Altermagnets represent a newly discovered class of magnetically ordered materials.Among all the candidates,CrSb stands out due to its largest spin splitting energy and highest Néel temperature exceeding 700 K,mak...Altermagnets represent a newly discovered class of magnetically ordered materials.Among all the candidates,CrSb stands out due to its largest spin splitting energy and highest Néel temperature exceeding 700 K,making it promising for room-temperature spintronic applications.Here we have successfully grown high quality CrSb(100)thin film on GaAs(110)substrate by molecular beam epitaxy.Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy,we successfully obtained the three-dimensional electronic structure of the thin film.Moreover,we observed the emergence of the altermagnetic splitting bands corresponding to the calculated results along the low symmetry pathsT-QandP-D.The bands near the Fermi level are only spin splitting bands along theP-Ddirection,with splitting energy reaching as high as 910 meV.This finding provides insights into the magnetic properties of CrSb thin films and paves the way for further studies on their electronic structure and potential applications in spintronics.展开更多
We report the observation of Zeeman splitting in multiple spectral lines emitted by a laser-produced,magnetized plasma(1–3×10^(18)cm^(-3),1–15 eV)in the context of a laboratory astrophysics experiment under a c...We report the observation of Zeeman splitting in multiple spectral lines emitted by a laser-produced,magnetized plasma(1–3×10^(18)cm^(-3),1–15 eV)in the context of a laboratory astrophysics experiment under a controlled magneticfield up to 20T.Nitrogen lines(NII)in the visible range were used to diagnose the magneticfield and plasma conditions.This was performed by coupling our data with(563–574 nm)the Stark–Zeeman line-shape code PPPB.The excellent agreement between experiment and simulations paves the way for a non-intrusive experimental platform to get time-resolved measurements of the local magneticfield in laboratory plasmas.展开更多
CuBi_(2)O_(4)is identified as a promising photocathode in photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems.However,the PEC performance of CuBi_(2)O_(4)is far from expected due to the limited separation and transport e...CuBi_(2)O_(4)is identified as a promising photocathode in photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems.However,the PEC performance of CuBi_(2)O_(4)is far from expected due to the limited separation and transport efficiency of photogenerated carriers.To address the above issues,a cost-effective ternary Cu:NiO_(X)/CuBi_(2)O_(4)/CuO composite photocathode was designed.Firstly,a thin Cu:NiO_(X)film was inserted between CuBi_(2)O_(4)and FTO conducting substrate as a hole-selective layer,which promotes the transmission of photogenerated holes to the FTO substrate effectively.Furthermore,the modification of CuO film on the CuBi_(2)O_(4)electrode not only increases the absorption of sunlight and generates more photogenerated carriers,but also constitutes a heterojunction with CuBi_(2)O_(4),creating a built-in electric field,which facilitates the separation of electrons and holes,and accelerates the electrons transfer to electrode–electrolyte interface.The fabricated Cu:NiO_(X)/CuBi_(2)O_(4)/CuO composite photocathode exhibits a surprisingly high photocurrent density of−1.51 mA·cm^(−2)at 0.4 V versus RHE,which is 2.6 times that of the pristine CuBi_(2)O_(4)photocathode.The improved PEC performance is attributed to the synergy effect of the Cu:NiO_(X)hole-selective layer and the CuBi_(2)O_(4)/CuO heterojunction.Moreover,the combination with the BiVO_(4)/CoS,an unbiased overall water splitting was achieved,which has a photocurrent of 0.193 mA·cm^(−2).展开更多
The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use e...The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.展开更多
This study presents a novel method to fabricate metal-decorated,sulfur-doped layered double hydroxides(M/SLDH)through spontaneous redox and sulfurization processes.The developed Ag/SLDH and Pt/SLDH catalysts with abun...This study presents a novel method to fabricate metal-decorated,sulfur-doped layered double hydroxides(M/SLDH)through spontaneous redox and sulfurization processes.The developed Ag/SLDH and Pt/SLDH catalysts with abundant heterogeneous interfaces and hierarchical nanostructures demonstrated outstanding oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance,achieving low overpotentials of 212 and 35 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M KOH,respectively.As both anode and cathode in water splitting,they required only 1.47 V to reach 10 mA cm^(-2)and exhibited high structural robustness,maintaining stability at 1000 mA cm^(-2)for 300 h.In-situ Raman analysis revealed that the synergistic effects of metal nanoparticles and S doping significantly promote the transformation into the S-Co1-xFexOOH layer,which serves as the active phase for water oxidation.Additionally,ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS)and density functional theory(DFT)analyses indicated that incorporating metal nanoparticles and S doping increase electron density near the Fermi level and reduce reaction energy barriers,thus enhancing intrinsic OER and HER activities.This study provides a scalable strategy for synthesizing high-performance electrocatalysts for water splitting,with promising potential for broader applications.展开更多
The stability and electrocatalytic efficiency of transition metal oxides for water splitting is determined by geometric and electronic structure,especially under high current densities.Herein,a newly designed lamella-...The stability and electrocatalytic efficiency of transition metal oxides for water splitting is determined by geometric and electronic structure,especially under high current densities.Herein,a newly designed lamella-heterostructured nanoporous CoFe/CoFe_(2)O_(4) and CeO_(2−x),in situ grown on nickel foam(NF),holds great promise as a high-efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst(named R-CoFe/Ce/NF)for water splitting.Experimental characterization verifies surface reconstruction from CoFe alloy/oxide to highly active CoFeOOH during in situ electrochemical polarization.By virtues of three-dimensional nanoporous architecture and abundant electroactive CoFeOOH/CeO_(2−x) heterostructure interfaces,the R-CoFe/Ce/NF electrode achieves low overpotentials for oxygen evolution(η_(10)=227 mV;η_(500)=450 mV)and hydrogen evolution(η_(10)=35 mV;η_(408)=560 mV)reactions with high normalized electrochemical active surface areas,respectively.Additionally,the alkaline full water splitting electrolyzer of R-CoFe/Ce/NF||R-CoFe/Ce/NF achieves a current density of 50 mA·cm^(−2) only at 1.75 V;the decline of activity is satisfactory after 100-h durability test at 300 mA·cm^(−2).Density functional theory also demonstrates that the electron can transfer from CeO_(2−x) by virtue of O atom to CoFeOOH at CoFeOOH/CeO_(2−x) heterointerfaces and enhancing the adsorption of reactant,thus optimizing electronic structure and Gibbs free energies for the improvement of the activity for water splitting.展开更多
Direct seawater splitting has emerged as a popular and promising research direction for synthesising clean,green,non-polluting,and sustainable hydrogen energy without depending on high-purity water in the face of the ...Direct seawater splitting has emerged as a popular and promising research direction for synthesising clean,green,non-polluting,and sustainable hydrogen energy without depending on high-purity water in the face of the world’s shortage of fossil energy.However,efficient seawater splitting is hindered by slow kinetics caused by the ultra-low conductivity and the presence of bacteria,microorganisms,and stray ions in seawater.Additionally,producing hydrogen on an industrial scale is challenging due to the high production cost.The present review addresses these challenges from the catalyst point of view,namely,that designing catalysts with high catalytic activity and stability can directly affect the rate and effect of seawater splitting.From the ion transfer perspective,designing membranes can block harmful ions,improving the stability of seawater splitting.From the energy point of view,mixed seawater systems and self-powered systems also provide new and low-energy research systems for seawater splitting.Finally,ideas and directions for further research on direct seawater splitting in the future are pointed out,with the aim of achieving low-cost and high-efficiency hydrogen production.展开更多
The electron configuration of the active sites can be effectively modulated by regulating the inherent nanostructure of the electrocatalysts,thereby enhancing their electrocatalytic performance.To tackle the unexplore...The electron configuration of the active sites can be effectively modulated by regulating the inherent nanostructure of the electrocatalysts,thereby enhancing their electrocatalytic performance.To tackle the unexplored challenge of substantial electrochemical overpotential,surface reconstruction has emerged as a necessary strategy.Focusing on key aspects such as Janus structures,overflow effects,the d-band center displacement hypothesis,and interface coupling related to electrochemical reactions is essential for water electrolysis.Emerging as frontrunners among next-generation electrocatalysts,Mott-Schottky(M-S)catalysts feature a heterojunction formed between a metal and a semiconductor,offering customizable and predictable interfacial synergy.This review offers an in-depth examination of the processes driving the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions(HER and OER),highlighting the benefits of employing nanoscale transition metal nitrides,carbides,oxides,and phosphides in M-S heterointerface catalysts.Furthermore,the challenges,limitations,and future prospects of employing M-S heterostructured catalysts for water splitting are thoroughly discussed.展开更多
The development of stable and efficient non-noble metal cocatalysts has arisen as a promising yet challenging endeavor in the context of photocatalytic overall water splitting.In this study,NiCo alloy cocatalysts were...The development of stable and efficient non-noble metal cocatalysts has arisen as a promising yet challenging endeavor in the context of photocatalytic overall water splitting.In this study,NiCo alloy cocatalysts were synthesized with nickel/cobalt metal organic framework(NiCo-MOF)as source of nickel and cobalt.Systematic characterization results demonstrate the successful deposition of alloy cocatalysts onto the surface of SrTiO_(3).The prepared SrTiO_(3)loaded NiCo-alloy can generate hydrogen and oxygen in a stoichiometric ratio for photocatalytic overall water splitting,achieving an apparent quantum yield of 11.9%at 350±10 nm.Theoretical calculations indicate that the introduction of cobalt has a beneficial regulatory effect on the hydrogen evolution sites of Ni,reducing the free energy of H adsorption.The synergistic catalytic effect of bimetallic catalysts contributes to enhancing photocatalytic activity and stability.This study offers constructive insights for the development of high-efficiency and cost-effective cocatalyst systems.展开更多
A 4H-SiC superjunction(SJ)MOSFET(SJMOS)with integrated high-K gate dielectric and split gate(HKSG-SJMOS)is proposed in this paper.The key features of HKSG-SJMOS involve the utilization of high-K(HK)dielectric as the g...A 4H-SiC superjunction(SJ)MOSFET(SJMOS)with integrated high-K gate dielectric and split gate(HKSG-SJMOS)is proposed in this paper.The key features of HKSG-SJMOS involve the utilization of high-K(HK)dielectric as the gate dielectric,which surrounds the source-connected split gate(SG)and metal gate.The high-K gate dielectric optimizes the electric field distribution within the drift region,creating a low-resistance conductive channel.This enhancement leads to an increase in the breakdown voltage(BV)and a reduction in the specific on resistance(R_(on,sp)).The introduction of split gate surrounded by high-K dielectric reduces the gate-drain capacitance(C_(gd))and gate-drain charge(Q_(gd)),which improves the switching characteristics.The simulation results indicate that compared to conventional 4H-SiC SJMOS,the HKSG-SJMOS exhibits a 110.5%enhancement in figure of merit(FOM,FOM=BV^(2)/R_(on,sp)),a 93.6%reduction in the high frequency figure of merit(HFFOM)of R_(on,sp)·C_(gd),and reductions in turn-on loss(E_(on))and turn-off loss(E_(off))by 38.3%and 31.6%,respectively.Furthermore,the reverse recovery characteristics of HKSG-SJMOS has also discussed,revealing superior performance compared to conventional 4H-SiC SJMOS.展开更多
Water oxidation-a critical yet sluggish step in green hydrogen production-is a major bottleneck for electrolysis efficiency.Traditional catalysts often degrade quickly under the high current densities needed for indus...Water oxidation-a critical yet sluggish step in green hydrogen production-is a major bottleneck for electrolysis efficiency.Traditional catalysts often degrade quickly under the high current densities needed for industrial scale.展开更多
BACKGROUND: The increasing morbidity of liver cancer has led to a growing demand for transplantation. Split liver transplantation(SLT) is a promising way to ameliorate organ shortages. However, the safety and efficacy...BACKGROUND: The increasing morbidity of liver cancer has led to a growing demand for transplantation. Split liver transplantation(SLT) is a promising way to ameliorate organ shortages. However, the safety and efficacy of SLT are still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcome of SLT in liver cancer patients at our center. METHODS: A total of 74 patients who received liver transplantation at a tertiary hospital from March 2019 to July 2023 were retrospectively studied, of whom 37 recipients underwent SLT and 37 recipients underwent whole-graft liver transplantation(WGLT). Clinical data were analyzed and compared between patients who underwent SLT and WGLT.RESULTS: SLT and WGLT were successfully performed, with no intraoperative transplantrelated mortality. Postoperatively, no significant differences in total bilirubin(TB, P=0.266), alanine transaminase(ALT, P=0.403) and aspartate transaminase(AST, P=0.160) levels within 30 d were detected between the two groups. The transplant-related mortality rates were 8.1% in the SLT group and 5.4% in the WGLT group within 30 d of surgery(P=1.000), and 10.8% and 8.1%, respectively, at 90 d after surgery(P=1.000). There were no significant differences in overall survival(OS) and progress-free survival(PFS) between the SLT and WGLT groups(P=0.910, P=0.190). CONCLUSION: Our results show that SLT does not imply additional risks in treating liver cancer compared with WGLT.展开更多
The reasonable design of material morphology and eco-friendly electrocatalysts are essential to highly efficient water splitting.It is proposed that a promising strategy effectively regulates the electronic structure ...The reasonable design of material morphology and eco-friendly electrocatalysts are essential to highly efficient water splitting.It is proposed that a promising strategy effectively regulates the electronic structure of the d-orbitals of CoP using cerium doping in this paper,thus significantly improving the intrinsic property and conductivity of CoP for water splitting.As a result,the as-synthesize porous Ce-doped CoP micro-polyhedron composite derived from Ce-ZIF-67 as bifunctional electrocatalytic materials exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance in both the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),overpotentials of about 152 mV for HER at 10 mA cm^(-2)and about 352 mV for OER at 50 mA cm^(-2),and especially it shows outstanding long-term stability.Besides,an alkaline electrolyzer,using Ce0.04Co0.96P electrocatalyst as both the anode and cathode,delivers a cell voltage value of1.55 V at the current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).The calculation results of the density functional theory(DFT)demonstrate that the introduction of an appropriate amount of Ce into CoP can enhance the conductivity,and can induce the electronic modulation to regulate the selective adsorption of reaction intermediates on catalytic surface and the formation of O*intermediates(CoOOH),which exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic performance.This study provides novel insights into the design of an extraordinary performance water-splitting of the multicomponent electrocatalysts.展开更多
Green hydrogen is crucial for advancing renewable energy technologies and protecting the environment.This study introduces a controllable method for bimetallic nickel-cobalt phosphide on reduced graphene oxide on nick...Green hydrogen is crucial for advancing renewable energy technologies and protecting the environment.This study introduces a controllable method for bimetallic nickel-cobalt phosphide on reduced graphene oxide on nickel foam(NiCo_(3)P.C/NF).The material demonstrated low overpotentials of 58 and 180 mV at10 mA cm^(-2)for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)in 1.0 M KOH.It achieved excellent electrochemical water-splitting performance with operating voltages of 1.54 and 2.6 V at 10 and 500 mA cm^(-2),respectively.The overall water-splitting performance of NiCo_(3).C/NF was extremely stable after 75 h of operation at 53 mA cm^(-2),retaining 98%efficiency,better than the sample Pt-C+RuO_(2),and outperforming previous reports.Density functional theory(DFT)results revealed a synergistic NiCo_(3)P.C interaction that yields nearly zero Gibbs free energy change(-0.100 eV)and upshift d-band center,the real active site at the Ni in HER,and the lowest overpotentials 0.26 V at the P active sites for OER.Furthermore,electronic charge distribution shows the maximum charge distribution between the NiCo_(3)P phase and graphene sheet heterojunction,enhancing the electrocatalyst conductivity.This combined approach offers an innovative strategy to design sustainable electrocatalysts for water s plitting.展开更多
Hydrogen is a critical renewable energy source in the energy transition.However,water electrolysis,which is the primary technique for achieving large-scale and low-carbon hydrogen production,still suffers from high pr...Hydrogen is a critical renewable energy source in the energy transition.However,water electrolysis,which is the primary technique for achieving large-scale and low-carbon hydrogen production,still suffers from high production costs and energy consumption.The key is to develop highly efficient electrochemical water splitting catalysts.In recent years,the preparation of electrocatalysts via plasma treatment has gained recognition for its rapid,eco-friendly,and controllable properties,especially in the optimization of nano-microstructure.This review comprehensively summarizes the impact of plasma treatment on the nano-microstructure of water electrolysis catalysts,encompassing dispersion enhancement,morphology modulation,surface functionalization,defect construction,and element doping.These impacts on the nano-microstructure increase the surface area,modify the pore structure,introduce active sites,and regulate the electronic environment,thereby promoting the water splitting performance of electrocatalysts.Finally,the remaining challenges and potential opportunities are discussed for the future development of plasma treatment.This review would be a valuable reference for plasmaassisted electrocatalyst synthesis and mechanism understanding in plasma impact on nano-microstructure.展开更多
The quest for sustainable energy solutions has intensified the need for efficient water electrolysis techniques,pivotal for hydrogen production.However,developing effective bifunctional electrocatalysts capable of dri...The quest for sustainable energy solutions has intensified the need for efficient water electrolysis techniques,pivotal for hydrogen production.However,developing effective bifunctional electrocatalysts capable of driving the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)remains a formidable challenge.Addressing this,we introduce a novel built-in electric field(BEF)strategy to synthesize NiCoP–Co nanoarrays directly on Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene substrates(NiCoP–Co/MXene).This approach leverages a significant work function difference(ΔΦ),propelling these nanoarrays as adept bifunctional electrocatalysts for comprehensive water splitting.MXene,in this process,plays a dual role.It acts as a conductive support,enhancing the catalyst’s overall conductivity,and facilitates an effective charge transport pathway,ensuring efficient charge transfer.Our study reveals that the BEF induces an electric field at the interface,prompting charge transfer from Co to NiCoP.This transfer modulates asymmetric charge distributions,which intricately control intermediates’adsorption and desorption dynamics.Such regulation is crucial for enhancing the reaction kinetics of both HER and OER.Furthermore,under oxidative conditions,the NiCoP–Co/MXene catalyst undergoes a structural metamorphosis into Ni(Co)oxides/hydroxides/MXene,increasing OER performance.This research demonstrates the BEF’s role in fine-tuning interfacial charge redistribution and underscores its potential in crafting more sophisticated electrocatalytic designs.The insights gained here could pave the way for the next generation of electrocatalysis,with far-reaching implications for energy conversion and storage technologies.展开更多
Hydrogen is a highly promising energy carrier because of its renewable and clean qualities.Among the different methods for H_(2) production,photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)water splitting has garnered significant interest,t...Hydrogen is a highly promising energy carrier because of its renewable and clean qualities.Among the different methods for H_(2) production,photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)water splitting has garnered significant interest,thanks to the abundant and perennial solar energy.Single-atom catalysts(SACs),which feature well-distributed atoms anchored on supports,have gained great attention in PEC water splitting for their unique advantages in overcoming the limitations of conventional PEC reactions.Herein,we comprehensively review SAC-incorporated photoelectrocatalysts for efficient PEC water splitting.We begin by highlighting the benefits of SACs in improving charge transfer,catalytic selectivity,and catalytic activity,which address the limitations of conventional PEC reactions.Next,we provide a comprehensive overview of established synthetic techniques for optimizing the properties of SACs,along with modern characterization methods to confirm their unique structures.Finally,we discuss the challenges and future directions in basic research and advancements,providing insights and guidance for this developing field.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[Grant No.2023YFA1406304(J J)]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.12174362(J J)]+2 种基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology[Grant No.2021ZD0302803(D L F)]the New Cornerstone Science Foundation(D L F)Beamline 03U of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,which is supported by ME2 project under contract No.11227902 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Altermagnets represent a newly discovered class of magnetically ordered materials.Among all the candidates,CrSb stands out due to its largest spin splitting energy and highest Néel temperature exceeding 700 K,making it promising for room-temperature spintronic applications.Here we have successfully grown high quality CrSb(100)thin film on GaAs(110)substrate by molecular beam epitaxy.Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy,we successfully obtained the three-dimensional electronic structure of the thin film.Moreover,we observed the emergence of the altermagnetic splitting bands corresponding to the calculated results along the low symmetry pathsT-QandP-D.The bands near the Fermi level are only spin splitting bands along theP-Ddirection,with splitting energy reaching as high as 910 meV.This finding provides insights into the magnetic properties of CrSb thin films and paves the way for further studies on their electronic structure and potential applications in spintronics.
基金supported by grants managed by l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche under the Investissements d’Avenir programs Grant Nos. ANR-18-EURE-0014, ANR-10-LABX-0039-PALM, and ANR-22-CE30-0044supported by grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (Grant No. 23K20038)+2 种基金JSPS Core-to-Core program (Grant No. JPJSCCA20230003)carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No. 101052200-EUROfusion)operated within the framework of the Enabling Research Project No. AWP24-ENR-IFE.02.CEA-01 “Magnetized ICF”
文摘We report the observation of Zeeman splitting in multiple spectral lines emitted by a laser-produced,magnetized plasma(1–3×10^(18)cm^(-3),1–15 eV)in the context of a laboratory astrophysics experiment under a controlled magneticfield up to 20T.Nitrogen lines(NII)in the visible range were used to diagnose the magneticfield and plasma conditions.This was performed by coupling our data with(563–574 nm)the Stark–Zeeman line-shape code PPPB.The excellent agreement between experiment and simulations paves the way for a non-intrusive experimental platform to get time-resolved measurements of the local magneticfield in laboratory plasmas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61804039)the University Natural Sciences Research Project of Anhui Province(No.2022AH010096)+1 种基金the Talent Research Fund of Hefei University(No.20RC35)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Higher Education Institution of China(No.2023AH040160).
文摘CuBi_(2)O_(4)is identified as a promising photocathode in photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems.However,the PEC performance of CuBi_(2)O_(4)is far from expected due to the limited separation and transport efficiency of photogenerated carriers.To address the above issues,a cost-effective ternary Cu:NiO_(X)/CuBi_(2)O_(4)/CuO composite photocathode was designed.Firstly,a thin Cu:NiO_(X)film was inserted between CuBi_(2)O_(4)and FTO conducting substrate as a hole-selective layer,which promotes the transmission of photogenerated holes to the FTO substrate effectively.Furthermore,the modification of CuO film on the CuBi_(2)O_(4)electrode not only increases the absorption of sunlight and generates more photogenerated carriers,but also constitutes a heterojunction with CuBi_(2)O_(4),creating a built-in electric field,which facilitates the separation of electrons and holes,and accelerates the electrons transfer to electrode–electrolyte interface.The fabricated Cu:NiO_(X)/CuBi_(2)O_(4)/CuO composite photocathode exhibits a surprisingly high photocurrent density of−1.51 mA·cm^(−2)at 0.4 V versus RHE,which is 2.6 times that of the pristine CuBi_(2)O_(4)photocathode.The improved PEC performance is attributed to the synergy effect of the Cu:NiO_(X)hole-selective layer and the CuBi_(2)O_(4)/CuO heterojunction.Moreover,the combination with the BiVO_(4)/CoS,an unbiased overall water splitting was achieved,which has a photocurrent of 0.193 mA·cm^(−2).
基金supported by the Natural Science Fund of China(31771724)the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024NC-ZDCYL-01-10).
文摘The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.
基金National Programs for NanoKey Project(2022YFA1504002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078233)。
文摘This study presents a novel method to fabricate metal-decorated,sulfur-doped layered double hydroxides(M/SLDH)through spontaneous redox and sulfurization processes.The developed Ag/SLDH and Pt/SLDH catalysts with abundant heterogeneous interfaces and hierarchical nanostructures demonstrated outstanding oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance,achieving low overpotentials of 212 and 35 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M KOH,respectively.As both anode and cathode in water splitting,they required only 1.47 V to reach 10 mA cm^(-2)and exhibited high structural robustness,maintaining stability at 1000 mA cm^(-2)for 300 h.In-situ Raman analysis revealed that the synergistic effects of metal nanoparticles and S doping significantly promote the transformation into the S-Co1-xFexOOH layer,which serves as the active phase for water oxidation.Additionally,ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS)and density functional theory(DFT)analyses indicated that incorporating metal nanoparticles and S doping increase electron density near the Fermi level and reduce reaction energy barriers,thus enhancing intrinsic OER and HER activities.This study provides a scalable strategy for synthesizing high-performance electrocatalysts for water splitting,with promising potential for broader applications.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.5210125 and 52375422)the Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department(No.BJK2023058)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Nos.E2020208069,B2020208083 and E202320801).
文摘The stability and electrocatalytic efficiency of transition metal oxides for water splitting is determined by geometric and electronic structure,especially under high current densities.Herein,a newly designed lamella-heterostructured nanoporous CoFe/CoFe_(2)O_(4) and CeO_(2−x),in situ grown on nickel foam(NF),holds great promise as a high-efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst(named R-CoFe/Ce/NF)for water splitting.Experimental characterization verifies surface reconstruction from CoFe alloy/oxide to highly active CoFeOOH during in situ electrochemical polarization.By virtues of three-dimensional nanoporous architecture and abundant electroactive CoFeOOH/CeO_(2−x) heterostructure interfaces,the R-CoFe/Ce/NF electrode achieves low overpotentials for oxygen evolution(η_(10)=227 mV;η_(500)=450 mV)and hydrogen evolution(η_(10)=35 mV;η_(408)=560 mV)reactions with high normalized electrochemical active surface areas,respectively.Additionally,the alkaline full water splitting electrolyzer of R-CoFe/Ce/NF||R-CoFe/Ce/NF achieves a current density of 50 mA·cm^(−2) only at 1.75 V;the decline of activity is satisfactory after 100-h durability test at 300 mA·cm^(−2).Density functional theory also demonstrates that the electron can transfer from CeO_(2−x) by virtue of O atom to CoFeOOH at CoFeOOH/CeO_(2−x) heterointerfaces and enhancing the adsorption of reactant,thus optimizing electronic structure and Gibbs free energies for the improvement of the activity for water splitting.
基金support by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803502)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103076)+5 种基金Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23ZR1400300)special fund of Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluat ion and Control(NO.BZ0344KF21-02)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment(EIPE22203)JLF is a member of LSRE-LCM–Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials,supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES(PIDDAC):LSRE-LCM,UIDB/50020/2020(DOI:10.54499/UIDB/50020/2020)UIDP/50020/2020(DOI:10.54499/UIDP/50020/2020)ALiCE,LA/P/0045/2020(DOI:10.54499/LA/P/0045/2020).
文摘Direct seawater splitting has emerged as a popular and promising research direction for synthesising clean,green,non-polluting,and sustainable hydrogen energy without depending on high-purity water in the face of the world’s shortage of fossil energy.However,efficient seawater splitting is hindered by slow kinetics caused by the ultra-low conductivity and the presence of bacteria,microorganisms,and stray ions in seawater.Additionally,producing hydrogen on an industrial scale is challenging due to the high production cost.The present review addresses these challenges from the catalyst point of view,namely,that designing catalysts with high catalytic activity and stability can directly affect the rate and effect of seawater splitting.From the ion transfer perspective,designing membranes can block harmful ions,improving the stability of seawater splitting.From the energy point of view,mixed seawater systems and self-powered systems also provide new and low-energy research systems for seawater splitting.Finally,ideas and directions for further research on direct seawater splitting in the future are pointed out,with the aim of achieving low-cost and high-efficiency hydrogen production.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(2021L574)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Foundation([2024]ZK General 425 and 438)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22309033)the Academic Young Talent Foundation of Guizhou Normal University([2022]B05 and B06)。
文摘The electron configuration of the active sites can be effectively modulated by regulating the inherent nanostructure of the electrocatalysts,thereby enhancing their electrocatalytic performance.To tackle the unexplored challenge of substantial electrochemical overpotential,surface reconstruction has emerged as a necessary strategy.Focusing on key aspects such as Janus structures,overflow effects,the d-band center displacement hypothesis,and interface coupling related to electrochemical reactions is essential for water electrolysis.Emerging as frontrunners among next-generation electrocatalysts,Mott-Schottky(M-S)catalysts feature a heterojunction formed between a metal and a semiconductor,offering customizable and predictable interfacial synergy.This review offers an in-depth examination of the processes driving the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions(HER and OER),highlighting the benefits of employing nanoscale transition metal nitrides,carbides,oxides,and phosphides in M-S heterointerface catalysts.Furthermore,the challenges,limitations,and future prospects of employing M-S heterostructured catalysts for water splitting are thoroughly discussed.
基金supported by the Basic Science Center Program for Ordered Energy Conversion of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52488201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52376209)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2020T130503 and 2020M673386)China Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The development of stable and efficient non-noble metal cocatalysts has arisen as a promising yet challenging endeavor in the context of photocatalytic overall water splitting.In this study,NiCo alloy cocatalysts were synthesized with nickel/cobalt metal organic framework(NiCo-MOF)as source of nickel and cobalt.Systematic characterization results demonstrate the successful deposition of alloy cocatalysts onto the surface of SrTiO_(3).The prepared SrTiO_(3)loaded NiCo-alloy can generate hydrogen and oxygen in a stoichiometric ratio for photocatalytic overall water splitting,achieving an apparent quantum yield of 11.9%at 350±10 nm.Theoretical calculations indicate that the introduction of cobalt has a beneficial regulatory effect on the hydrogen evolution sites of Ni,reducing the free energy of H adsorption.The synergistic catalytic effect of bimetallic catalysts contributes to enhancing photocatalytic activity and stability.This study offers constructive insights for the development of high-efficiency and cost-effective cocatalyst systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62074080 and U23B2042)in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20211104)in part by the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.BE2022126)。
文摘A 4H-SiC superjunction(SJ)MOSFET(SJMOS)with integrated high-K gate dielectric and split gate(HKSG-SJMOS)is proposed in this paper.The key features of HKSG-SJMOS involve the utilization of high-K(HK)dielectric as the gate dielectric,which surrounds the source-connected split gate(SG)and metal gate.The high-K gate dielectric optimizes the electric field distribution within the drift region,creating a low-resistance conductive channel.This enhancement leads to an increase in the breakdown voltage(BV)and a reduction in the specific on resistance(R_(on,sp)).The introduction of split gate surrounded by high-K dielectric reduces the gate-drain capacitance(C_(gd))and gate-drain charge(Q_(gd)),which improves the switching characteristics.The simulation results indicate that compared to conventional 4H-SiC SJMOS,the HKSG-SJMOS exhibits a 110.5%enhancement in figure of merit(FOM,FOM=BV^(2)/R_(on,sp)),a 93.6%reduction in the high frequency figure of merit(HFFOM)of R_(on,sp)·C_(gd),and reductions in turn-on loss(E_(on))and turn-off loss(E_(off))by 38.3%and 31.6%,respectively.Furthermore,the reverse recovery characteristics of HKSG-SJMOS has also discussed,revealing superior performance compared to conventional 4H-SiC SJMOS.
文摘Water oxidation-a critical yet sluggish step in green hydrogen production-is a major bottleneck for electrolysis efficiency.Traditional catalysts often degrade quickly under the high current densities needed for industrial scale.
基金Key Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province (GZY-ZJ-KJ-24077)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U23A202181, 8207101520, 82272860)+2 种基金Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Zhejiang Province (2023ZY1017)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 226-2023-00038)Special Financial Support for Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Teams。
文摘BACKGROUND: The increasing morbidity of liver cancer has led to a growing demand for transplantation. Split liver transplantation(SLT) is a promising way to ameliorate organ shortages. However, the safety and efficacy of SLT are still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcome of SLT in liver cancer patients at our center. METHODS: A total of 74 patients who received liver transplantation at a tertiary hospital from March 2019 to July 2023 were retrospectively studied, of whom 37 recipients underwent SLT and 37 recipients underwent whole-graft liver transplantation(WGLT). Clinical data were analyzed and compared between patients who underwent SLT and WGLT.RESULTS: SLT and WGLT were successfully performed, with no intraoperative transplantrelated mortality. Postoperatively, no significant differences in total bilirubin(TB, P=0.266), alanine transaminase(ALT, P=0.403) and aspartate transaminase(AST, P=0.160) levels within 30 d were detected between the two groups. The transplant-related mortality rates were 8.1% in the SLT group and 5.4% in the WGLT group within 30 d of surgery(P=1.000), and 10.8% and 8.1%, respectively, at 90 d after surgery(P=1.000). There were no significant differences in overall survival(OS) and progress-free survival(PFS) between the SLT and WGLT groups(P=0.910, P=0.190). CONCLUSION: Our results show that SLT does not imply additional risks in treating liver cancer compared with WGLT.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12162023&52268042)Key R&D Program of Gansu Province-International Cooperation Project(No.20YF8WA064)Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(No.22JR5RA253).
文摘The reasonable design of material morphology and eco-friendly electrocatalysts are essential to highly efficient water splitting.It is proposed that a promising strategy effectively regulates the electronic structure of the d-orbitals of CoP using cerium doping in this paper,thus significantly improving the intrinsic property and conductivity of CoP for water splitting.As a result,the as-synthesize porous Ce-doped CoP micro-polyhedron composite derived from Ce-ZIF-67 as bifunctional electrocatalytic materials exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance in both the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),overpotentials of about 152 mV for HER at 10 mA cm^(-2)and about 352 mV for OER at 50 mA cm^(-2),and especially it shows outstanding long-term stability.Besides,an alkaline electrolyzer,using Ce0.04Co0.96P electrocatalyst as both the anode and cathode,delivers a cell voltage value of1.55 V at the current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).The calculation results of the density functional theory(DFT)demonstrate that the introduction of an appropriate amount of Ce into CoP can enhance the conductivity,and can induce the electronic modulation to regulate the selective adsorption of reaction intermediates on catalytic surface and the formation of O*intermediates(CoOOH),which exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic performance.This study provides novel insights into the design of an extraordinary performance water-splitting of the multicomponent electrocatalysts.
基金supported by the Regional Leading Research Center Program(2019R1A5A8080326)funding from the Basic Science Research Program(2021R1F1A1048758,2022R1I1A1A01053248)+1 种基金the Regional Innovation Strategy(RIS)(2023RIS-008)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Educationsupported by the National Supercomputing Center,which provided supercomputing resources and technical support(TS-2024-RE-0039)。
文摘Green hydrogen is crucial for advancing renewable energy technologies and protecting the environment.This study introduces a controllable method for bimetallic nickel-cobalt phosphide on reduced graphene oxide on nickel foam(NiCo_(3)P.C/NF).The material demonstrated low overpotentials of 58 and 180 mV at10 mA cm^(-2)for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)in 1.0 M KOH.It achieved excellent electrochemical water-splitting performance with operating voltages of 1.54 and 2.6 V at 10 and 500 mA cm^(-2),respectively.The overall water-splitting performance of NiCo_(3).C/NF was extremely stable after 75 h of operation at 53 mA cm^(-2),retaining 98%efficiency,better than the sample Pt-C+RuO_(2),and outperforming previous reports.Density functional theory(DFT)results revealed a synergistic NiCo_(3)P.C interaction that yields nearly zero Gibbs free energy change(-0.100 eV)and upshift d-band center,the real active site at the Ni in HER,and the lowest overpotentials 0.26 V at the P active sites for OER.Furthermore,electronic charge distribution shows the maximum charge distribution between the NiCo_(3)P phase and graphene sheet heterojunction,enhancing the electrocatalyst conductivity.This combined approach offers an innovative strategy to design sustainable electrocatalysts for water s plitting.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB4000405).
文摘Hydrogen is a critical renewable energy source in the energy transition.However,water electrolysis,which is the primary technique for achieving large-scale and low-carbon hydrogen production,still suffers from high production costs and energy consumption.The key is to develop highly efficient electrochemical water splitting catalysts.In recent years,the preparation of electrocatalysts via plasma treatment has gained recognition for its rapid,eco-friendly,and controllable properties,especially in the optimization of nano-microstructure.This review comprehensively summarizes the impact of plasma treatment on the nano-microstructure of water electrolysis catalysts,encompassing dispersion enhancement,morphology modulation,surface functionalization,defect construction,and element doping.These impacts on the nano-microstructure increase the surface area,modify the pore structure,introduce active sites,and regulate the electronic environment,thereby promoting the water splitting performance of electrocatalysts.Finally,the remaining challenges and potential opportunities are discussed for the future development of plasma treatment.This review would be a valuable reference for plasmaassisted electrocatalyst synthesis and mechanism understanding in plasma impact on nano-microstructure.
基金supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2021A1515010261 and 2023A1515140153)Guangdong Special Innovative Projects of General Universities(No.2022KTSCX136)+1 种基金the Major and Special Project in the Field of Intelligent Manufacturing of the Universities in Guangdong Province(No.2020ZDZX2067)the Innovative Team Project of the Universities in Guangdong Province(No.2023KCXTD035).
文摘The quest for sustainable energy solutions has intensified the need for efficient water electrolysis techniques,pivotal for hydrogen production.However,developing effective bifunctional electrocatalysts capable of driving the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)remains a formidable challenge.Addressing this,we introduce a novel built-in electric field(BEF)strategy to synthesize NiCoP–Co nanoarrays directly on Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene substrates(NiCoP–Co/MXene).This approach leverages a significant work function difference(ΔΦ),propelling these nanoarrays as adept bifunctional electrocatalysts for comprehensive water splitting.MXene,in this process,plays a dual role.It acts as a conductive support,enhancing the catalyst’s overall conductivity,and facilitates an effective charge transport pathway,ensuring efficient charge transfer.Our study reveals that the BEF induces an electric field at the interface,prompting charge transfer from Co to NiCoP.This transfer modulates asymmetric charge distributions,which intricately control intermediates’adsorption and desorption dynamics.Such regulation is crucial for enhancing the reaction kinetics of both HER and OER.Furthermore,under oxidative conditions,the NiCoP–Co/MXene catalyst undergoes a structural metamorphosis into Ni(Co)oxides/hydroxides/MXene,increasing OER performance.This research demonstrates the BEF’s role in fine-tuning interfacial charge redistribution and underscores its potential in crafting more sophisticated electrocatalytic designs.The insights gained here could pave the way for the next generation of electrocatalysis,with far-reaching implications for energy conversion and storage technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22209186,22479149)Self-deployed Projects of Ganjiang Innovation Academy,CAS(No.E355F006)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(No.20242BAB23016)Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(Nos.20223BBG74004,20232BBG70003)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2023343).
文摘Hydrogen is a highly promising energy carrier because of its renewable and clean qualities.Among the different methods for H_(2) production,photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)water splitting has garnered significant interest,thanks to the abundant and perennial solar energy.Single-atom catalysts(SACs),which feature well-distributed atoms anchored on supports,have gained great attention in PEC water splitting for their unique advantages in overcoming the limitations of conventional PEC reactions.Herein,we comprehensively review SAC-incorporated photoelectrocatalysts for efficient PEC water splitting.We begin by highlighting the benefits of SACs in improving charge transfer,catalytic selectivity,and catalytic activity,which address the limitations of conventional PEC reactions.Next,we provide a comprehensive overview of established synthetic techniques for optimizing the properties of SACs,along with modern characterization methods to confirm their unique structures.Finally,we discuss the challenges and future directions in basic research and advancements,providing insights and guidance for this developing field.
