The development of digital villages and the expansion of farmers’consumption are important measures for expanding domestic demand and enhancing rural productive forces.Based on provincial panel data from China spanni...The development of digital villages and the expansion of farmers’consumption are important measures for expanding domestic demand and enhancing rural productive forces.Based on provincial panel data from China spanning 2010 to 2022,this paper establishes an evaluation indicator system for the development of digital villages,and empirically examines the impact of the development of digital villages on farmers’consumption growth,as well as its mechanisms,and spatial spillover effects.The results indicate that digital village development significantly promotes growth in the consumption of farmers,with the effects being more pronounced in the central and western regions.Mechanism analysis reveals that digital village development has a significant income-increasing effect and it improves the convenience of payments,both of which serve as important channels for promoting farmers’consumption growth.Further analysis demonstrates the significant spatial spillover effects of digital village development on farmers’consumption growth.Specifically,farmers’consumption growth is not only directly influenced by local digital village development and the demonstration effect of consumption growth in neighboring regions,but it is also indirectly influenced by the digital village development of nearby areas.Therefore,the promotion of digital village development,tailored to local conditions,the broadening of channels for increasing farmers’income,the strengthening of digital inclusive finance,and the rational leveraging of the spatial spillover effects of digital village development can further unleash the potential of farmers’consumption.展开更多
Exploring the effective and efficient path of agricultural carbon emission reduction in Henan Province is of great significance to optimizing the strategic layout of China's agricultural emission reduction and car...Exploring the effective and efficient path of agricultural carbon emission reduction in Henan Province is of great significance to optimizing the strategic layout of China's agricultural emission reduction and carbon sequestration.Accordingly,the agricultural carbon emissions of each county were measured scientifically and then the spatial measurement model was utilized to clarify the spatial and temporal evolution trend and spatial effect mechanism of agricultural carbon emissions based on the county data of Henan Province from 2010 to 2020.The results showed that:(1)in 2020,the total agricultural carbon emissions were 134.7274 million tons,with the high distribution in the southeast and low distribution in the northwest;(2)the spatial dependence of agricultural carbon emissions showed a four-stage trend of fluctuating down-continuing up-plummeting-fluctuating up again,and the spatial heterogeneity was dominated by low-low agglomeration,followed by high-low agglomeration;(3)there was an inverted U curve relationship between the level of agricultural economic development and agricultural carbon emissions.The increase in the level of agricultural mechanization and urbanization rate significantly reduced agricultural carbon emissions.The opposite was true for the financial support for agriculture,the income level of rural residents and the structure of the agricultural industry;(4)in terms of spatial spillover effects,the increase in the level of agricultural development in neighbor counties first increased and then decreased agricultural carbon emissions in Henan Province.The mechanization level and urbanization rate of neighbor counties reduced agricultural carbon emissions in Henan Province,and the opposite was true for the income level of rural residents and the scale utilization of agricultural land.展开更多
Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a usefu...Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a useful and valid tool for spatial working memory and attention studies in the fields of cognitive psychology,education,and psychiatry.The repeated administration of working memory capacity tests is common in clinical and research settings.Studies suggest that repeated cognitive tests may improve the performance scores also known as retest effects.The systematic investigation of retest effects in SWAPS is critical for interpreting scientific results,but it is still not fully developed.To address this,we recruited 77 college students aged 18–21 years and used SWAPS comprising 72 trials with different memory loads,learning time,and delay span.We repeated the test once a week for five weeks to investigate the retest effects of SWAPS.There were significant retest effects in the first two tests:the accuracy of the SWAPS tests significantly increased,and then stabilized.These findings provide useful information for researchers to appropriately use or interpret the repeated working memory tests.Further experiments are still needed to clarify the factors that mediate the retest effects,and find out the cognitive mechanism that influences the retest effects.展开更多
Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to...Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to 2003,a spatial production function is applied to examine the spatial spillovers which can be generated as a positive output spillover from the transport infrastructure between neighboring cities.Some spatial weighted matrices are adopted to define different neighboring cities to measure how easily factors or economic activities can migrate between regions.The estimation results show that the output elasticity of the highway infrastructure in 11 cities are all insignificant at a 5% significance level;hence,highway infrastructure in a region cannot explain the same region's economic growth.On the other hand,the highway infrastructure of other contiguous regions has positive spillover effects on a same region's economic growth.展开更多
Based on provincial panel data of water footprint and grey water footprint, and with the help of data envelopment analysis model considering and without considering the unde- sirable output, this paper estimates the w...Based on provincial panel data of water footprint and grey water footprint, and with the help of data envelopment analysis model considering and without considering the unde- sirable output, this paper estimates the water resources utilization efficiency in China from 1997 to 2011. The spatial weighting matrix based on economy-spatial distance function is established to discuss spatial autocorrelation of water resources utilization efficiency. With the help of absolute/3-convergence model, this paper concludes that there exists/%convergence in the water resources utilization efficiency. Under the conditions of considering and without considering the undesirable output, it takes about 52.6 and 5.6 years respectively to achieve the extent of half of convergence. By mean of the spatial Durbin econometric model, this paper studies spatial spillover effects of the provincial water resources utilization efficiency in China. The results are as follows. 1） With considering and without considering the undesir- able output, there is significant spatial correlation in provincial water resource efficiency in China. 2） Under the two cases, the spatial autoregressive coefficients （p） are 0.278 and 0.507 respectively, at 1% significance level. There exist the spatial spillover effects of provin- cial water resources utilization efficiency. 3） With considering the undesirable output, these factors of the education funds, the transportation infrastructure, and the industrial and agri- cultural water consumption proportion have positive impacts. These factors of foreign direct investment, the industry value-added water consumption per ten thousand yuan, per capita water consumption, and the total precipitation have negative impacts. 4） Without considering the undesirable output, the factor of GDP per laborer has a greater positive significant influ- ence on the water resources utilization efficiency. However the facts of industry value-added water consumption in ten thousand yuan and the transportation infrastructure have no sig- nificant influence. 5） Regardless of undesirable output of water resources utilization efficiency the assessment of the present real water resources utilization in China will be distorted and policy-making will be misled. The water efficiency measure considering environmental factors （such as gray water footprint） is more reasonable.展开更多
In this study, we adopt kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation, spatial Markov chain, and panel quantile regression methods to analyze spatial spillover effects and driving factors of carbon emission inten...In this study, we adopt kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation, spatial Markov chain, and panel quantile regression methods to analyze spatial spillover effects and driving factors of carbon emission intensity in 283 Chinese cities from 1992 to 2013. The following results were obtained.(1) Nuclear density estimation shows that the overall average carbon intensity of cities in China has decreased, with differences gradually narrowing.(2) The spatial autocorrelation Moran's I index indicates significant spatial agglomeration of carbon emission intensity is gradually increasing; however, differences between regions have remained stable.(3) Spatial Markov chain analysis shows a Matthew effect in China's urban carbon emission intensity. In addition, low-intensity and high-intensity cities characteristically maintain their initial state during the transition period. Furthermore, there is a clear "Spatial Spillover" effect in urban carbon emission intensity and there is heterogeneity in the spillover effect in different regional contexts; that is, if a city is near a city with low carbon emission intensity, the carbon emission intensity of the first city has a higher probability of upward transfer, and vice versa.(4) Panel quantile results indicate that in cities with low carbon emission intensity, economic growth, technological progress, and appropriate population density play an important role in reducing emissions. In addition, foreign investment intensity and traffic emissions are the main factors that increase carbon emission intensity. In cities with high carbon intensity, population density is an important emission reduction factor, and technological progress has no significant effect. In contrast, industrial emissions, extensive capital investment, and urban land expansion are the main factors driving the increase in carbon intensity.展开更多
This paper predicts that grey spatial solitons can exist in two-photon photorefractive materials. In steady state and undcr appropriate external bias conditions, it obtains the grey spatial soliton solutions of the op...This paper predicts that grey spatial solitons can exist in two-photon photorefractive materials. In steady state and undcr appropriate external bias conditions, it obtains the grey spatial soliton solutions of the optical wave evolution equation. The intensity profile, phase distribution, and transverse velocity of these grey solitons are discussed.展开更多
Chinese railway has entered the ＂HSR era＂, while the structure of ＂four vertical and four horizontal＂ railways for transit passengers is almost completed. Taking the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Rail （hereinafter ...Chinese railway has entered the ＂HSR era＂, while the structure of ＂four vertical and four horizontal＂ railways for transit passengers is almost completed. Taking the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Rail （hereinafter referred to as HSR） as an example, this paper first explores HSR＇s effects on the spatial structure of regional tourist flows using the social network analysis. Next, it notes changes in the accessibility of regional transportation. After analyzing the factors including initial endowment of regional tourism resources, hospitality facilities, the density of the regional tourism transportation network, and locations, the paper discusses the mechanisms through which HSR affects regional tourist flows. The study shows the following： （1） HSR＇s effects on the spatial structure of regional tourist flows are manifested through the Matthew effect, the filtering effect, the diffusion effect and the overlying effect, and （2） the Matthew effect of HSR is manifested under an obvious interaction of the location, the initial endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network density and ＂time-space compression＂. The filtering effect of HSR is manifested for those tourism nodes without favorable location conditions, endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, or tourist transportation network density and without obvious benefits from ＂time-space compression＂. Those tourism nodes that boast advantages in terms of lo- cation condition, endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network density and obvious ＂time-space compression＂ will become sources for the diffusion effect. HSR will strengthen the aggregation effects of tourist flow in these diffusion sources, which will thereafter diffuse to peripheral tourist areas, manifesting ＂aggregation-diffusion＂. HSR has overlapped tourists＇ spatial traveling range over large-scale spaces. However, the overlying effect is only generated in those tourism nodes with a favorable location condition, an endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network den- sity, and obvious ＂time-space compression＂.展开更多
Whether economic agglomeration can promote improvement in environmental quality is of great importance not only to China’s pollution prevention and control plans but also to its future sustainable development.Based o...Whether economic agglomeration can promote improvement in environmental quality is of great importance not only to China’s pollution prevention and control plans but also to its future sustainable development.Based on the COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)and NH3-N(Ammonia Nitrogen)emissions Database of 339 Cities at the city level in China,this study explores the impact of economic agglomeration on water pollutant emissions,including the differences in magnitude of the impact in relation to city size using an econometric model.The study also examines the spillover effect of economic agglomeration,by conducting univariate and bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis.The results show that economic agglomeration can effectively reduce water pollutant emissions,and a 1%increase in economic agglomeration could lead to a decrease in COD emissions by 0.117%and NH3-N emissions by 0.102%.Compared with large and megacities,economic agglomeration has a more prominent effect on the emission reduction of water pollution in small-and medium-sized cities.From the perspective of spatial spillover,the interaction between economic agglomeration and water pollutant emissions shows four basic patterns:high agglomeration–high emissions,high agglomeration-low emissions,low agglomeration–high emissions,and low agglomeration–low emissions.The results suggest that the high agglomeration–high emissions regions are mainly distributed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,Shandong Peninsula,and the Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration;thus,local governments should consider the spatial spillover effect of economic agglomeration in formulating appropriate water pollutant mitigation policies.展开更多
As a new kind of technology in retaining structures, the characteristics of double-row piles are significantly affected by spatial effects. In this paper, double-row piles as a retaining structure are simulated numeri...As a new kind of technology in retaining structures, the characteristics of double-row piles are significantly affected by spatial effects. In this paper, double-row piles as a retaining structure are simulated numerically in three-dimension by finite element software PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION. The behavior differences of piles in different positions around the foundation pit are analyzed. By changing the parameters, including the length-width ratio, the excavation depth, the distance between rows and the diameter of piles, the variations of the lateral deformation, the bending moment and the earth pressure around the piles are determined. The reasonable values of parameters and some suggestions with consideration of earth pressure are proposed for the design of double-row piles as a retaining structure. The results show that the lateral deformation and bending moment are the largest in the middle of long side of the foundation pit, which is identified as the most unfavorable position. It is indicated that the earth pressure between rows above pit bottom is close to active earth pressure, while the earth pressure between rows under pit bottom is close to static earth pressure. It is suggested that 1/2-2/3 of pile length, 0.6-1.2 m, 3d-6d, and 2d-2.5d be chosen as embedded depth of piles, diameter of piles, distance between rows, and distance between piles, respectively, where d is the pile diameter.展开更多
The Yangtze River Delta(YRD) is a region in China with a serious contradiction between economic growth and environmental pollution. Exploring the spatiotemporal effects and influencing factors of air pollution in the ...The Yangtze River Delta(YRD) is a region in China with a serious contradiction between economic growth and environmental pollution. Exploring the spatiotemporal effects and influencing factors of air pollution in the region is highly important for formulating policies to promote the high-quality development of urban industries. This study uses the spatial Durbin model(SDM) to analyze the local direct and spatial spillover effects of industrial transformation on air pollution and quantifies the contribution of each factor. From 2008 to 2018, there was a significant spatial agglomeration of industrial sulfur dioxide emissions(ISDE) in the YRD, and every 1% increase in ISDE led to a synchronous increase of 0.603% in the ISDE in adjacent cities. The industrial scale index(ISCI) and industrial structure index(ISTI), as the core factors of industrial transformation, significantly affect the emissions of sulfur dioxide in the YRD, and the elastic coefficients are 0.677 and-0.368, respectively. The order of the direct effect of the explanatory variables on local ISDE is ISCI>ISTI>foreign direct investment(FDI)>enterprise technological innovation(ETI)>environmental regulation(ER)> per capita GDP(PGDP). Similarly, the order of the spatial spillover effect of all variables on ISDE in adjacent cities is ISCI>PGDP>FDI>ETI>ISTI>ER, and the coefficients of the ISCI and ISTI are 1.531 and 0.113, respectively. This study contributes to the existing research that verifies the environmental Kuznets curve in the YRD, denies the pollution heaven hypothesis, indicates the Porter hypothesis, and provides empirical evidence for the formation mechanism of regional environmental pollution from a spatial spillover perspective.展开更多
We investigate theoretically the temperature effects on the evolution and stability of a separate screening brightdark soliton pair formed in a serial non-photovoltaic photorefractive crystal circuit. Our numerical re...We investigate theoretically the temperature effects on the evolution and stability of a separate screening brightdark soliton pair formed in a serial non-photovoltaic photorefractive crystal circuit. Our numerical results show that, for a stable bright-dark soliton pair originally formed in a crystal circuit at given temperatures, when one crystal temperature changes, the soliton supported by the other crystal will evolve into another stable soliton if the temperature change is quite small, whereas it will become unstable and experience larger cycles of compression or break up into beam filaments if the temperature difference is big enough. The dark soliton is more sensitive to the temperature change than the bright one.展开更多
In this study,an inventory analysis approach was used to investigate the intensity of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANSP)and its spatial convergence at national and provincial levels in China from 1999 to 20...In this study,an inventory analysis approach was used to investigate the intensity of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANSP)and its spatial convergence at national and provincial levels in China from 1999 to 2017.On this basis,spatial factors affecting ANSP were explored by constructing a spatial econometric model.The results indicate that:1)The intensity of China's ANSP emission showed an overall upward trend and an obvious spatial difference,with the values being high in the eastern and central regions and relatively low in the western region.2)Significant spatial agglomeration was shown in China's ANSP intensity,and the agglomeration effect was increasing gradually.3)In the convergence analysis,a spatial lag model was found applicable for interpretation of the ANSP intensity,with the convergence rate being accelerated after considering the spatial factors but slower than that of regional economic growth.4)The spatial factors affecting the ANSP intensity are shown to be reduced by improving agricultural infrastructure investment,labor-force quality,and crop production ratio,while the expansion of agricultural economy scale and precipitation and runoff have positive impact on ANSP in the study region.However,agricultural research and development(R&D)investment showed no direct significant effect on the ANSP intensity.Meanwhile,improving the quality of the labor force would significantly reduce the ANSP intensity in the surrounding areas,while the precipitation and runoff would significantly increase the pollution of neighboring regions.This research has laid a theoretical basis for formulation and optimization of ANSP prevention strategies in China and related regions.展开更多
The spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom was investigated using an Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model in Shaanxi Province, China. Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model revealed that spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom exhib...The spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom was investigated using an Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model in Shaanxi Province, China. Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model revealed that spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom exhibited a uniform distribution in sample plots. In this model, characteristics of contagiousness coefficient （a） justified the probability of infection by virus-transmission vectors. For tree age less than six, susceptible individuals were aggregated as clusters in the plots and then mutually repelled over age. A preliminary survey of stand volume show that from age five to six, stand volumes of disease grade II showed excessive vegetative growth and returned to normal level between ages ten and 11. Loss rate of volume increment with disease grade II decreased, and then returned to raising trend both at grades III and IV. This phenomenon is possibly caused by an over-compensation effect and by environmental factors. The redundancy of growth hormones in branches, shoots, leaves, buds and roots increased the stem volume of entire trees.展开更多
Based on the multi-regional input-output analysis, this paper improves the four traditional input-output formulas about exports resulting in multi-regional carbon emissions spatial effects which include direct effect,...Based on the multi-regional input-output analysis, this paper improves the four traditional input-output formulas about exports resulting in multi-regional carbon emissions spatial effects which include direct effect, indirect effect, spillover effect and feedback effect. And the latter two formulas are to measure the bidirectional influences of carbon emissions induced by regional exports between two regions. The results suggest that the direct effects of Chinese eight regions induced by national exports decreased from 1997 to 2010, and the indirect effects induced by national exports also decreased except the northern coastal region and the northwestern region in China. During this period, most of Chinese coastal regions had strong spillover effects induced by their own exports. The northern coastal region and the eastern coastal region had stronger feedback effects, while the southern coastal region had weaker feedback effects and Beijing-Tianjin region had the weakest feedback effect induced by their exports. All of the inland regions had strong feedback effects, especially for Northwest and Central China, induced by their exports. More attention should be paid to the inter-regional joint efforts in order to effectively achieve Chinese national carbon-reduction target.展开更多
Mineral resources exploitation significantly affects the spatial structure and evolutive trend of urbanization in arid areas.In this study,the spatial autocorrelation method and the spatial computation model were used...Mineral resources exploitation significantly affects the spatial structure and evolutive trend of urbanization in arid areas.In this study,the spatial autocorrelation method and the spatial computation model were used to investigate the spatial impacts of mineral resources excavation and processing on comprehensive level of urbanization in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China for the years of 2000,2006 and 2008.The results are as follows:1)There was a spatial correlation of the development of mineral resources industry and the comprehensive level of urbanization in 2006 and 2008,with the spatial concentration trend rising significantly in 2006 and decreasing in 2008.2)The patterns of local spatial concentration of mineral resources industry and of the comprehensive level of urbanization were relatively stable,and the two patterns showed signs of spatial correlationship.The higher was the degree of the concentration of mineral resources industry,the stronger was its impact on the spatial clustering of urbanization.3)In 2000, mineral resources excavation and processing had a significant positive impact on the comprehensive level of urbanization in the region but not in its adjacent regions.However,in 2008,mineral resources excavation and processing significantly raised the comprehensive level of urbanization not only in the region but also in its neighboring regions.This research demonstrates that the development of mineral resources industry can strongly affect the trends and spatial patterns of urbanization.展开更多
Severe water erosion is notorious for its harmful effects on land-water resources as well as local societies. The scale effects of water erosion, however, greatly exacerbate the difficulties of accurate erosion evalua...Severe water erosion is notorious for its harmful effects on land-water resources as well as local societies. The scale effects of water erosion, however, greatly exacerbate the difficulties of accurate erosion evaluation and hazard control in the real world. Analyzing the related scale issues is thus urgent for a better understanding of erosion variations as well as reducing such erosion. In this review article, water erosion dynamics across three spatial scales including plot, watershed, and regional scales were selected and discussed. For the study purposes and objectives, the advantages and disadvantages of these scales all demonstrate clear spatial-scale dependence. Plot scale studies are primarily focused on abundant data collection and mechanism discrimination of erosion generation, while watershed scale studies provide valuable information for watershed management and hazard control as well as the development of quantitatively distributed models. Regional studies concentrate more on large-scale erosion assessment, and serve policymakers and stakeholders in achieving the basis for regulatory policy for comprehensive land uses. The results of this study show that the driving forces and mechanisms of water erosion variations among the scales are quite different. As a result, several major aspects contributing to variations in water erosion across the scales are stressed: differences in the methodologies across various scales, different sink-source roles on water erosion processes, and diverse climatic zones and morphological regions. This variability becomes more complex in the context of accelerated global change. The changing climatic factors and earth surface features are considered the fourth key reason responsible for the increased variability of water erosion across spatial scales.展开更多
Based on two dimensions of supply and demand,we use six indicators to establish a rural inclusive financial development index and evaluate the development of China's rural inclusive finance. We use spatial panel d...Based on two dimensions of supply and demand,we use six indicators to establish a rural inclusive financial development index and evaluate the development of China's rural inclusive finance. We use spatial panel data model to examine the relationship between financial inclusion and rural poverty. Results show that:( i) both the rural inclusive finance and rural residents' per capita consumption present spatial clustering feature and show significant spatial correlation;( ii) the development of rural inclusive finance has significant spatial effect on poverty alleviation along time and space dimensions. In this study,the paper puts forward policy recommendations on strengthening the rural financial resources flow and constructing diversified rural inclusive financial system.展开更多
Based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2003 to 2014,the spatial dependence between the environment regulation and carbon emissions is tested by spatial autocorrelation analysis. Besides,spatial lag model and spat...Based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2003 to 2014,the spatial dependence between the environment regulation and carbon emissions is tested by spatial autocorrelation analysis. Besides,spatial lag model and spatial error model are built to empirically test the marginal effect of environmental regulation on carbon emissions and its spatial effect. The result shows that the influence trajectory of environmental regulation on carbon emissions performances inverted ＂ U＂ type. It is ＂ green paradox effect＂ before the inflection point and ＂ reversed transmission reduction effect＂ after the inflection point. Moreover,the carbon emissions show significant spatial spillover effect. In order to achieve the desired effect of environmental regulation and promote carbon reduction,we should increase the environmental regulation intensity reasonably,select rational environmental regulation policy tools,and sufficiently consider the spatial spillover effect of carbon emissions.展开更多
Regarding excavation-damaged zone （EDZ） around underground opening as non-homogeneous rockmass with spatial deterioration effect on stuffiness and strength, a parametric model of EDZ using radius-displacement-depend...Regarding excavation-damaged zone （EDZ） around underground opening as non-homogeneous rockmass with spatial deterioration effect on stuffiness and strength, a parametric model of EDZ using radius-displacement-dependent deformation modulus （RDDM） was proposed. Considering the nonlinearity characteristic of deformation and locality otherness of surrounding rock, deterioration parameter field of deformation modulus of rockmass around opening was quantitatively calculated through a given function. Applicability for multi-cavern condition and parameter sensibility of the model was analyzed by numerical experiments using synthetic data. Furthermore, the model was applied to identify EDZ of underground caverns of Pubugou hydropower station by calculating deterioration parameter field. Based on the parametric analysis of spatial effect and geological investigation, it is recognized that large radial deformation of deep fractured rock at the spandrel position and insufficient supporting bolts mainly result in great deformation pressure to act on the shotcrete and cause partial crack and spalling. It is shown that deterioration parameter field along the longitudinal axis of main powerhouse is evidently non-homogeneous in space and distributes exponentially along the radius from the opening. The model provides a simple and convenient way to identify the EDZ in the working state for rapid construction feedback analysis and support optimization of underground cavem from quantitative point of view and also aids in interpreting monitoring displacements and estimating support requirements.展开更多
基金the initial outcome of the Research on Strategies and Paths for Digital Economy Promoting Green Development Transformation of Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle(ID:2023ZDSC10)a major project under Chongqing’s Social Science Planning for the construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle,the Research on Paths for Digital Village Development Empowering Western China to Narrow the Urban-Rural Income Gap in the New Development Stage(ID:SWU2209220)a capacity enhancement project supported by Central Government’s Special Fund for the Basic Research Activities of Colleges and Universities,and the Dual Circulation in the National Economy Empowering Rural Revitalization(ID:SWUPilotPlan025)under the 2035 Pilot Plan of Southwest University.
文摘The development of digital villages and the expansion of farmers’consumption are important measures for expanding domestic demand and enhancing rural productive forces.Based on provincial panel data from China spanning 2010 to 2022,this paper establishes an evaluation indicator system for the development of digital villages,and empirically examines the impact of the development of digital villages on farmers’consumption growth,as well as its mechanisms,and spatial spillover effects.The results indicate that digital village development significantly promotes growth in the consumption of farmers,with the effects being more pronounced in the central and western regions.Mechanism analysis reveals that digital village development has a significant income-increasing effect and it improves the convenience of payments,both of which serve as important channels for promoting farmers’consumption growth.Further analysis demonstrates the significant spatial spillover effects of digital village development on farmers’consumption growth.Specifically,farmers’consumption growth is not only directly influenced by local digital village development and the demonstration effect of consumption growth in neighboring regions,but it is also indirectly influenced by the digital village development of nearby areas.Therefore,the promotion of digital village development,tailored to local conditions,the broadening of channels for increasing farmers’income,the strengthening of digital inclusive finance,and the rational leveraging of the spatial spillover effects of digital village development can further unleash the potential of farmers’consumption.
基金Supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Program of the Ministry of Education(23YJA790027)。
文摘Exploring the effective and efficient path of agricultural carbon emission reduction in Henan Province is of great significance to optimizing the strategic layout of China's agricultural emission reduction and carbon sequestration.Accordingly,the agricultural carbon emissions of each county were measured scientifically and then the spatial measurement model was utilized to clarify the spatial and temporal evolution trend and spatial effect mechanism of agricultural carbon emissions based on the county data of Henan Province from 2010 to 2020.The results showed that:(1)in 2020,the total agricultural carbon emissions were 134.7274 million tons,with the high distribution in the southeast and low distribution in the northwest;(2)the spatial dependence of agricultural carbon emissions showed a four-stage trend of fluctuating down-continuing up-plummeting-fluctuating up again,and the spatial heterogeneity was dominated by low-low agglomeration,followed by high-low agglomeration;(3)there was an inverted U curve relationship between the level of agricultural economic development and agricultural carbon emissions.The increase in the level of agricultural mechanization and urbanization rate significantly reduced agricultural carbon emissions.The opposite was true for the financial support for agriculture,the income level of rural residents and the structure of the agricultural industry;(4)in terms of spatial spillover effects,the increase in the level of agricultural development in neighbor counties first increased and then decreased agricultural carbon emissions in Henan Province.The mechanization level and urbanization rate of neighbor counties reduced agricultural carbon emissions in Henan Province,and the opposite was true for the income level of rural residents and the scale utilization of agricultural land.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91632103)the Shanghai Education Commission Research and Innovation Program(No.2019-01-07-00-02-E00037)+2 种基金the Program of Shanghai Subject Chief Scientist(No.17XD1401700)the Higher Education Disciplinary Innovation Programthe“Eastern Scholar”Project。
文摘Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a useful and valid tool for spatial working memory and attention studies in the fields of cognitive psychology,education,and psychiatry.The repeated administration of working memory capacity tests is common in clinical and research settings.Studies suggest that repeated cognitive tests may improve the performance scores also known as retest effects.The systematic investigation of retest effects in SWAPS is critical for interpreting scientific results,but it is still not fully developed.To address this,we recruited 77 college students aged 18–21 years and used SWAPS comprising 72 trials with different memory loads,learning time,and delay span.We repeated the test once a week for five weeks to investigate the retest effects of SWAPS.There were significant retest effects in the first two tests:the accuracy of the SWAPS tests significantly increased,and then stabilized.These findings provide useful information for researchers to appropriately use or interpret the repeated working memory tests.Further experiments are still needed to clarify the factors that mediate the retest effects,and find out the cognitive mechanism that influences the retest effects.
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 11 th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAH02A06)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in China(No.NCET-05-0529)
文摘Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to 2003,a spatial production function is applied to examine the spatial spillovers which can be generated as a positive output spillover from the transport infrastructure between neighboring cities.Some spatial weighted matrices are adopted to define different neighboring cities to measure how easily factors or economic activities can migrate between regions.The estimation results show that the output elasticity of the highway infrastructure in 11 cities are all insignificant at a 5% significance level;hence,highway infrastructure in a region cannot explain the same region's economic growth.On the other hand,the highway infrastructure of other contiguous regions has positive spillover effects on a same region's economic growth.
基金National Social Science Foundation of China, No. 11BJY063 Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, No.NECT-13-0844
文摘Based on provincial panel data of water footprint and grey water footprint, and with the help of data envelopment analysis model considering and without considering the unde- sirable output, this paper estimates the water resources utilization efficiency in China from 1997 to 2011. The spatial weighting matrix based on economy-spatial distance function is established to discuss spatial autocorrelation of water resources utilization efficiency. With the help of absolute/3-convergence model, this paper concludes that there exists/%convergence in the water resources utilization efficiency. Under the conditions of considering and without considering the undesirable output, it takes about 52.6 and 5.6 years respectively to achieve the extent of half of convergence. By mean of the spatial Durbin econometric model, this paper studies spatial spillover effects of the provincial water resources utilization efficiency in China. The results are as follows. 1） With considering and without considering the undesir- able output, there is significant spatial correlation in provincial water resource efficiency in China. 2） Under the two cases, the spatial autoregressive coefficients （p） are 0.278 and 0.507 respectively, at 1% significance level. There exist the spatial spillover effects of provin- cial water resources utilization efficiency. 3） With considering the undesirable output, these factors of the education funds, the transportation infrastructure, and the industrial and agri- cultural water consumption proportion have positive impacts. These factors of foreign direct investment, the industry value-added water consumption per ten thousand yuan, per capita water consumption, and the total precipitation have negative impacts. 4） Without considering the undesirable output, the factor of GDP per laborer has a greater positive significant influ- ence on the water resources utilization efficiency. However the facts of industry value-added water consumption in ten thousand yuan and the transportation infrastructure have no sig- nificant influence. 5） Regardless of undesirable output of water resources utilization efficiency the assessment of the present real water resources utilization in China will be distorted and policy-making will be misled. The water efficiency measure considering environmental factors （such as gray water footprint） is more reasonable.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41601151Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2016A030310149Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou(201806010187)
文摘In this study, we adopt kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation, spatial Markov chain, and panel quantile regression methods to analyze spatial spillover effects and driving factors of carbon emission intensity in 283 Chinese cities from 1992 to 2013. The following results were obtained.(1) Nuclear density estimation shows that the overall average carbon intensity of cities in China has decreased, with differences gradually narrowing.(2) The spatial autocorrelation Moran's I index indicates significant spatial agglomeration of carbon emission intensity is gradually increasing; however, differences between regions have remained stable.(3) Spatial Markov chain analysis shows a Matthew effect in China's urban carbon emission intensity. In addition, low-intensity and high-intensity cities characteristically maintain their initial state during the transition period. Furthermore, there is a clear "Spatial Spillover" effect in urban carbon emission intensity and there is heterogeneity in the spillover effect in different regional contexts; that is, if a city is near a city with low carbon emission intensity, the carbon emission intensity of the first city has a higher probability of upward transfer, and vice versa.(4) Panel quantile results indicate that in cities with low carbon emission intensity, economic growth, technological progress, and appropriate population density play an important role in reducing emissions. In addition, foreign investment intensity and traffic emissions are the main factors that increase carbon emission intensity. In cities with high carbon intensity, population density is an important emission reduction factor, and technological progress has no significant effect. In contrast, industrial emissions, extensive capital investment, and urban land expansion are the main factors driving the increase in carbon intensity.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 60508005）, and Scientific Research Foundation of Harbin Institute of Technology of China （Grant No HIT. 2003. 31）.
文摘This paper predicts that grey spatial solitons can exist in two-photon photorefractive materials. In steady state and undcr appropriate external bias conditions, it obtains the grey spatial soliton solutions of the optical wave evolution equation. The intensity profile, phase distribution, and transverse velocity of these grey solitons are discussed.
基金Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41230631National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41271134
文摘Chinese railway has entered the ＂HSR era＂, while the structure of ＂four vertical and four horizontal＂ railways for transit passengers is almost completed. Taking the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Rail （hereinafter referred to as HSR） as an example, this paper first explores HSR＇s effects on the spatial structure of regional tourist flows using the social network analysis. Next, it notes changes in the accessibility of regional transportation. After analyzing the factors including initial endowment of regional tourism resources, hospitality facilities, the density of the regional tourism transportation network, and locations, the paper discusses the mechanisms through which HSR affects regional tourist flows. The study shows the following： （1） HSR＇s effects on the spatial structure of regional tourist flows are manifested through the Matthew effect, the filtering effect, the diffusion effect and the overlying effect, and （2） the Matthew effect of HSR is manifested under an obvious interaction of the location, the initial endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network density and ＂time-space compression＂. The filtering effect of HSR is manifested for those tourism nodes without favorable location conditions, endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, or tourist transportation network density and without obvious benefits from ＂time-space compression＂. Those tourism nodes that boast advantages in terms of lo- cation condition, endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network density and obvious ＂time-space compression＂ will become sources for the diffusion effect. HSR will strengthen the aggregation effects of tourist flow in these diffusion sources, which will thereafter diffuse to peripheral tourist areas, manifesting ＂aggregation-diffusion＂. HSR has overlapped tourists＇ spatial traveling range over large-scale spaces. However, the overlying effect is only generated in those tourism nodes with a favorable location condition, an endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network den- sity, and obvious ＂time-space compression＂.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDA23020101National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41971164,No.41671126
文摘Whether economic agglomeration can promote improvement in environmental quality is of great importance not only to China’s pollution prevention and control plans but also to its future sustainable development.Based on the COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)and NH3-N(Ammonia Nitrogen)emissions Database of 339 Cities at the city level in China,this study explores the impact of economic agglomeration on water pollutant emissions,including the differences in magnitude of the impact in relation to city size using an econometric model.The study also examines the spillover effect of economic agglomeration,by conducting univariate and bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis.The results show that economic agglomeration can effectively reduce water pollutant emissions,and a 1%increase in economic agglomeration could lead to a decrease in COD emissions by 0.117%and NH3-N emissions by 0.102%.Compared with large and megacities,economic agglomeration has a more prominent effect on the emission reduction of water pollution in small-and medium-sized cities.From the perspective of spatial spillover,the interaction between economic agglomeration and water pollutant emissions shows four basic patterns:high agglomeration–high emissions,high agglomeration-low emissions,low agglomeration–high emissions,and low agglomeration–low emissions.The results suggest that the high agglomeration–high emissions regions are mainly distributed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,Shandong Peninsula,and the Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration;thus,local governments should consider the spatial spillover effect of economic agglomeration in formulating appropriate water pollutant mitigation policies.
文摘As a new kind of technology in retaining structures, the characteristics of double-row piles are significantly affected by spatial effects. In this paper, double-row piles as a retaining structure are simulated numerically in three-dimension by finite element software PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION. The behavior differences of piles in different positions around the foundation pit are analyzed. By changing the parameters, including the length-width ratio, the excavation depth, the distance between rows and the diameter of piles, the variations of the lateral deformation, the bending moment and the earth pressure around the piles are determined. The reasonable values of parameters and some suggestions with consideration of earth pressure are proposed for the design of double-row piles as a retaining structure. The results show that the lateral deformation and bending moment are the largest in the middle of long side of the foundation pit, which is identified as the most unfavorable position. It is indicated that the earth pressure between rows above pit bottom is close to active earth pressure, while the earth pressure between rows under pit bottom is close to static earth pressure. It is suggested that 1/2-2/3 of pile length, 0.6-1.2 m, 3d-6d, and 2d-2.5d be chosen as embedded depth of piles, diameter of piles, distance between rows, and distance between piles, respectively, where d is the pile diameter.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDA23020101National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41901181。
文摘The Yangtze River Delta(YRD) is a region in China with a serious contradiction between economic growth and environmental pollution. Exploring the spatiotemporal effects and influencing factors of air pollution in the region is highly important for formulating policies to promote the high-quality development of urban industries. This study uses the spatial Durbin model(SDM) to analyze the local direct and spatial spillover effects of industrial transformation on air pollution and quantifies the contribution of each factor. From 2008 to 2018, there was a significant spatial agglomeration of industrial sulfur dioxide emissions(ISDE) in the YRD, and every 1% increase in ISDE led to a synchronous increase of 0.603% in the ISDE in adjacent cities. The industrial scale index(ISCI) and industrial structure index(ISTI), as the core factors of industrial transformation, significantly affect the emissions of sulfur dioxide in the YRD, and the elastic coefficients are 0.677 and-0.368, respectively. The order of the direct effect of the explanatory variables on local ISDE is ISCI>ISTI>foreign direct investment(FDI)>enterprise technological innovation(ETI)>environmental regulation(ER)> per capita GDP(PGDP). Similarly, the order of the spatial spillover effect of all variables on ISDE in adjacent cities is ISCI>PGDP>FDI>ETI>ISTI>ER, and the coefficients of the ISCI and ISTI are 1.531 and 0.113, respectively. This study contributes to the existing research that verifies the environmental Kuznets curve in the YRD, denies the pollution heaven hypothesis, indicates the Porter hypothesis, and provides empirical evidence for the formation mechanism of regional environmental pollution from a spatial spillover perspective.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 10574051 and 10174025） and the Research Foundation for 0utstanding Young Teachers, China University of Geosciences （Grant No CUGQNL0621）.
文摘We investigate theoretically the temperature effects on the evolution and stability of a separate screening brightdark soliton pair formed in a serial non-photovoltaic photorefractive crystal circuit. Our numerical results show that, for a stable bright-dark soliton pair originally formed in a crystal circuit at given temperatures, when one crystal temperature changes, the soliton supported by the other crystal will evolve into another stable soliton if the temperature change is quite small, whereas it will become unstable and experience larger cycles of compression or break up into beam filaments if the temperature difference is big enough. The dark soliton is more sensitive to the temperature change than the bright one.
基金Under the auspices of Key Program of the National Social Science Fund of China(No.16ASH007)。
文摘In this study,an inventory analysis approach was used to investigate the intensity of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANSP)and its spatial convergence at national and provincial levels in China from 1999 to 2017.On this basis,spatial factors affecting ANSP were explored by constructing a spatial econometric model.The results indicate that:1)The intensity of China's ANSP emission showed an overall upward trend and an obvious spatial difference,with the values being high in the eastern and central regions and relatively low in the western region.2)Significant spatial agglomeration was shown in China's ANSP intensity,and the agglomeration effect was increasing gradually.3)In the convergence analysis,a spatial lag model was found applicable for interpretation of the ANSP intensity,with the convergence rate being accelerated after considering the spatial factors but slower than that of regional economic growth.4)The spatial factors affecting the ANSP intensity are shown to be reduced by improving agricultural infrastructure investment,labor-force quality,and crop production ratio,while the expansion of agricultural economy scale and precipitation and runoff have positive impact on ANSP in the study region.However,agricultural research and development(R&D)investment showed no direct significant effect on the ANSP intensity.Meanwhile,improving the quality of the labor force would significantly reduce the ANSP intensity in the surrounding areas,while the precipitation and runoff would significantly increase the pollution of neighboring regions.This research has laid a theoretical basis for formulation and optimization of ANSP prevention strategies in China and related regions.
文摘The spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom was investigated using an Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model in Shaanxi Province, China. Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model revealed that spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom exhibited a uniform distribution in sample plots. In this model, characteristics of contagiousness coefficient （a） justified the probability of infection by virus-transmission vectors. For tree age less than six, susceptible individuals were aggregated as clusters in the plots and then mutually repelled over age. A preliminary survey of stand volume show that from age five to six, stand volumes of disease grade II showed excessive vegetative growth and returned to normal level between ages ten and 11. Loss rate of volume increment with disease grade II decreased, and then returned to raising trend both at grades III and IV. This phenomenon is possibly caused by an over-compensation effect and by environmental factors. The redundancy of growth hormones in branches, shoots, leaves, buds and roots increased the stem volume of entire trees.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41201129, No.41125005
文摘Based on the multi-regional input-output analysis, this paper improves the four traditional input-output formulas about exports resulting in multi-regional carbon emissions spatial effects which include direct effect, indirect effect, spillover effect and feedback effect. And the latter two formulas are to measure the bidirectional influences of carbon emissions induced by regional exports between two regions. The results suggest that the direct effects of Chinese eight regions induced by national exports decreased from 1997 to 2010, and the indirect effects induced by national exports also decreased except the northern coastal region and the northwestern region in China. During this period, most of Chinese coastal regions had strong spillover effects induced by their own exports. The northern coastal region and the eastern coastal region had stronger feedback effects, while the southern coastal region had weaker feedback effects and Beijing-Tianjin region had the weakest feedback effect induced by their exports. All of the inland regions had strong feedback effects, especially for Northwest and Central China, induced by their exports. More attention should be paid to the inter-regional joint efforts in order to effectively achieve Chinese national carbon-reduction target.
基金Under the auspices of Chinese Academy of Sciences Western Doctor Special Financial Aid(No.XBBS200812)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40601032)
文摘Mineral resources exploitation significantly affects the spatial structure and evolutive trend of urbanization in arid areas.In this study,the spatial autocorrelation method and the spatial computation model were used to investigate the spatial impacts of mineral resources excavation and processing on comprehensive level of urbanization in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China for the years of 2000,2006 and 2008.The results are as follows:1)There was a spatial correlation of the development of mineral resources industry and the comprehensive level of urbanization in 2006 and 2008,with the spatial concentration trend rising significantly in 2006 and decreasing in 2008.2)The patterns of local spatial concentration of mineral resources industry and of the comprehensive level of urbanization were relatively stable,and the two patterns showed signs of spatial correlationship.The higher was the degree of the concentration of mineral resources industry,the stronger was its impact on the spatial clustering of urbanization.3)In 2000, mineral resources excavation and processing had a significant positive impact on the comprehensive level of urbanization in the region but not in its adjacent regions.However,in 2008,mineral resources excavation and processing significantly raised the comprehensive level of urbanization not only in the region but also in its neighboring regions.This research demonstrates that the development of mineral resources industry can strongly affect the trends and spatial patterns of urbanization.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40925003, 40930528, 40801041)
文摘Severe water erosion is notorious for its harmful effects on land-water resources as well as local societies. The scale effects of water erosion, however, greatly exacerbate the difficulties of accurate erosion evaluation and hazard control in the real world. Analyzing the related scale issues is thus urgent for a better understanding of erosion variations as well as reducing such erosion. In this review article, water erosion dynamics across three spatial scales including plot, watershed, and regional scales were selected and discussed. For the study purposes and objectives, the advantages and disadvantages of these scales all demonstrate clear spatial-scale dependence. Plot scale studies are primarily focused on abundant data collection and mechanism discrimination of erosion generation, while watershed scale studies provide valuable information for watershed management and hazard control as well as the development of quantitatively distributed models. Regional studies concentrate more on large-scale erosion assessment, and serve policymakers and stakeholders in achieving the basis for regulatory policy for comprehensive land uses. The results of this study show that the driving forces and mechanisms of water erosion variations among the scales are quite different. As a result, several major aspects contributing to variations in water erosion across the scales are stressed: differences in the methodologies across various scales, different sink-source roles on water erosion processes, and diverse climatic zones and morphological regions. This variability becomes more complex in the context of accelerated global change. The changing climatic factors and earth surface features are considered the fourth key reason responsible for the increased variability of water erosion across spatial scales.
文摘Based on two dimensions of supply and demand,we use six indicators to establish a rural inclusive financial development index and evaluate the development of China's rural inclusive finance. We use spatial panel data model to examine the relationship between financial inclusion and rural poverty. Results show that:( i) both the rural inclusive finance and rural residents' per capita consumption present spatial clustering feature and show significant spatial correlation;( ii) the development of rural inclusive finance has significant spatial effect on poverty alleviation along time and space dimensions. In this study,the paper puts forward policy recommendations on strengthening the rural financial resources flow and constructing diversified rural inclusive financial system.
基金Supported by Social Science Fund Project of Hunan Province(16YBA155)
文摘Based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2003 to 2014,the spatial dependence between the environment regulation and carbon emissions is tested by spatial autocorrelation analysis. Besides,spatial lag model and spatial error model are built to empirically test the marginal effect of environmental regulation on carbon emissions and its spatial effect. The result shows that the influence trajectory of environmental regulation on carbon emissions performances inverted ＂ U＂ type. It is ＂ green paradox effect＂ before the inflection point and ＂ reversed transmission reduction effect＂ after the inflection point. Moreover,the carbon emissions show significant spatial spillover effect. In order to achieve the desired effect of environmental regulation and promote carbon reduction,we should increase the environmental regulation intensity reasonably,select rational environmental regulation policy tools,and sufficiently consider the spatial spillover effect of carbon emissions.
基金Project(2010CB732005) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProjects(51279136, 51209164) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Regarding excavation-damaged zone （EDZ） around underground opening as non-homogeneous rockmass with spatial deterioration effect on stuffiness and strength, a parametric model of EDZ using radius-displacement-dependent deformation modulus （RDDM） was proposed. Considering the nonlinearity characteristic of deformation and locality otherness of surrounding rock, deterioration parameter field of deformation modulus of rockmass around opening was quantitatively calculated through a given function. Applicability for multi-cavern condition and parameter sensibility of the model was analyzed by numerical experiments using synthetic data. Furthermore, the model was applied to identify EDZ of underground caverns of Pubugou hydropower station by calculating deterioration parameter field. Based on the parametric analysis of spatial effect and geological investigation, it is recognized that large radial deformation of deep fractured rock at the spandrel position and insufficient supporting bolts mainly result in great deformation pressure to act on the shotcrete and cause partial crack and spalling. It is shown that deterioration parameter field along the longitudinal axis of main powerhouse is evidently non-homogeneous in space and distributes exponentially along the radius from the opening. The model provides a simple and convenient way to identify the EDZ in the working state for rapid construction feedback analysis and support optimization of underground cavem from quantitative point of view and also aids in interpreting monitoring displacements and estimating support requirements.
