergence,but once fresh root sprouts could reach the soil surface and were given enough growth time,even if the fresh roots were buried in different depths,soil buried depth had no significant effect on its young plant growth.[Conclusion] If different fragmentation intensities of fresh roots present,there is a kind of trade-off strategy between root sprouts＇ emergence and plant＇ early growth,by which A.philoxeroides can invade new habitat successfully.To control the invasion of A.philoxeroides,it is critical to prevent its fresh root sprouts from emerging to soil surface,that is,to bury the fresh roots at a further soil depth.展开更多
四川麦区属于我国西南最重要的早熟冬麦区,单位面积有效穗数(或穗容量或单株有效分蘖)成为该麦区产量进一步提升的关键。来自湖北当阳的小麦农家种“孝感麦”具有稳定的条锈病、穗发芽抗性及多有效分蘖、多花多实等突出特点,已成为当前...四川麦区属于我国西南最重要的早熟冬麦区,单位面积有效穗数(或穗容量或单株有效分蘖)成为该麦区产量进一步提升的关键。来自湖北当阳的小麦农家种“孝感麦”具有稳定的条锈病、穗发芽抗性及多有效分蘖、多花多实等突出特点,已成为当前四川麦区小麦种质改良和创新的潜在重要基因源。在产量构成因子中,单位面积有效穗数低成为当前限制小麦品系蜀麦753产量提升的关键因子。为实现蜀麦753的产量突破与结构模式优化及产量与抗病、耐逆协同改良,本研究以多有效分蘖兼具强抗穗发芽特性且携带成株期条锈病抗性基因的小麦农家种“孝感麦”为供体、以携带全生育期条锈病抗性基因且综合性状良好的育成品系蜀麦753为受体,通过杂交、回交及连续多代自交并结合育种目标性状“分段式”选育技术,选育获得了178个蜀麦753/孝感麦育种应用高代稳定品系,旨在提升有效分蘖数量与穗容量的同时转育和聚合抗条锈病和穗发芽基因位点。表型鉴定结果表明,受体亲本蜀麦753的有效分蘖、穗粒数和小穗数改良效果显著,所有高世代品系有效分蘖均高于受体亲本,仅有4个品系小穗数低于受体亲本,平均穗粒数超过70粒。对产量相关性状进行相关性和通径分析发现,供试品系群体中有效分蘖数量与产量呈极显著正相关,表明利用“孝感麦”对蜀麦753的穗容量(或有效穗、单位面积穗数)进行遗传改良对提升产量性状具有显著效果。结合表型和基因型鉴定,获得了2份产量潜力超过8250 kg hm^(-2)的突破性新品系。结合条锈病和穗发芽基因型分析,从供试品系中筛选出1份携带Yr18+Yr24/26+Yr15且对条锈病具有广谱抗性和9份携带TaMyb10抗穗发芽等位基因的优异新品系。本研究表明,通过育种目标性状“分段式”选育技术为利用小麦农家种“孝感麦”改变四川麦区小麦新品系“蜀麦753”的产量结构、实现产量与抗病耐逆协同改良提供了有效技术方案。展开更多
Nervous system disorders are prevalent health issues that will only continue to increase in frequency as the population ages.Dying-back axonopathy is a hallmark of many neurologic diseases and leads to axonal disconne...Nervous system disorders are prevalent health issues that will only continue to increase in frequency as the population ages.Dying-back axonopathy is a hallmark of many neurologic diseases and leads to axonal disconnection from their targets,which in turn leads to functional impairment.During the course of many of neurologic diseases,axons can regenerate or sprout in an attempt to reconnect with the target and restore synapse function.In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),distal motor axons retract from neuromuscular junctions early in the disease-course before significant motor neuron death.There is evidence of compensatory motor axon sprouting and reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions in ALS that is usually quickly overtaken by the disease course.Potential drugs that enhance compensatory sprouting and encourage reinnervation may slow symptom progression and retain muscle function for a longer period of time in ALS and in other diseases that exhibit dying-back axonopathy.There remain many outstanding questions as to the impact of distinct disease-causing mutations on axonal outgrowth and regeneration,especially in regards to motor neurons derived from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.Compartmentalized microfluidic chambers are powerful tools for studying the distal axons of human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived motor neurons,and have recently been used to demonstrate striking regeneration defects in human motor neurons harboring ALS disease-causing mutations.Modeling the human neuromuscular circuit with human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived motor neurons will be critical for developing drugs that enhance axonal regeneration,sprouting,and reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions.In this review we will discuss compensatory axonal sprouting as a potential therapeutic target for ALS,and the use of compartmentalized microfluidic devices to find drugs that enhance regeneration and axonal sprouting of motor axons.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172059)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SWUXDJH202315).
文摘Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to cereal production worldwide.A number of PHS-associated genes in cereals have been reported;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying PHS remain largely elusive.Here,we report a CRISPRCas9 mutant with severe PHS in a paddy field.The mutated gene OsMFT2 encodes a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(PEBP).Intriguingly,the OsMFT1,in the same PEBP family,had the opposite effect in controlling rice PHS as does OsMFT2.Germination tests of seeds of chimeric protein-expressing plants revealed that the fourth exon conferred the antagonistic activity of OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 in rice PHS.Additionally,two lines of these plants showed elevated grain numbers per panicle,implying that chimeric protein has potential to significantly increase yield.Moreover,transcriptome analysis and genetic studies indicated that OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 performed opposing functions in rice PHS owing to three co-regulated genes that being contrastingly affected by OsMFT1 and OsMFT2.Overall,it seemed that the proper combination of PEBP family members could obtain optimal PHS resistance and high yield.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200403 and 2023YFF1000600)the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global cereal crops(Li et al.,2019).With the global population increasing and the frequency of natural disasters rising,enhancing wheat yield is crucial to meet food demand.Spike traits such as increased grain number per spike are key determinants of wheat yield.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a significant natural disaster that severely impacts grain yield and end-use quality of wheat(Tai et al.,2021,2024).
文摘Using seed sowing cultivation method, the four-season soilless cultivation of the sprouting seedlings of Toona sinensis was carried out with different germination accelerating treatments, cultivation substrates, cultivation environment and management technologies by using the corresponding treatment methods in different seasons, so as to produce the sprouting vegetable products of T. sinensis which was not restricted by seasons. The test results showed that using the mixed substrate of pedite and vermiculite in winter and spring can keep moisture but not too high, and the produced sprout vegetable had good quality and high yield.
基金Supported by Program from Hubei Education Department(Z200512002)Outstanding Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team Plan Project of Yangtze University~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart.）Griseb.[Method] Effects of fragmentation intensity of fresh roots and their burial depth on sprouting and early growth of A.philoxeroides were studied by control test.[Result] More sprouts of A.philoxeroides emerged when the fragmentation intensity of fresh roots was higher,while if the fragmentation intensity of fresh roots was lower,the early growth of A.philoxeroides was more rapid.The soil buried depth had significant effect on fresh root sprouts＇ emergence,but once fresh root sprouts could reach the soil surface and were given enough growth time,even if the fresh roots were buried in different depths,soil buried depth had no significant effect on its young plant growth.[Conclusion] If different fragmentation intensities of fresh roots present,there is a kind of trade-off strategy between root sprouts＇ emergence and plant＇ early growth,by which A.philoxeroides can invade new habitat successfully.To control the invasion of A.philoxeroides,it is critical to prevent its fresh root sprouts from emerging to soil surface,that is,to bury the fresh roots at a further soil depth.
文摘四川麦区属于我国西南最重要的早熟冬麦区,单位面积有效穗数(或穗容量或单株有效分蘖)成为该麦区产量进一步提升的关键。来自湖北当阳的小麦农家种“孝感麦”具有稳定的条锈病、穗发芽抗性及多有效分蘖、多花多实等突出特点,已成为当前四川麦区小麦种质改良和创新的潜在重要基因源。在产量构成因子中,单位面积有效穗数低成为当前限制小麦品系蜀麦753产量提升的关键因子。为实现蜀麦753的产量突破与结构模式优化及产量与抗病、耐逆协同改良,本研究以多有效分蘖兼具强抗穗发芽特性且携带成株期条锈病抗性基因的小麦农家种“孝感麦”为供体、以携带全生育期条锈病抗性基因且综合性状良好的育成品系蜀麦753为受体,通过杂交、回交及连续多代自交并结合育种目标性状“分段式”选育技术,选育获得了178个蜀麦753/孝感麦育种应用高代稳定品系,旨在提升有效分蘖数量与穗容量的同时转育和聚合抗条锈病和穗发芽基因位点。表型鉴定结果表明,受体亲本蜀麦753的有效分蘖、穗粒数和小穗数改良效果显著,所有高世代品系有效分蘖均高于受体亲本,仅有4个品系小穗数低于受体亲本,平均穗粒数超过70粒。对产量相关性状进行相关性和通径分析发现,供试品系群体中有效分蘖数量与产量呈极显著正相关,表明利用“孝感麦”对蜀麦753的穗容量(或有效穗、单位面积穗数)进行遗传改良对提升产量性状具有显著效果。结合表型和基因型鉴定,获得了2份产量潜力超过8250 kg hm^(-2)的突破性新品系。结合条锈病和穗发芽基因型分析,从供试品系中筛选出1份携带Yr18+Yr24/26+Yr15且对条锈病具有广谱抗性和9份携带TaMyb10抗穗发芽等位基因的优异新品系。本研究表明,通过育种目标性状“分段式”选育技术为利用小麦农家种“孝感麦”改变四川麦区小麦新品系“蜀麦753”的产量结构、实现产量与抗病耐逆协同改良提供了有效技术方案。
基金This work was supported by the Muscular Dystrophy Association,No.W81XWH1910229(to MHF)from Department of Defense’s Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program,and Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund,No.2019-MSCRFD-5093(to MHF).
文摘Nervous system disorders are prevalent health issues that will only continue to increase in frequency as the population ages.Dying-back axonopathy is a hallmark of many neurologic diseases and leads to axonal disconnection from their targets,which in turn leads to functional impairment.During the course of many of neurologic diseases,axons can regenerate or sprout in an attempt to reconnect with the target and restore synapse function.In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),distal motor axons retract from neuromuscular junctions early in the disease-course before significant motor neuron death.There is evidence of compensatory motor axon sprouting and reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions in ALS that is usually quickly overtaken by the disease course.Potential drugs that enhance compensatory sprouting and encourage reinnervation may slow symptom progression and retain muscle function for a longer period of time in ALS and in other diseases that exhibit dying-back axonopathy.There remain many outstanding questions as to the impact of distinct disease-causing mutations on axonal outgrowth and regeneration,especially in regards to motor neurons derived from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.Compartmentalized microfluidic chambers are powerful tools for studying the distal axons of human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived motor neurons,and have recently been used to demonstrate striking regeneration defects in human motor neurons harboring ALS disease-causing mutations.Modeling the human neuromuscular circuit with human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived motor neurons will be critical for developing drugs that enhance axonal regeneration,sprouting,and reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions.In this review we will discuss compensatory axonal sprouting as a potential therapeutic target for ALS,and the use of compartmentalized microfluidic devices to find drugs that enhance regeneration and axonal sprouting of motor axons.
