Depression currently affects about 280 million people worldwide and its prevalence has been increasing dramatically,especially among the young and people of reproductive age,which consequently leads to an increase in ...Depression currently affects about 280 million people worldwide and its prevalence has been increasing dramatically,especially among the young and people of reproductive age,which consequently leads to an increase in antidepressant consumption.Antidepressants are associated with sexual dysfunction in both men and women;however,their role in male fertility has been scarcely studied.Fluoxetine and sertraline,two serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs),are among the most prescribed antidepressants worldwide.To determine their possible effects,human sperm cells were exposed to either sertraline or fluoxetine at concentrations previously found in blood and seminal fluid of patients undergoing treatment.Spermatozoa were incubated for up to 24 h at 37℃ and 5%CO_(2),and important functional parameters such as sperm motility,viability,mitochondrial membrane potential,cellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,chromatin/DNA integrity,acrosome status,and tyrosine phosphorylation were assessed.At low levels,fluoxetine consistently decreased progressive motility throughout time while promoting fluctuations in ROS levels and sperm capacitation.Nevertheless,it did not affect viability,mitochondrial membrane potential,acrosome reaction nor chromatin/DNA integrity.Sertraline,on the other hand,had little to nonsignificant impact at low doses,but affected almost all tested parameters at supratherapeutic concentrations.Altogether,our results suggest that both antidepressants may impair sperm function,possibly through different mechanisms of action,but fluoxetine is the only exhibiting mild negative effects at doses found in vivo.展开更多
Flow cytometry is now a recognized methodology within animal spermatology, and has moved from being a research tool to become routine in the assessment of animal semen destined to breeding. The availability of ＇bench...Flow cytometry is now a recognized methodology within animal spermatology, and has moved from being a research tool to become routine in the assessment of animal semen destined to breeding. The availability of ＇bench-top＇ flow cytometers and of newer and versatile markers for cell structure and function had allowed the instrumentation to measure more sperm parameters, from viability to reactiveness when exposed to exogenous stimuli, and to increase our capabilities to sort spermatozoa for potential fertilizing capacity, or chromosomal sex. The present review summarizes the state of the art regarding flow cytometry applied to animal andrology, albeit keeping an open comparative intent. It critically evaluates the present and future capabilities of flow cytometry for the diagnostics of potential fertility and for the development of current reproductive technologies such as sperm freezing, sperm selection and sperm sorting. The flow cytometry methods will probably further revolutionize our understanding of the sperm physiology and their functionality, and will undoubtedly extend its application in isolating many uncharacterized features of spermatozoa. However, continuous follow-up of the methods is a necessity owing to technical developments and the complexity of mapping spermatozoa.展开更多
Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9(inv[9])is a common chromosomal structural variant,but its impact on clinical outcomesremains debated.The screening criteria of sperm banks are rarely mentioned to individuals with...Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9(inv[9])is a common chromosomal structural variant,but its impact on clinical outcomesremains debated.The screening criteria of sperm banks are rarely mentioned to individuals with inv(9).In this study,we evaluatedthe fertility of sperm donors with inv(9)who met eligibility criteria for sperm banks(inv[9]-eligible donors).From March 2004 toMay 2022,chromosomal analysis of 16124 sperm donors at CITIC-Xiangya Human Sperm Bank in Hunan Province(Changsha,China)found that 251(1.6%)had chromosome variations,with inv(9)being the most prevalent at 1.1%.All 169 inv(9)-eligibledonors were contacted to collect fertility outcome data,along with 206 eligible donors without inv(9)as controls.In addition,semen samples from inv(9)-eligible donors and eligible donors underwent assessments of sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),mitochondrial membrane potential,DNA fragmentation index,acrosome integrity,reactive oxygen species(ROS),andsperm morphology.Results showed that inv(9)did not significantly increase reproductive risks overall.Despite detecting ROSlevel differences,the clinical impact may be insignificant.This study provides new data on the inv(9)population that can serveas a valuable reference for decision-making by sperm banks as well as for genetic counseling and clinical guidance for individualscarrying inv(9)variant.展开更多
Spermatozoa are constantly exposed to the interphase between oxidation through high amounts of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and leukocytes, and reduction by means of scavengers and antioxidants. Considering the ver...Spermatozoa are constantly exposed to the interphase between oxidation through high amounts of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and leukocytes, and reduction by means of scavengers and antioxidants. Considering the very special functions as being the only cells with such high polarization and exerting their functions outside the body, even in a different individual, the female genital tract, the membranes of these cells are chemically composed of an extraordinary high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This in turn, renders them very susceptible to oxidative stress, which is defined as an imbalance between oxidation and reduction towards the oxidative status. As a result, ROS deriving from both leukocytes and the male germ cells themselves cause a process called ＇lipid peroxidation＇ and other damages to the sperm cell. On the other hand, a certain limited amount of ROS iS essential in order to trigger vital physiological reactions in cells, including capacitation or the acrosome reaction in sperm. The treatment of patients with antioxidants to compensate the oxidative status caused by oxidative stress is highly debated as uncontrolled antioxidative treatment might derail the system towards the reduced status, which is also unphysiological and can even induce cancer. This paradox is called the ＇antioxidant paradox＇. Therefore, a proper andrological diagnostic work-up, including the evaluation of ROS levels and the antioxidant capacity of the semen, has to he carried out beforehand, aimed at keeping the fine balance between oxidation and scavenging of vital amounts of ROS.展开更多
Sperm function testing, once commonly performed for the infertile couple before employing assisted reproductive technology （ART）, has fallen out of favour in many reproductive medicine centers throughout the world. ...Sperm function testing, once commonly performed for the infertile couple before employing assisted reproductive technology （ART）, has fallen out of favour in many reproductive medicine centers throughout the world. Indeed, the most recent addition of the ＇World Health Organisation （WHO） Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Hu- man Semen＇ now groups many of these procedures into a section termed Research Procedures. In large part, this reflects the current clinical practice of bypassing the in-depth evaluation of the male partner, while assuming that if a spermatozoon can be found for intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI）, it must be a healthy cell capable of achieving fertilization. Never- theless, sperm function testing can provide valuable clinical insights into defects causing male infertility. Admittedly, in some cases, functional sperm deficiencies can be overcome using an ART. In other cases, couples will be empowered by the knowledge of the cause of their infertility, and for some couples, perhaps even the likelihood of ICSI success （relative to the spermatozoa）. The knowledge allows them to make truly informed reproductive decisions, including （perhaps） the de- cision to seek donor insemination, to adopt or to remain childless. Knowledge of the cause of their infertility may provide closure for couples and a sense of confidence regarding their choice of reproductive treatment.展开更多
Despite controversy regarding the clinical value of semen analysis, male fertility investigation still relies on a standardized analysis of the semen parameters. This is especially true for infertility clinics in both...Despite controversy regarding the clinical value of semen analysis, male fertility investigation still relies on a standardized analysis of the semen parameters. This is especially true for infertility clinics in both developing and developed countries. Other optional tests or sophisticated technologies have not been widely applied. The current review addresses important changes in the analysis of semen as described in the new World Health Organization （WHO） manual for semen analysis. The most important change in the manual is the use of evidence-based publications as references to determine cutoff values for normality. Apart from the above mentioned changes, the initial evaluation and handling methods remain, in most instances, the same as in previous editions. Furthermore, the review evaluates the importance of quality control in andrology with emphasis on the evaluation of sperm morphology. WHO sperm morphology training programmes for Sub-Saharan countries were initiated at Tygerberg Hospital in 1995. The external qualitY control programme has ensured that the majority of participants have maintained their morphological reading skills acquired during initial training. This review reports on current sperm functional tests, such as the induced acrosome reaction, and sperm-zona pellucida binding assays, as well as the impact of sperm quality in terms of DNA integrity, and the relationship of sperm function tests to sperm morphology.展开更多
Varicocele is a common medical condition entangled with many controversies. Though it is highly prevalent in men with infertility, still it marks its presence in males who do have normal fertility. Determining which p...Varicocele is a common medical condition entangled with many controversies. Though it is highly prevalent in men with infertility, still it marks its presence in males who do have normal fertility. Determining which patients are negatively affected by varicocele would enable clinicians to better select those men who benefitted the most from surgery. Since conventional semen analysis has been limited in its ability to evaluate the negative effects of varicocele on fertility, a multitude of specialized laboratory tests have emerged. In this review, we examine the role and significance of specialized sperm function tests with regards to varicocele. Among the various tests, analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation and measurements of oxidative stress markers provide an independent measure of fertility in men with varicocele. These diagnostic modalities have both diagnostic and prognostic information complementary to, but distinct from conventional sperm parameters. Test results can guide management and aid in monitoring intervention outcomes. Proteomics, metabolomics, and genomics are areas; though still developing, holding promise to revolutionize our understanding of reproductive physiology, including varicocele.展开更多
Aim： To develop a method for assessing sperm function by measuring released acrosin activity during the acrosome reaction （AR）. Methods： Human semen samples were obtained from 24 healthy donors with proven fertili...Aim： To develop a method for assessing sperm function by measuring released acrosin activity during the acrosome reaction （AR）. Methods： Human semen samples were obtained from 24 healthy donors with proven fertility after 3-7 days of sexual abstinence. After collection, samples were liquefied for 30 min at room temperature. Standard semen parameters were evaluated according to World Health Organization （WHO） criteria. Calcium ionophore A23187 and progesterone （P4） were used to stimulate the sperm to undergo AR. After treatment, sperm were incubated with the supravital dye Hoechst33258, fixed in a glutaraldehyde-phosphate-buffered saline solution, and the acrosomal status was determined by fluorescence microscopy with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Pisum sativum agglutinin （FITC-PSA）. The percentage of sperm undergoing AR （AR%） was compared to sperm acrosin activities as assessed by spectrocolorimetry. The correlation between AR% and acrosin activity was determined by statistical analysis. Results： The AR% and released acrosin activity were both markedly increased with A23187 and P4 stimulation. Sperm motility and viability were significantly higher after stimulation with P4 versus stimulation with A23187 （P 〈 0.001）. There was a significant positive correlation between released acrosin activity and AR% determined by FITC-PSA staining （r= 0.916, P 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Spectrocolorimetric measurement of released acrosin activity might serve as a reasonable alternative method to evaluate AR. （Asian J Androl 2008 Mar, 10： 236-242）展开更多
Aim: To evaluate the sperm function after vasovasostomy. Methods: Semen samples from 42 subjects aftervasovasostomy (Group A: 1-6 months, Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: 12-18 months after vasectomy rever-sal) were inv...Aim: To evaluate the sperm function after vasovasostomy. Methods: Semen samples from 42 subjects aftervasovasostomy (Group A: 1-6 months, Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: 12-18 months after vasectomy rever-sal) were investigated. Semen from 34 normal fertile men was used as controls. Sperm function tests, including hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, acrosome reaction (triple-stain), cervical mucuspenetration test (CMPT), etc were done. Results: After vasectomy reversal, the percentage of HOST was signifi-cantly lower than that of the normal fertile men. In regard to AO, there were no significant differences between thethree vasovasostomy groups and between these 3 groups and the controls. With triple-stain, the percentage of normalacrosome reaction was significantly lower in Group A as compared with the controls, but not in Groups B and C. Therewere no significant differences in the results of CMPT between the vasovasostomy groups and the controls. However,the number of 'poor' type was significantly higher in Groups A and C than in the controls; the percentage of 'nega-tive' type were higher in Groups A and B than in the controls. Conclusion: After vasovasostomy a lower level ofHOST remained for one year and gradually recovered after one year. Six months after vasectomy reversal, the percent-age of acrosome reaction could be changed from lower level to normal range. The data of AO indicated that the geneticmaterial (double-stranded DNA) in spermatozoa was not affected by vasovasostomy. To evaluate the result of CMPTafter vasectomy reversal, not only the normal results but also the abnormal results ('poor' and 'negative' types)should also be considered.Aim: To evaluate the sperm function after vasovasostomy. Methods: Semen samples from 42 subjects aftervasovasostomy (Group A: 1-6 months, Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: 12-18 months after vasectomy rever-sal) were investigated. Semen from 34 normal fertile men was used as controls. Sperm function tests, including hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, acrosome reaction (triple-stain), cervical mucuspenetration test (CMPT), etc were done. Results: After vasectomy reversal, the percentage of HOST was signifi-cantly lower than that of the normal fertile men. In regard to AO, there were no significant differences between thethree vasovasostomy groups and between these 3 groups and the controls. With triple-stain, the percentage of normalacrosome reaction was significantly lower in Group A as compared with the controls, but not in Groups B and C. Therewere no significant differences in the results of CMPT between the vasovasostomy groups and the controls. However,the number of 'poor' type was significantly higher in Groups A and C than in the controls; the percentage of 'nega-tive' type were higher in Groups A and B than in the controls. Conclusion: After vasovasostomy a lower level ofHOST remained for one year and gradually recovered after one year. Six months after vasectomy reversal, the percent-age of acrosome reaction could be changed from lower level to normal range. The data of AO indicated that the geneticmaterial (double-stranded DNA) in spermatozoa was not affected by vasovasostomy. To evaluate the result of CMPTafter vasectomy reversal, not only the normal results but also the abnormal results ('poor' and 'negative' types)should also be considered.Aim: To evaluate the sperm function after vasovasostomy. Methods: Semen samples from 42 subjects aftervasovasostomy (Group A: 1-6 months, Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: 12-18 months after vasectomy rever-sal) were investigated. Semen from 34 normal fertile men was used as controls. Sperm function tests, including hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, acrosome reaction (triple-stain), cervical mucuspenetration test (CMPT), etc were done. Results: After vasectomy reversal, the percentage of HOST was signifi-cantly lower than that of the normal fertile men. In regard to AO, there were no significant differences between thethree vasov展开更多
The spermatozoon is the most diverse cell type known and this diversity is considered to reflect differences in sperm function. How the diversity in sperm morphology arose during speciation and what role the different...The spermatozoon is the most diverse cell type known and this diversity is considered to reflect differences in sperm function. How the diversity in sperm morphology arose during speciation and what role the different specializations play in sperm function, however, remain incompletely characterized. This work reviews the hypotheses proposed to explain sperm morphological evolution, with a focus on some aspects of sperm morphometric evaluation; the ability of morphometrics to predict sperm cryoresistance and male fertility is also discussed. For this, the evaluation of patterns of change of sperm head morphometry throughout a process, instead of the study of the morphometric characteristics of the sperm head at different stages, allows a better identification of the males with different sperm cryoconservation ability. These new approaches, together with more studies employing a greater number of individuals, are needed to obtain novel results concerning the role of sperm morphometry on sperm function. Future studies should aim at understanding the causes of sperm design diversity and the mechanisms that generate them, giving increased attention to other sperm structures besides the sperm head. The implementation of scientific and technological advances could benefit the simultaneous examination of sperm phenotype and sperm function, demonstrating that sperm morphometry could be a useful tool for sperm assessment.展开更多
To determine the semen malondialdehyde (MDA) and its correlation tosperm function. Design: In addition to basic semen parameters (concentration, motility,morphology, vitality, etc. ), leukocyte concentration, sperm me...To determine the semen malondialdehyde (MDA) and its correlation tosperm function. Design: In addition to basic semen parameters (concentration, motility,morphology, vitality, etc. ), leukocyte concentration, sperm membrane integrity and MDAwere also quantified in the semen of each patient. Setting: University-based laboratory forandrndogy. Participants: 20 cases Of fertile men and 32 cases of infertile men. Results: Inour study, MDA was significantly higher in infertile men than that in fertile men. In highleukocyte group, MDA was also significantly higher than that in low leukocyte group.When MDA increased, sperm membrane integrity and the parameters which can reflect thesperm motility, such as SVT and motility score, decreased in varying degrees. The correlation between MDA and SVT as well as, motility score is significant. We also find thatthe deformity of sperm body is significantly correlated with MDA. Conclusion: Increaseof MDA' lt may imply that mitochondria membrane is attacked by ROS and is damagedand then sperm vitality is impaired consequently.展开更多
Evaluation and assessment of semen is very important for both diagnosis of male infertility and selection of patients for treatment with IVF or ICSI. In standard IVF, sperm function is essential for normal fertilizati...Evaluation and assessment of semen is very important for both diagnosis of male infertility and selection of patients for treatment with IVF or ICSI. In standard IVF, sperm function is essential for normal fertilization: sperm must be able to bind to zona pellucida (ZP), undergo the acrosome reaction and penetrate the ZP and fuse with the oolemma before fertilization takes place. In contrast, most sperm functions are not required for fertilization in ICSI since sperm bypass the ZP and oolemma by injection of a single sperm directly into cytoplasm of oocyte. Therefore, the clinical decision on treatment of patients with either IVF or ICSI is mostly dependent on results of sperm tests. However, conventional semen analyses do not provide accurate information about sperm fertilizing ability since many patients with subtle sperm defects can not be detected. More advanced sperm function tests are required to detect sperm defects that may lead to failure of fertilization in standard IVF. In the last 15 years we performed extensive studies on relationship between sperm functions and fertilization rates by logistic regression analysis in large numbers of IVF patients including 370 patients with zero fertilization rate by IVF. We confirmed sperm morphology assessed strictly was strongly related to fertilisation rate with standard IVF. Thus sperm morphology assessment is very useful for selection of patients for ICSI. We also developed a number of new tests including sperm-ZP binding, sperm-ZP penetration and the ZP-induced AR and evaluated the clinical value of these tests. Sperm-ZP binding and sperm-ZP penetration tests are the most powerful indicators for sperm fertilizing ability in vitro. The ZP-induced AR is highly correlated with sperm-ZP penetration. We discovered a condition we call disordered ZP-induced AR which causes serve infertility in up to 25% men with otherwise idiopathic infertility In conclusion, the combination of semen analysis with advanced sperm function tests provide important diagnostic and prognostic information for male infertility and is crucial for selection of patients for treatment with IVF or ICSI. (Asian J Androl 2002 Dec; 4: 281-285)展开更多
Since release of the latest WHO manual with the new lower reference values of semen parameters, a lot of discussion has been raised about their usefulness and appropriateness for assessment of male fertility. As with ...Since release of the latest WHO manual with the new lower reference values of semen parameters, a lot of discussion has been raised about their usefulness and appropriateness for assessment of male fertility. As with the previous reference values the new limits do neither allow an andrological diagnosis based on nosological criteria nor clear-cut differentiation between fertility and sub-/infertility. Therefore, considering the fact that fertility is a continuum, the new lower reference limits should not be overestimated. Most probably, more sperm function tests, such as determination of DNA integrity, and--in the future--assessment of biomarkers, such as sperm proteomics will be included into andrological work-up, thus resulting in a more personalized approach of infertility management. On the other hand, the detailed instructions for standard and advanced semen analysis provided in the new manual are very much appreciated and should be adopted by each seriously workin~ laboratory.展开更多
Since estrogenic pollutants and phytoestrogens can cause the disorder of the reproductive system, the effects of a soybean milk product（Vegemil^（？） containing 162 ppm isoflavones） on the feto-neonatal development...Since estrogenic pollutants and phytoestrogens can cause the disorder of the reproductive system, the effects of a soybean milk product（Vegemil^（？） containing 162 ppm isoflavones） on the feto-neonatal development, including male reproductive function, were investigated. Pregnant rats were fed the soybean milk（5% or 100% in drinking water）from gestational day（GD） 6 to parturition or to post-natal day（PND） 56. Specifically, the rats were divided into 4 groups： the control group（drinking water）, the GD5% group（5% soybean milk during only the GD period）, the GDPND5% group（5% soybean milk during the GD and PND periods）, and the GD-PND100% group（100% soybean milk instead of water during the GD and PND periods）. During the gestational, lactational, and developmental periods, the reproductive and developmental parameters of dams and offspring were observed. Feeding soybean milk did not affect the birth and physical development of both male and female offspring. At PND57, the weights of the testes and epididymides of F1 males significantly increased by feeding a high concentration of the soybean milk（GDPND100%）. In addition, feeding of the soybean milk during both the GD and PND periods（GD-PND5% and GDPND100%） enhanced the sperm counts and motility. The results indicate that soybean milk is safe for embryos,fetuses, and offspring, and improves the post-generational development of male reproductive function.展开更多
文摘Depression currently affects about 280 million people worldwide and its prevalence has been increasing dramatically,especially among the young and people of reproductive age,which consequently leads to an increase in antidepressant consumption.Antidepressants are associated with sexual dysfunction in both men and women;however,their role in male fertility has been scarcely studied.Fluoxetine and sertraline,two serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs),are among the most prescribed antidepressants worldwide.To determine their possible effects,human sperm cells were exposed to either sertraline or fluoxetine at concentrations previously found in blood and seminal fluid of patients undergoing treatment.Spermatozoa were incubated for up to 24 h at 37℃ and 5%CO_(2),and important functional parameters such as sperm motility,viability,mitochondrial membrane potential,cellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,chromatin/DNA integrity,acrosome status,and tyrosine phosphorylation were assessed.At low levels,fluoxetine consistently decreased progressive motility throughout time while promoting fluctuations in ROS levels and sperm capacitation.Nevertheless,it did not affect viability,mitochondrial membrane potential,acrosome reaction nor chromatin/DNA integrity.Sertraline,on the other hand,had little to nonsignificant impact at low doses,but affected almost all tested parameters at supratherapeutic concentrations.Altogether,our results suggest that both antidepressants may impair sperm function,possibly through different mechanisms of action,but fluoxetine is the only exhibiting mild negative effects at doses found in vivo.
文摘Flow cytometry is now a recognized methodology within animal spermatology, and has moved from being a research tool to become routine in the assessment of animal semen destined to breeding. The availability of ＇bench-top＇ flow cytometers and of newer and versatile markers for cell structure and function had allowed the instrumentation to measure more sperm parameters, from viability to reactiveness when exposed to exogenous stimuli, and to increase our capabilities to sort spermatozoa for potential fertilizing capacity, or chromosomal sex. The present review summarizes the state of the art regarding flow cytometry applied to animal andrology, albeit keeping an open comparative intent. It critically evaluates the present and future capabilities of flow cytometry for the diagnostics of potential fertility and for the development of current reproductive technologies such as sperm freezing, sperm selection and sperm sorting. The flow cytometry methods will probably further revolutionize our understanding of the sperm physiology and their functionality, and will undoubtedly extend its application in isolating many uncharacterized features of spermatozoa. However, continuous follow-up of the methods is a necessity owing to technical developments and the complexity of mapping spermatozoa.
基金financial supported by National Natural Science Foundationof China(No.82001634)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M661521).
文摘Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9(inv[9])is a common chromosomal structural variant,but its impact on clinical outcomesremains debated.The screening criteria of sperm banks are rarely mentioned to individuals with inv(9).In this study,we evaluatedthe fertility of sperm donors with inv(9)who met eligibility criteria for sperm banks(inv[9]-eligible donors).From March 2004 toMay 2022,chromosomal analysis of 16124 sperm donors at CITIC-Xiangya Human Sperm Bank in Hunan Province(Changsha,China)found that 251(1.6%)had chromosome variations,with inv(9)being the most prevalent at 1.1%.All 169 inv(9)-eligibledonors were contacted to collect fertility outcome data,along with 206 eligible donors without inv(9)as controls.In addition,semen samples from inv(9)-eligible donors and eligible donors underwent assessments of sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),mitochondrial membrane potential,DNA fragmentation index,acrosome integrity,reactive oxygen species(ROS),andsperm morphology.Results showed that inv(9)did not significantly increase reproductive risks overall.Despite detecting ROSlevel differences,the clinical impact may be insignificant.This study provides new data on the inv(9)population that can serveas a valuable reference for decision-making by sperm banks as well as for genetic counseling and clinical guidance for individualscarrying inv(9)variant.
文摘Spermatozoa are constantly exposed to the interphase between oxidation through high amounts of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and leukocytes, and reduction by means of scavengers and antioxidants. Considering the very special functions as being the only cells with such high polarization and exerting their functions outside the body, even in a different individual, the female genital tract, the membranes of these cells are chemically composed of an extraordinary high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This in turn, renders them very susceptible to oxidative stress, which is defined as an imbalance between oxidation and reduction towards the oxidative status. As a result, ROS deriving from both leukocytes and the male germ cells themselves cause a process called ＇lipid peroxidation＇ and other damages to the sperm cell. On the other hand, a certain limited amount of ROS iS essential in order to trigger vital physiological reactions in cells, including capacitation or the acrosome reaction in sperm. The treatment of patients with antioxidants to compensate the oxidative status caused by oxidative stress is highly debated as uncontrolled antioxidative treatment might derail the system towards the reduced status, which is also unphysiological and can even induce cancer. This paradox is called the ＇antioxidant paradox＇. Therefore, a proper andrological diagnostic work-up, including the evaluation of ROS levels and the antioxidant capacity of the semen, has to he carried out beforehand, aimed at keeping the fine balance between oxidation and scavenging of vital amounts of ROS.
文摘Sperm function testing, once commonly performed for the infertile couple before employing assisted reproductive technology （ART）, has fallen out of favour in many reproductive medicine centers throughout the world. Indeed, the most recent addition of the ＇World Health Organisation （WHO） Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Hu- man Semen＇ now groups many of these procedures into a section termed Research Procedures. In large part, this reflects the current clinical practice of bypassing the in-depth evaluation of the male partner, while assuming that if a spermatozoon can be found for intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI）, it must be a healthy cell capable of achieving fertilization. Never- theless, sperm function testing can provide valuable clinical insights into defects causing male infertility. Admittedly, in some cases, functional sperm deficiencies can be overcome using an ART. In other cases, couples will be empowered by the knowledge of the cause of their infertility, and for some couples, perhaps even the likelihood of ICSI success （relative to the spermatozoa）. The knowledge allows them to make truly informed reproductive decisions, including （perhaps） the de- cision to seek donor insemination, to adopt or to remain childless. Knowledge of the cause of their infertility may provide closure for couples and a sense of confidence regarding their choice of reproductive treatment.
文摘Despite controversy regarding the clinical value of semen analysis, male fertility investigation still relies on a standardized analysis of the semen parameters. This is especially true for infertility clinics in both developing and developed countries. Other optional tests or sophisticated technologies have not been widely applied. The current review addresses important changes in the analysis of semen as described in the new World Health Organization （WHO） manual for semen analysis. The most important change in the manual is the use of evidence-based publications as references to determine cutoff values for normality. Apart from the above mentioned changes, the initial evaluation and handling methods remain, in most instances, the same as in previous editions. Furthermore, the review evaluates the importance of quality control in andrology with emphasis on the evaluation of sperm morphology. WHO sperm morphology training programmes for Sub-Saharan countries were initiated at Tygerberg Hospital in 1995. The external qualitY control programme has ensured that the majority of participants have maintained their morphological reading skills acquired during initial training. This review reports on current sperm functional tests, such as the induced acrosome reaction, and sperm-zona pellucida binding assays, as well as the impact of sperm quality in terms of DNA integrity, and the relationship of sperm function tests to sperm morphology.
文摘Varicocele is a common medical condition entangled with many controversies. Though it is highly prevalent in men with infertility, still it marks its presence in males who do have normal fertility. Determining which patients are negatively affected by varicocele would enable clinicians to better select those men who benefitted the most from surgery. Since conventional semen analysis has been limited in its ability to evaluate the negative effects of varicocele on fertility, a multitude of specialized laboratory tests have emerged. In this review, we examine the role and significance of specialized sperm function tests with regards to varicocele. Among the various tests, analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation and measurements of oxidative stress markers provide an independent measure of fertility in men with varicocele. These diagnostic modalities have both diagnostic and prognostic information complementary to, but distinct from conventional sperm parameters. Test results can guide management and aid in monitoring intervention outcomes. Proteomics, metabolomics, and genomics are areas; though still developing, holding promise to revolutionize our understanding of reproductive physiology, including varicocele.
文摘Aim： To develop a method for assessing sperm function by measuring released acrosin activity during the acrosome reaction （AR）. Methods： Human semen samples were obtained from 24 healthy donors with proven fertility after 3-7 days of sexual abstinence. After collection, samples were liquefied for 30 min at room temperature. Standard semen parameters were evaluated according to World Health Organization （WHO） criteria. Calcium ionophore A23187 and progesterone （P4） were used to stimulate the sperm to undergo AR. After treatment, sperm were incubated with the supravital dye Hoechst33258, fixed in a glutaraldehyde-phosphate-buffered saline solution, and the acrosomal status was determined by fluorescence microscopy with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Pisum sativum agglutinin （FITC-PSA）. The percentage of sperm undergoing AR （AR%） was compared to sperm acrosin activities as assessed by spectrocolorimetry. The correlation between AR% and acrosin activity was determined by statistical analysis. Results： The AR% and released acrosin activity were both markedly increased with A23187 and P4 stimulation. Sperm motility and viability were significantly higher after stimulation with P4 versus stimulation with A23187 （P 〈 0.001）. There was a significant positive correlation between released acrosin activity and AR% determined by FITC-PSA staining （r= 0.916, P 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Spectrocolorimetric measurement of released acrosin activity might serve as a reasonable alternative method to evaluate AR. （Asian J Androl 2008 Mar, 10： 236-242）
文摘Aim: To evaluate the sperm function after vasovasostomy. Methods: Semen samples from 42 subjects aftervasovasostomy (Group A: 1-6 months, Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: 12-18 months after vasectomy rever-sal) were investigated. Semen from 34 normal fertile men was used as controls. Sperm function tests, including hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, acrosome reaction (triple-stain), cervical mucuspenetration test (CMPT), etc were done. Results: After vasectomy reversal, the percentage of HOST was signifi-cantly lower than that of the normal fertile men. In regard to AO, there were no significant differences between thethree vasovasostomy groups and between these 3 groups and the controls. With triple-stain, the percentage of normalacrosome reaction was significantly lower in Group A as compared with the controls, but not in Groups B and C. Therewere no significant differences in the results of CMPT between the vasovasostomy groups and the controls. However,the number of 'poor' type was significantly higher in Groups A and C than in the controls; the percentage of 'nega-tive' type were higher in Groups A and B than in the controls. Conclusion: After vasovasostomy a lower level ofHOST remained for one year and gradually recovered after one year. Six months after vasectomy reversal, the percent-age of acrosome reaction could be changed from lower level to normal range. The data of AO indicated that the geneticmaterial (double-stranded DNA) in spermatozoa was not affected by vasovasostomy. To evaluate the result of CMPTafter vasectomy reversal, not only the normal results but also the abnormal results ('poor' and 'negative' types)should also be considered.Aim: To evaluate the sperm function after vasovasostomy. Methods: Semen samples from 42 subjects aftervasovasostomy (Group A: 1-6 months, Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: 12-18 months after vasectomy rever-sal) were investigated. Semen from 34 normal fertile men was used as controls. Sperm function tests, including hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, acrosome reaction (triple-stain), cervical mucuspenetration test (CMPT), etc were done. Results: After vasectomy reversal, the percentage of HOST was signifi-cantly lower than that of the normal fertile men. In regard to AO, there were no significant differences between thethree vasovasostomy groups and between these 3 groups and the controls. With triple-stain, the percentage of normalacrosome reaction was significantly lower in Group A as compared with the controls, but not in Groups B and C. Therewere no significant differences in the results of CMPT between the vasovasostomy groups and the controls. However,the number of 'poor' type was significantly higher in Groups A and C than in the controls; the percentage of 'nega-tive' type were higher in Groups A and B than in the controls. Conclusion: After vasovasostomy a lower level ofHOST remained for one year and gradually recovered after one year. Six months after vasectomy reversal, the percent-age of acrosome reaction could be changed from lower level to normal range. The data of AO indicated that the geneticmaterial (double-stranded DNA) in spermatozoa was not affected by vasovasostomy. To evaluate the result of CMPTafter vasectomy reversal, not only the normal results but also the abnormal results ('poor' and 'negative' types)should also be considered.Aim: To evaluate the sperm function after vasovasostomy. Methods: Semen samples from 42 subjects aftervasovasostomy (Group A: 1-6 months, Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: 12-18 months after vasectomy rever-sal) were investigated. Semen from 34 normal fertile men was used as controls. Sperm function tests, including hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, acrosome reaction (triple-stain), cervical mucuspenetration test (CMPT), etc were done. Results: After vasectomy reversal, the percentage of HOST was signifi-cantly lower than that of the normal fertile men. In regard to AO, there were no significant differences between thethree vasov
文摘The spermatozoon is the most diverse cell type known and this diversity is considered to reflect differences in sperm function. How the diversity in sperm morphology arose during speciation and what role the different specializations play in sperm function, however, remain incompletely characterized. This work reviews the hypotheses proposed to explain sperm morphological evolution, with a focus on some aspects of sperm morphometric evaluation; the ability of morphometrics to predict sperm cryoresistance and male fertility is also discussed. For this, the evaluation of patterns of change of sperm head morphometry throughout a process, instead of the study of the morphometric characteristics of the sperm head at different stages, allows a better identification of the males with different sperm cryoconservation ability. These new approaches, together with more studies employing a greater number of individuals, are needed to obtain novel results concerning the role of sperm morphometry on sperm function. Future studies should aim at understanding the causes of sperm design diversity and the mechanisms that generate them, giving increased attention to other sperm structures besides the sperm head. The implementation of scientific and technological advances could benefit the simultaneous examination of sperm phenotype and sperm function, demonstrating that sperm morphometry could be a useful tool for sperm assessment.
文摘To determine the semen malondialdehyde (MDA) and its correlation tosperm function. Design: In addition to basic semen parameters (concentration, motility,morphology, vitality, etc. ), leukocyte concentration, sperm membrane integrity and MDAwere also quantified in the semen of each patient. Setting: University-based laboratory forandrndogy. Participants: 20 cases Of fertile men and 32 cases of infertile men. Results: Inour study, MDA was significantly higher in infertile men than that in fertile men. In highleukocyte group, MDA was also significantly higher than that in low leukocyte group.When MDA increased, sperm membrane integrity and the parameters which can reflect thesperm motility, such as SVT and motility score, decreased in varying degrees. The correlation between MDA and SVT as well as, motility score is significant. We also find thatthe deformity of sperm body is significantly correlated with MDA. Conclusion: Increaseof MDA' lt may imply that mitochondria membrane is attacked by ROS and is damagedand then sperm vitality is impaired consequently.
基金Presented at the First Asia-Pacific Forum on Andrology, 17-21 Oct 2002, Shanghai, China
文摘Evaluation and assessment of semen is very important for both diagnosis of male infertility and selection of patients for treatment with IVF or ICSI. In standard IVF, sperm function is essential for normal fertilization: sperm must be able to bind to zona pellucida (ZP), undergo the acrosome reaction and penetrate the ZP and fuse with the oolemma before fertilization takes place. In contrast, most sperm functions are not required for fertilization in ICSI since sperm bypass the ZP and oolemma by injection of a single sperm directly into cytoplasm of oocyte. Therefore, the clinical decision on treatment of patients with either IVF or ICSI is mostly dependent on results of sperm tests. However, conventional semen analyses do not provide accurate information about sperm fertilizing ability since many patients with subtle sperm defects can not be detected. More advanced sperm function tests are required to detect sperm defects that may lead to failure of fertilization in standard IVF. In the last 15 years we performed extensive studies on relationship between sperm functions and fertilization rates by logistic regression analysis in large numbers of IVF patients including 370 patients with zero fertilization rate by IVF. We confirmed sperm morphology assessed strictly was strongly related to fertilisation rate with standard IVF. Thus sperm morphology assessment is very useful for selection of patients for ICSI. We also developed a number of new tests including sperm-ZP binding, sperm-ZP penetration and the ZP-induced AR and evaluated the clinical value of these tests. Sperm-ZP binding and sperm-ZP penetration tests are the most powerful indicators for sperm fertilizing ability in vitro. The ZP-induced AR is highly correlated with sperm-ZP penetration. We discovered a condition we call disordered ZP-induced AR which causes serve infertility in up to 25% men with otherwise idiopathic infertility In conclusion, the combination of semen analysis with advanced sperm function tests provide important diagnostic and prognostic information for male infertility and is crucial for selection of patients for treatment with IVF or ICSI. (Asian J Androl 2002 Dec; 4: 281-285)
文摘Since release of the latest WHO manual with the new lower reference values of semen parameters, a lot of discussion has been raised about their usefulness and appropriateness for assessment of male fertility. As with the previous reference values the new limits do neither allow an andrological diagnosis based on nosological criteria nor clear-cut differentiation between fertility and sub-/infertility. Therefore, considering the fact that fertility is a continuum, the new lower reference limits should not be overestimated. Most probably, more sperm function tests, such as determination of DNA integrity, and--in the future--assessment of biomarkers, such as sperm proteomics will be included into andrological work-up, thus resulting in a more personalized approach of infertility management. On the other hand, the detailed instructions for standard and advanced semen analysis provided in the new manual are very much appreciated and should be adopted by each seriously workin~ laboratory.
文摘Since estrogenic pollutants and phytoestrogens can cause the disorder of the reproductive system, the effects of a soybean milk product（Vegemil^（？） containing 162 ppm isoflavones） on the feto-neonatal development, including male reproductive function, were investigated. Pregnant rats were fed the soybean milk（5% or 100% in drinking water）from gestational day（GD） 6 to parturition or to post-natal day（PND） 56. Specifically, the rats were divided into 4 groups： the control group（drinking water）, the GD5% group（5% soybean milk during only the GD period）, the GDPND5% group（5% soybean milk during the GD and PND periods）, and the GD-PND100% group（100% soybean milk instead of water during the GD and PND periods）. During the gestational, lactational, and developmental periods, the reproductive and developmental parameters of dams and offspring were observed. Feeding soybean milk did not affect the birth and physical development of both male and female offspring. At PND57, the weights of the testes and epididymides of F1 males significantly increased by feeding a high concentration of the soybean milk（GDPND100%）. In addition, feeding of the soybean milk during both the GD and PND periods（GD-PND5% and GDPND100%） enhanced the sperm counts and motility. The results indicate that soybean milk is safe for embryos,fetuses, and offspring, and improves the post-generational development of male reproductive function.
