This paper takes Zoomlion （Changsha Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd） as an example and illustrates the reasons why traditional theories of stock dividends and stock splits cannot ...This paper takes Zoomlion （Changsha Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd） as an example and illustrates the reasons why traditional theories of stock dividends and stock splits cannot rationally explain the large stock dividend and stock split behavior among Chinese listed companies. The paper offers the following points after analyzing the current situation of China＇s capital market： As many investors seek after the stocks with large stock dividends and stock splits and form a ＂herd effect＂, it greatly pushes up the price of these stocks. Thus, companies＇ managers can cater these investors＇ irrational behavior, and help their companies get more funds from secondary equity offerings, or help their large shareholders and institutional investors to obtain more returns after lifting the sell restriction on their shares.展开更多
The paper first analyzes price change due to stock splits in Chinese stock markets,which shows stock prices typically go up for stock splits.Then theoretical analyses based on risk theory are presented to explain the ...The paper first analyzes price change due to stock splits in Chinese stock markets,which shows stock prices typically go up for stock splits.Then theoretical analyses based on risk theory are presented to explain the reason,where the method comes from a new perspective and obtained theoretical conclusions show that stock splits typically make stock price go up if risk-compensation function is convex,and go down if risk-compensation function is concave.Stock prices typically go up for stock splits because risk-compensation functions are mainly convex.The obtained conclusions are consistent with the known results in the last three decades.展开更多
Green hydrogen from water splitting has emerged as a critical energy vector with the potential to spearhead the global transition to a fossil fuel-independent society.The field of catalysis has been revolutionized by ...Green hydrogen from water splitting has emerged as a critical energy vector with the potential to spearhead the global transition to a fossil fuel-independent society.The field of catalysis has been revolutionized by single-atom catalysts(SACs),which exhibit unique and intricate interactions between atomically dispersed metal atoms and their supports.Recently,bimetallic SACs(bimSACs)have garnered significant attention for leveraging the synergistic functions of two metal ions coordinated on appropriately designed supports.BimSACs offer an avenue for rich metal–metal and metal–support cooperativity,potentially addressing current limitations of SACs in effectively furnishing transformations which involve synchronous proton–electron exchanges,substrate activation with reversible redox cycles,simultaneous multi-electron transfer,regulation of spin states,tuning of electronic properties,and cyclic transition states with low activation energies.This review aims to encapsulate the growing advancements in bimSACs,with an emphasis on their pivotal role in hydrogen generation via water splitting.We subsequently delve into advanced experimental methodologies for the elaborate characterization of SACs,elucidate their electronic properties,and discuss their local coordination environment.Overall,we present comprehensive discussion on the deployment of bimSACs in both hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,the two half-reactions of the water electrolysis process.展开更多
近年来,PRSM成为了处理具有线性约束的两部分可分凸优化问题的一个热门研究方向。本研究聚焦于目标函数由三个解耦变量函数之和构成的可分凸优化问题。单纯地运用PRSM可能无法保证其收敛性。因此,我们引入了一种带有惯性项和临近项的严...近年来,PRSM成为了处理具有线性约束的两部分可分凸优化问题的一个热门研究方向。本研究聚焦于目标函数由三个解耦变量函数之和构成的可分凸优化问题。单纯地运用PRSM可能无法保证其收敛性。因此,我们引入了一种带有惯性项和临近项的严格收缩PRSM。借助变分不等式、临近点算法以及基本不等式,我们对所提出的方法进行了全局收敛性的分析。此外,我们将这种新方法应用于鲁棒主成分分析(PCA)问题的求解,并提供了一些初步的数值结果,用以展示该方法的可行性和有效性。In recent years, PRSM has become a popular research direction for dealing with two-block separable convex optimization problems with linear constraints. This study focuses on separable convex optimization problems where the objective function is composed of the sum of three decoupled variable functions. Simply applying the PRSM may not guarantee its convergence. Therefore, we introduce a strictly contractive PRSM with inertial and proximal terms. By means of variational inequalities, the proximal point algorithm, and fundamental inequalities, we have analyzed the global convergence of the proposed method. In addition, we applied this new method to the solution of the Robust Principal Component Analysis (PCA) problem and provided some preliminary numerical results to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.展开更多
The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use e...The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.展开更多
This study presents a novel method to fabricate metal-decorated,sulfur-doped layered double hydroxides(M/SLDH)through spontaneous redox and sulfurization processes.The developed Ag/SLDH and Pt/SLDH catalysts with abun...This study presents a novel method to fabricate metal-decorated,sulfur-doped layered double hydroxides(M/SLDH)through spontaneous redox and sulfurization processes.The developed Ag/SLDH and Pt/SLDH catalysts with abundant heterogeneous interfaces and hierarchical nanostructures demonstrated outstanding oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance,achieving low overpotentials of 212 and 35 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M KOH,respectively.As both anode and cathode in water splitting,they required only 1.47 V to reach 10 mA cm^(-2)and exhibited high structural robustness,maintaining stability at 1000 mA cm^(-2)for 300 h.In-situ Raman analysis revealed that the synergistic effects of metal nanoparticles and S doping significantly promote the transformation into the S-Co1-xFexOOH layer,which serves as the active phase for water oxidation.Additionally,ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS)and density functional theory(DFT)analyses indicated that incorporating metal nanoparticles and S doping increase electron density near the Fermi level and reduce reaction energy barriers,thus enhancing intrinsic OER and HER activities.This study provides a scalable strategy for synthesizing high-performance electrocatalysts for water splitting,with promising potential for broader applications.展开更多
The stability and electrocatalytic efficiency of transition metal oxides for water splitting is determined by geometric and electronic structure,especially under high current densities.Herein,a newly designed lamella-...The stability and electrocatalytic efficiency of transition metal oxides for water splitting is determined by geometric and electronic structure,especially under high current densities.Herein,a newly designed lamella-heterostructured nanoporous CoFe/CoFe_(2)O_(4) and CeO_(2−x),in situ grown on nickel foam(NF),holds great promise as a high-efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst(named R-CoFe/Ce/NF)for water splitting.Experimental characterization verifies surface reconstruction from CoFe alloy/oxide to highly active CoFeOOH during in situ electrochemical polarization.By virtues of three-dimensional nanoporous architecture and abundant electroactive CoFeOOH/CeO_(2−x) heterostructure interfaces,the R-CoFe/Ce/NF electrode achieves low overpotentials for oxygen evolution(η_(10)=227 mV;η_(500)=450 mV)and hydrogen evolution(η_(10)=35 mV;η_(408)=560 mV)reactions with high normalized electrochemical active surface areas,respectively.Additionally,the alkaline full water splitting electrolyzer of R-CoFe/Ce/NF||R-CoFe/Ce/NF achieves a current density of 50 mA·cm^(−2) only at 1.75 V;the decline of activity is satisfactory after 100-h durability test at 300 mA·cm^(−2).Density functional theory also demonstrates that the electron can transfer from CeO_(2−x) by virtue of O atom to CoFeOOH at CoFeOOH/CeO_(2−x) heterointerfaces and enhancing the adsorption of reactant,thus optimizing electronic structure and Gibbs free energies for the improvement of the activity for water splitting.展开更多
Direct seawater splitting has emerged as a popular and promising research direction for synthesising clean,green,non-polluting,and sustainable hydrogen energy without depending on high-purity water in the face of the ...Direct seawater splitting has emerged as a popular and promising research direction for synthesising clean,green,non-polluting,and sustainable hydrogen energy without depending on high-purity water in the face of the world’s shortage of fossil energy.However,efficient seawater splitting is hindered by slow kinetics caused by the ultra-low conductivity and the presence of bacteria,microorganisms,and stray ions in seawater.Additionally,producing hydrogen on an industrial scale is challenging due to the high production cost.The present review addresses these challenges from the catalyst point of view,namely,that designing catalysts with high catalytic activity and stability can directly affect the rate and effect of seawater splitting.From the ion transfer perspective,designing membranes can block harmful ions,improving the stability of seawater splitting.From the energy point of view,mixed seawater systems and self-powered systems also provide new and low-energy research systems for seawater splitting.Finally,ideas and directions for further research on direct seawater splitting in the future are pointed out,with the aim of achieving low-cost and high-efficiency hydrogen production.展开更多
The electron configuration of the active sites can be effectively modulated by regulating the inherent nanostructure of the electrocatalysts,thereby enhancing their electrocatalytic performance.To tackle the unexplore...The electron configuration of the active sites can be effectively modulated by regulating the inherent nanostructure of the electrocatalysts,thereby enhancing their electrocatalytic performance.To tackle the unexplored challenge of substantial electrochemical overpotential,surface reconstruction has emerged as a necessary strategy.Focusing on key aspects such as Janus structures,overflow effects,the d-band center displacement hypothesis,and interface coupling related to electrochemical reactions is essential for water electrolysis.Emerging as frontrunners among next-generation electrocatalysts,Mott-Schottky(M-S)catalysts feature a heterojunction formed between a metal and a semiconductor,offering customizable and predictable interfacial synergy.This review offers an in-depth examination of the processes driving the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions(HER and OER),highlighting the benefits of employing nanoscale transition metal nitrides,carbides,oxides,and phosphides in M-S heterointerface catalysts.Furthermore,the challenges,limitations,and future prospects of employing M-S heterostructured catalysts for water splitting are thoroughly discussed.展开更多
The unavailability of high-performance and cost-effective electrocatalysts has impeded the large-scale deployment of alkaline water electrolyzers.Professor Zidong Wei's group has focused on resolving critical chal...The unavailability of high-performance and cost-effective electrocatalysts has impeded the large-scale deployment of alkaline water electrolyzers.Professor Zidong Wei's group has focused on resolving critical challenges in industrial alkaline electrolysis,particularly elucidating hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction(HER/OER)mechanisms while addressing the persistent activity-stability trade-off.This review summarizes their decade-long progress in developing advanced electrodes,analyzing the origins of sluggish alkaline HER kinetics and OER stability limitations.Professor Wei proposes a unifying"12345 Principle"as an optimization framework.For HER electrocatalysts,they have identified that metal/metal oxide interfaces create synergistic"chimney effect"and"local electric field enhancement effect",enhancing selective intermediate adsorption,interfacial water enrichment/reorientation,and mass transport under industrial high-polarization conditions.Regarding OER,innovative strategies,including dual-ligand synergistic modulation,lattice oxygen suppression,and self-repairing surface construction,are demonstrated to balance oxygen species adsorption,optimize spin states,and dynamically reinforce metal-oxygen bonds for concurrent activity-stability enhancement.The review concludes by addressing remaining challenges in long-term industrial durability and suggesting future research priorities.展开更多
Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion,posture,and metabolic regulation.To understand physiological processes,exercise adaptation,and muscle-related disorders,it is critical to understand the molecular pathways...Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion,posture,and metabolic regulation.To understand physiological processes,exercise adaptation,and muscle-related disorders,it is critical to understand the molecular pathways that underlie skeletal muscle function.The process of muscle contra ction,orchestrated by a complex interplay of molecular events,is at the core of skeletal muscle function.Muscle contraction is initiated by an action potential and neuromuscular transmission requiring a neuromuscular junction.Within muscle fibers,calcium ions play a critical role in mediating the interaction between actin and myosin filaments that generate force.Regulation of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling.The development and growth of skeletal muscle are regulated by a network of molecular pathways collectively known as myogenesis.Myogenic regulators coordinate the diffe rentiation of myoblasts into mature muscle fibers.Signaling pathways regulate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy in response to mechanical stimuli and nutrient availability.Seve ral muscle-related diseases,including congenital myasthenic disorders,sarcopenia,muscular dystrophies,and metabolic myopathies,are underpinned by dys regulated molecular pathways in skeletal muscle.Therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving muscle mass and function,enhancing regeneration,and improving metabolic health hold promise by targeting specific molecular pathways.Other molecular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle include the canonical Wnt signaling pathway,a critical regulator of myogenesis,muscle regeneration,and metabolic function,and the Hippo signaling pathway.In recent years,more details have been uncovered about the role of these two pathways during myogenesis and in developing and adult skeletal muscle fibers,and at the neuromuscular junction.In fact,research in the last few years now suggests that these two signaling pathways are interconnected and that they jointly control physiological and pathophysiological processes in muscle fibers.In this review,we will summarize and discuss the data on these two pathways,focusing on their concerted action next to their contribution to skeletal muscle biology.However,an in-depth discussion of the noncanonical Wnt pathway,the fibro/a dipogenic precursors,or the mechanosensory aspects of these pathways is not the focus of this review.展开更多
Rare earth element-enhanced TiO2 achieves high-efficiency photocatalytic overall water splitting Photocatalytic water splitting is a clean energy technology that uses sunlight to split water into oxygen and hydrogen i...Rare earth element-enhanced TiO2 achieves high-efficiency photocatalytic overall water splitting Photocatalytic water splitting is a clean energy technology that uses sunlight to split water into oxygen and hydrogen in order to produce green hydrogen,a clean fuel,without relying on fossil fuels.The process is driven by a photocatalyst.While titanium dioxide(TiO2)has long been studied as a promising semiconductor for photocatalytic water splitting,its efficiency has been hindered by rapid charge recombination and insufficient charge separation.展开更多
Altermagnets represent a newly discovered class of magnetically ordered materials.Among all the candidates,CrSb stands out due to its largest spin splitting energy and highest Néel temperature exceeding 700 K,mak...Altermagnets represent a newly discovered class of magnetically ordered materials.Among all the candidates,CrSb stands out due to its largest spin splitting energy and highest Néel temperature exceeding 700 K,making it promising for room-temperature spintronic applications.Here we have successfully grown high quality CrSb(100)thin film on GaAs(110)substrate by molecular beam epitaxy.Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy,we successfully obtained the three-dimensional electronic structure of the thin film.Moreover,we observed the emergence of the altermagnetic splitting bands corresponding to the calculated results along the low symmetry pathsT-QandP-D.The bands near the Fermi level are only spin splitting bands along theP-Ddirection,with splitting energy reaching as high as 910 meV.This finding provides insights into the magnetic properties of CrSb thin films and paves the way for further studies on their electronic structure and potential applications in spintronics.展开更多
Transition metal phosphides(TMPs),with tunable electronic structures and diverse compositions,are promising candidates for electrocatalytic water splitting.However,their unsatisfactory electrical conductivity and tend...Transition metal phosphides(TMPs),with tunable electronic structures and diverse compositions,are promising candidates for electrocatalytic water splitting.However,their unsatisfactory electrical conductivity and tendency to aggregate during reactions result in structural instability,ultimately hindering further improvement of their electrocatalytic performance.To address these issues,a bamboo-leaf-like FeCoP/MXene heterojunction was synthesized by hydrothermal and thermal treatments,utilizing highly conductive MXene as the substrate.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations and experimental characterization reveal that strong Ti-O-Co/Fe covalent bond are formed between MXene and FeCoP through hybridization of O 2p and Co/Fe 3d orbitals,which enhance the structural stability of the interface and facilitate the effective anchoring of FeCoP on the MXene surface.Consequently,the structural stability and electrical conductivity of the catalyst are improved simultaneously.Additionally,interfacial charge redistribution optimizes the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption at the Co,Fe,and Ti sites while promoting the adsorption and activation of water molecules.These factors interact synergistically,leading to enhanced bi-functional electrocatalytic performance for both the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).In a FeCoP/MXene(+‖-)two-electrode system,the catalyst achieves a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)at a potential of 1.5 V,which is superior to the RuO_(2)(+)‖Pt/C(-)system.The assembled water splitting device exhibits long-term stability for up to 100 h at a current density of 100 mA cm^(-2).Furthermore,an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)equipped with FeCoP/MXene as both anode and cathode achieves an industrial-grade current density of 500 mA cm^(-2)at 1.83 V.These results highlight the critical role of interfacial engineering in enhancing the electrocatalytic performance of TMPs for water splitting and provide valuable insights for the design of novel bifunctional TMP catalysts.展开更多
Developing BiVO_(4)photoanode with efficient carrier transfer and fast water oxidation kinetics is the permanent pursuit to achieve the state-of-art solar-driven photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting.The capacity t...Developing BiVO_(4)photoanode with efficient carrier transfer and fast water oxidation kinetics is the permanent pursuit to achieve the state-of-art solar-driven photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting.The capacity to increase the PEC activity of BiVO_(4)by loading oxygen evolution co-catalysts(OECs)has been proven,however it suffers from sluggish charge carriers dynamics brought on by the complicated interface between BiVO_(4)and OECs as well as poor long-term durability.Herein,we connected OECs(NiFeOx)and photoanode with a Al-O bridge for bettering the PEC performance of BiVO_(4).The Al-O bridge served as a channel to extract hole from BiVO_(4)to Ni Fe Ox,thus boosting charge carriers separation and preventing BiVO_(4) from photo-corrosion.The Al-O bridging photoanode(NiFeO_(x)/Al_(2)O_(3)/BiVO_(4))demonstrated a high photocurrent density of 5.87 m A/cm^(2)at 1.23 V vs.RHE and long-term photostability in comparison to Ni Fe Ox/BiVO_(4)photoanode.This study proposes a unique technique to boost charge carriers separation between BiVO_(4) and OECs for high-efficiency solar-driven PEC water splitting.展开更多
We report the observation of Zeeman splitting in multiple spectral lines emitted by a laser-produced,magnetized plasma(1–3×10^(18)cm^(-3),1–15 eV)in the context of a laboratory astrophysics experiment under a c...We report the observation of Zeeman splitting in multiple spectral lines emitted by a laser-produced,magnetized plasma(1–3×10^(18)cm^(-3),1–15 eV)in the context of a laboratory astrophysics experiment under a controlled magneticfield up to 20T.Nitrogen lines(NII)in the visible range were used to diagnose the magneticfield and plasma conditions.This was performed by coupling our data with(563–574 nm)the Stark–Zeeman line-shape code PPPB.The excellent agreement between experiment and simulations paves the way for a non-intrusive experimental platform to get time-resolved measurements of the local magneticfield in laboratory plasmas.展开更多
文摘This paper takes Zoomlion （Changsha Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd） as an example and illustrates the reasons why traditional theories of stock dividends and stock splits cannot rationally explain the large stock dividend and stock split behavior among Chinese listed companies. The paper offers the following points after analyzing the current situation of China＇s capital market： As many investors seek after the stocks with large stock dividends and stock splits and form a ＂herd effect＂, it greatly pushes up the price of these stocks. Thus, companies＇ managers can cater these investors＇ irrational behavior, and help their companies get more funds from secondary equity offerings, or help their large shareholders and institutional investors to obtain more returns after lifting the sell restriction on their shares.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11471120)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(19JC1420100)。
文摘The paper first analyzes price change due to stock splits in Chinese stock markets,which shows stock prices typically go up for stock splits.Then theoretical analyses based on risk theory are presented to explain the reason,where the method comes from a new perspective and obtained theoretical conclusions show that stock splits typically make stock price go up if risk-compensation function is convex,and go down if risk-compensation function is concave.Stock prices typically go up for stock splits because risk-compensation functions are mainly convex.The obtained conclusions are consistent with the known results in the last three decades.
基金support from the Czech Science Foundation,project EXPRO,No 19-27454Xsupport by the European Union under the REFRESH—Research Excellence For Region Sustainability and High-tech Industries project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048 via the Operational Programme Just Transition from the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic+1 种基金Horizon Europe project EIC Pathfinder Open 2023,“GlaS-A-Fuels”(No.101130717)supported from ERDF/ESF,project TECHSCALE No.CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004587).
文摘Green hydrogen from water splitting has emerged as a critical energy vector with the potential to spearhead the global transition to a fossil fuel-independent society.The field of catalysis has been revolutionized by single-atom catalysts(SACs),which exhibit unique and intricate interactions between atomically dispersed metal atoms and their supports.Recently,bimetallic SACs(bimSACs)have garnered significant attention for leveraging the synergistic functions of two metal ions coordinated on appropriately designed supports.BimSACs offer an avenue for rich metal–metal and metal–support cooperativity,potentially addressing current limitations of SACs in effectively furnishing transformations which involve synchronous proton–electron exchanges,substrate activation with reversible redox cycles,simultaneous multi-electron transfer,regulation of spin states,tuning of electronic properties,and cyclic transition states with low activation energies.This review aims to encapsulate the growing advancements in bimSACs,with an emphasis on their pivotal role in hydrogen generation via water splitting.We subsequently delve into advanced experimental methodologies for the elaborate characterization of SACs,elucidate their electronic properties,and discuss their local coordination environment.Overall,we present comprehensive discussion on the deployment of bimSACs in both hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,the two half-reactions of the water electrolysis process.
文摘近年来,PRSM成为了处理具有线性约束的两部分可分凸优化问题的一个热门研究方向。本研究聚焦于目标函数由三个解耦变量函数之和构成的可分凸优化问题。单纯地运用PRSM可能无法保证其收敛性。因此,我们引入了一种带有惯性项和临近项的严格收缩PRSM。借助变分不等式、临近点算法以及基本不等式,我们对所提出的方法进行了全局收敛性的分析。此外,我们将这种新方法应用于鲁棒主成分分析(PCA)问题的求解,并提供了一些初步的数值结果,用以展示该方法的可行性和有效性。In recent years, PRSM has become a popular research direction for dealing with two-block separable convex optimization problems with linear constraints. This study focuses on separable convex optimization problems where the objective function is composed of the sum of three decoupled variable functions. Simply applying the PRSM may not guarantee its convergence. Therefore, we introduce a strictly contractive PRSM with inertial and proximal terms. By means of variational inequalities, the proximal point algorithm, and fundamental inequalities, we have analyzed the global convergence of the proposed method. In addition, we applied this new method to the solution of the Robust Principal Component Analysis (PCA) problem and provided some preliminary numerical results to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.
基金supported by the Natural Science Fund of China(31771724)the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024NC-ZDCYL-01-10).
文摘The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.
基金National Programs for NanoKey Project(2022YFA1504002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078233)。
文摘This study presents a novel method to fabricate metal-decorated,sulfur-doped layered double hydroxides(M/SLDH)through spontaneous redox and sulfurization processes.The developed Ag/SLDH and Pt/SLDH catalysts with abundant heterogeneous interfaces and hierarchical nanostructures demonstrated outstanding oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance,achieving low overpotentials of 212 and 35 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M KOH,respectively.As both anode and cathode in water splitting,they required only 1.47 V to reach 10 mA cm^(-2)and exhibited high structural robustness,maintaining stability at 1000 mA cm^(-2)for 300 h.In-situ Raman analysis revealed that the synergistic effects of metal nanoparticles and S doping significantly promote the transformation into the S-Co1-xFexOOH layer,which serves as the active phase for water oxidation.Additionally,ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS)and density functional theory(DFT)analyses indicated that incorporating metal nanoparticles and S doping increase electron density near the Fermi level and reduce reaction energy barriers,thus enhancing intrinsic OER and HER activities.This study provides a scalable strategy for synthesizing high-performance electrocatalysts for water splitting,with promising potential for broader applications.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.5210125 and 52375422)the Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department(No.BJK2023058)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Nos.E2020208069,B2020208083 and E202320801).
文摘The stability and electrocatalytic efficiency of transition metal oxides for water splitting is determined by geometric and electronic structure,especially under high current densities.Herein,a newly designed lamella-heterostructured nanoporous CoFe/CoFe_(2)O_(4) and CeO_(2−x),in situ grown on nickel foam(NF),holds great promise as a high-efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst(named R-CoFe/Ce/NF)for water splitting.Experimental characterization verifies surface reconstruction from CoFe alloy/oxide to highly active CoFeOOH during in situ electrochemical polarization.By virtues of three-dimensional nanoporous architecture and abundant electroactive CoFeOOH/CeO_(2−x) heterostructure interfaces,the R-CoFe/Ce/NF electrode achieves low overpotentials for oxygen evolution(η_(10)=227 mV;η_(500)=450 mV)and hydrogen evolution(η_(10)=35 mV;η_(408)=560 mV)reactions with high normalized electrochemical active surface areas,respectively.Additionally,the alkaline full water splitting electrolyzer of R-CoFe/Ce/NF||R-CoFe/Ce/NF achieves a current density of 50 mA·cm^(−2) only at 1.75 V;the decline of activity is satisfactory after 100-h durability test at 300 mA·cm^(−2).Density functional theory also demonstrates that the electron can transfer from CeO_(2−x) by virtue of O atom to CoFeOOH at CoFeOOH/CeO_(2−x) heterointerfaces and enhancing the adsorption of reactant,thus optimizing electronic structure and Gibbs free energies for the improvement of the activity for water splitting.
基金support by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803502)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103076)+5 种基金Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23ZR1400300)special fund of Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluat ion and Control(NO.BZ0344KF21-02)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment(EIPE22203)JLF is a member of LSRE-LCM–Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials,supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES(PIDDAC):LSRE-LCM,UIDB/50020/2020(DOI:10.54499/UIDB/50020/2020)UIDP/50020/2020(DOI:10.54499/UIDP/50020/2020)ALiCE,LA/P/0045/2020(DOI:10.54499/LA/P/0045/2020).
文摘Direct seawater splitting has emerged as a popular and promising research direction for synthesising clean,green,non-polluting,and sustainable hydrogen energy without depending on high-purity water in the face of the world’s shortage of fossil energy.However,efficient seawater splitting is hindered by slow kinetics caused by the ultra-low conductivity and the presence of bacteria,microorganisms,and stray ions in seawater.Additionally,producing hydrogen on an industrial scale is challenging due to the high production cost.The present review addresses these challenges from the catalyst point of view,namely,that designing catalysts with high catalytic activity and stability can directly affect the rate and effect of seawater splitting.From the ion transfer perspective,designing membranes can block harmful ions,improving the stability of seawater splitting.From the energy point of view,mixed seawater systems and self-powered systems also provide new and low-energy research systems for seawater splitting.Finally,ideas and directions for further research on direct seawater splitting in the future are pointed out,with the aim of achieving low-cost and high-efficiency hydrogen production.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(2021L574)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Foundation([2024]ZK General 425 and 438)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22309033)the Academic Young Talent Foundation of Guizhou Normal University([2022]B05 and B06)。
文摘The electron configuration of the active sites can be effectively modulated by regulating the inherent nanostructure of the electrocatalysts,thereby enhancing their electrocatalytic performance.To tackle the unexplored challenge of substantial electrochemical overpotential,surface reconstruction has emerged as a necessary strategy.Focusing on key aspects such as Janus structures,overflow effects,the d-band center displacement hypothesis,and interface coupling related to electrochemical reactions is essential for water electrolysis.Emerging as frontrunners among next-generation electrocatalysts,Mott-Schottky(M-S)catalysts feature a heterojunction formed between a metal and a semiconductor,offering customizable and predictable interfacial synergy.This review offers an in-depth examination of the processes driving the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions(HER and OER),highlighting the benefits of employing nanoscale transition metal nitrides,carbides,oxides,and phosphides in M-S heterointerface catalysts.Furthermore,the challenges,limitations,and future prospects of employing M-S heterostructured catalysts for water splitting are thoroughly discussed.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB4000300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21822803,22408030,22072009,91534205,51072239)National Program on Key Basic Research Project(973 Program,2012CB720303).
文摘The unavailability of high-performance and cost-effective electrocatalysts has impeded the large-scale deployment of alkaline water electrolyzers.Professor Zidong Wei's group has focused on resolving critical challenges in industrial alkaline electrolysis,particularly elucidating hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction(HER/OER)mechanisms while addressing the persistent activity-stability trade-off.This review summarizes their decade-long progress in developing advanced electrodes,analyzing the origins of sluggish alkaline HER kinetics and OER stability limitations.Professor Wei proposes a unifying"12345 Principle"as an optimization framework.For HER electrocatalysts,they have identified that metal/metal oxide interfaces create synergistic"chimney effect"and"local electric field enhancement effect",enhancing selective intermediate adsorption,interfacial water enrichment/reorientation,and mass transport under industrial high-polarization conditions.Regarding OER,innovative strategies,including dual-ligand synergistic modulation,lattice oxygen suppression,and self-repairing surface construction,are demonstrated to balance oxygen species adsorption,optimize spin states,and dynamically reinforce metal-oxygen bonds for concurrent activity-stability enhancement.The review concludes by addressing remaining challenges in long-term industrial durability and suggesting future research priorities.
基金supported by the German Research Council(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,HA3309/3-1/2,HA3309/6-1,HA3309/7-1)。
文摘Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion,posture,and metabolic regulation.To understand physiological processes,exercise adaptation,and muscle-related disorders,it is critical to understand the molecular pathways that underlie skeletal muscle function.The process of muscle contra ction,orchestrated by a complex interplay of molecular events,is at the core of skeletal muscle function.Muscle contraction is initiated by an action potential and neuromuscular transmission requiring a neuromuscular junction.Within muscle fibers,calcium ions play a critical role in mediating the interaction between actin and myosin filaments that generate force.Regulation of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling.The development and growth of skeletal muscle are regulated by a network of molecular pathways collectively known as myogenesis.Myogenic regulators coordinate the diffe rentiation of myoblasts into mature muscle fibers.Signaling pathways regulate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy in response to mechanical stimuli and nutrient availability.Seve ral muscle-related diseases,including congenital myasthenic disorders,sarcopenia,muscular dystrophies,and metabolic myopathies,are underpinned by dys regulated molecular pathways in skeletal muscle.Therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving muscle mass and function,enhancing regeneration,and improving metabolic health hold promise by targeting specific molecular pathways.Other molecular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle include the canonical Wnt signaling pathway,a critical regulator of myogenesis,muscle regeneration,and metabolic function,and the Hippo signaling pathway.In recent years,more details have been uncovered about the role of these two pathways during myogenesis and in developing and adult skeletal muscle fibers,and at the neuromuscular junction.In fact,research in the last few years now suggests that these two signaling pathways are interconnected and that they jointly control physiological and pathophysiological processes in muscle fibers.In this review,we will summarize and discuss the data on these two pathways,focusing on their concerted action next to their contribution to skeletal muscle biology.However,an in-depth discussion of the noncanonical Wnt pathway,the fibro/a dipogenic precursors,or the mechanosensory aspects of these pathways is not the focus of this review.
文摘Rare earth element-enhanced TiO2 achieves high-efficiency photocatalytic overall water splitting Photocatalytic water splitting is a clean energy technology that uses sunlight to split water into oxygen and hydrogen in order to produce green hydrogen,a clean fuel,without relying on fossil fuels.The process is driven by a photocatalyst.While titanium dioxide(TiO2)has long been studied as a promising semiconductor for photocatalytic water splitting,its efficiency has been hindered by rapid charge recombination and insufficient charge separation.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[Grant No.2023YFA1406304(J J)]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.12174362(J J)]+2 种基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology[Grant No.2021ZD0302803(D L F)]the New Cornerstone Science Foundation(D L F)Beamline 03U of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,which is supported by ME2 project under contract No.11227902 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Altermagnets represent a newly discovered class of magnetically ordered materials.Among all the candidates,CrSb stands out due to its largest spin splitting energy and highest Néel temperature exceeding 700 K,making it promising for room-temperature spintronic applications.Here we have successfully grown high quality CrSb(100)thin film on GaAs(110)substrate by molecular beam epitaxy.Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy,we successfully obtained the three-dimensional electronic structure of the thin film.Moreover,we observed the emergence of the altermagnetic splitting bands corresponding to the calculated results along the low symmetry pathsT-QandP-D.The bands near the Fermi level are only spin splitting bands along theP-Ddirection,with splitting energy reaching as high as 910 meV.This finding provides insights into the magnetic properties of CrSb thin films and paves the way for further studies on their electronic structure and potential applications in spintronics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22279030)the Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Heilongjiang Province(No.JQ2024B003)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Undergraduate Universities of Heilongjiang Province(No.2024-KYYWF-0122)the Project of Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of Harbin Engineering University
文摘Transition metal phosphides(TMPs),with tunable electronic structures and diverse compositions,are promising candidates for electrocatalytic water splitting.However,their unsatisfactory electrical conductivity and tendency to aggregate during reactions result in structural instability,ultimately hindering further improvement of their electrocatalytic performance.To address these issues,a bamboo-leaf-like FeCoP/MXene heterojunction was synthesized by hydrothermal and thermal treatments,utilizing highly conductive MXene as the substrate.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations and experimental characterization reveal that strong Ti-O-Co/Fe covalent bond are formed between MXene and FeCoP through hybridization of O 2p and Co/Fe 3d orbitals,which enhance the structural stability of the interface and facilitate the effective anchoring of FeCoP on the MXene surface.Consequently,the structural stability and electrical conductivity of the catalyst are improved simultaneously.Additionally,interfacial charge redistribution optimizes the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption at the Co,Fe,and Ti sites while promoting the adsorption and activation of water molecules.These factors interact synergistically,leading to enhanced bi-functional electrocatalytic performance for both the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).In a FeCoP/MXene(+‖-)two-electrode system,the catalyst achieves a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)at a potential of 1.5 V,which is superior to the RuO_(2)(+)‖Pt/C(-)system.The assembled water splitting device exhibits long-term stability for up to 100 h at a current density of 100 mA cm^(-2).Furthermore,an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)equipped with FeCoP/MXene as both anode and cathode achieves an industrial-grade current density of 500 mA cm^(-2)at 1.83 V.These results highlight the critical role of interfacial engineering in enhancing the electrocatalytic performance of TMPs for water splitting and provide valuable insights for the design of novel bifunctional TMP catalysts.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52173277)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Chang’an University(No.300102299304)+1 种基金the Innovative Research Team for Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province(No.2022TD-04)the open program of Key Laboratories of Fine Chemicals and Surfactants in Sichuan Provincial Universities(No.2023JXZ03)。
文摘Developing BiVO_(4)photoanode with efficient carrier transfer and fast water oxidation kinetics is the permanent pursuit to achieve the state-of-art solar-driven photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting.The capacity to increase the PEC activity of BiVO_(4)by loading oxygen evolution co-catalysts(OECs)has been proven,however it suffers from sluggish charge carriers dynamics brought on by the complicated interface between BiVO_(4)and OECs as well as poor long-term durability.Herein,we connected OECs(NiFeOx)and photoanode with a Al-O bridge for bettering the PEC performance of BiVO_(4).The Al-O bridge served as a channel to extract hole from BiVO_(4)to Ni Fe Ox,thus boosting charge carriers separation and preventing BiVO_(4) from photo-corrosion.The Al-O bridging photoanode(NiFeO_(x)/Al_(2)O_(3)/BiVO_(4))demonstrated a high photocurrent density of 5.87 m A/cm^(2)at 1.23 V vs.RHE and long-term photostability in comparison to Ni Fe Ox/BiVO_(4)photoanode.This study proposes a unique technique to boost charge carriers separation between BiVO_(4) and OECs for high-efficiency solar-driven PEC water splitting.
基金supported by grants managed by l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche under the Investissements d’Avenir programs Grant Nos. ANR-18-EURE-0014, ANR-10-LABX-0039-PALM, and ANR-22-CE30-0044supported by grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (Grant No. 23K20038)+2 种基金JSPS Core-to-Core program (Grant No. JPJSCCA20230003)carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No. 101052200-EUROfusion)operated within the framework of the Enabling Research Project No. AWP24-ENR-IFE.02.CEA-01 “Magnetized ICF”
文摘We report the observation of Zeeman splitting in multiple spectral lines emitted by a laser-produced,magnetized plasma(1–3×10^(18)cm^(-3),1–15 eV)in the context of a laboratory astrophysics experiment under a controlled magneticfield up to 20T.Nitrogen lines(NII)in the visible range were used to diagnose the magneticfield and plasma conditions.This was performed by coupling our data with(563–574 nm)the Stark–Zeeman line-shape code PPPB.The excellent agreement between experiment and simulations paves the way for a non-intrusive experimental platform to get time-resolved measurements of the local magneticfield in laboratory plasmas.
