Episodic memories are composed of various interrelated elements, including those specific to items of central interest and those pertaining to related features, such as the color, shape, size, spatial location, tempor...Episodic memories are composed of various interrelated elements, including those specific to items of central interest and those pertaining to related features, such as the color, shape, size, spatial location, temporal order, and media or modalities of presentation. Memory about a core item （such as a word, object, or picture） is called item memory while memory about the context or related fea- tures of a core item is defined as source memory. What determines which sources within an episode are successfully remembered is of particular interest to researchers. Behavioral evidence suggests that the orientation of a memory task influences whether the related source of the item will be re- membered later. This study explored changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex while par- ticipants completed two tasks： an item-oriented task and a source-oriented task. We used functional MRI to investigate the neural mechanisms by which task orientation influences source encoding. We found that subsequent source memory effects in the right prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were modulated by task orientation, whereas task orientation modulated item memory effects in the prefrontal cortex. These findings highlight the possibility that the hippocampus contributes to the intentional encoding of item-source associations, whereas the prefrontal cortex is biased toward processing information to which attention is directed.展开更多
Past investigations have consistently demonstrated the robust stereotype-consistent effect in the circumstance of source mem-ory but not always in item memory,including the case of professional stereotype.However,it r...Past investigations have consistently demonstrated the robust stereotype-consistent effect in the circumstance of source mem-ory but not always in item memory,including the case of professional stereotype.However,it remains unclear whether the effect still occurs in professional stereotype when considering the attributes of negative(or bad)or positive(or good);besides,it has not been con-cerned about how does warning work in remembering the professional stereotypical stimuli.The current experiments aimed to address these issues by adopting descriptive sentences as stimuli,which were related or unrelated to doctors and lawyers,and with different pro-fessional moral valences(negative,neutral,or positive).Item memory and source memory were tested successively.Experiment 1 without the explicit warning confirmed the reliable stereotype-consistent effect solely in source memory;the modulation of professional morality on memory behaved differently between doctor and lawyer,that is,negativity bias versus positivity bias.When giving an explicit warning(Experiment 2),the stereotype-consistent effect attenuated in the lawyer case,and the occurrence of negativity bias was sensitive to the memory task.Thus,our findings further reinforce the dual-process model;both professional morality and warning work in memory of professional stereotype,depending upon the nature of the profession,the concerned memory task,and also the presence of warning.Implications are made for future research to consider more perspectives.展开更多
Truth discovery aims to resolve conflicts among multiple sources and find the truth. Conventional methods for truth discovery mainly investigate the mutual effect between the reliability of sources and the credibility...Truth discovery aims to resolve conflicts among multiple sources and find the truth. Conventional methods for truth discovery mainly investigate the mutual effect between the reliability of sources and the credibility of statements. These methods use real numbers, which have a lower representation capability than vectors to represent the reliability. In addition, neural networks have not been used for truth discovery. In this work, we propose memory-network-based models to address truth discovery. Our proposed models use feedforward and feedback memory networks to learn the representation of the credibility of statements. Specifically, our models adopt a memory mechanism to learn the reliability of sources for truth prediction. The proposed models use categorical and continuous data during model learning by automatically assigning different weights to the loss function on the basis of their own effects. Experimental results show that our proposed models outperform state-of-the-art methods for truth discovery.展开更多
基金funded by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundationof China,No.31271090,31100728,90924013the Philosophy and Social Sciences Education Special-Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period of Shanghai City,No.2012JJY001the Whole Advancement Sociology Research Program of "985 Engineering" Phase III ofFudan University in China,No.2011SHKXZD008
文摘Episodic memories are composed of various interrelated elements, including those specific to items of central interest and those pertaining to related features, such as the color, shape, size, spatial location, temporal order, and media or modalities of presentation. Memory about a core item （such as a word, object, or picture） is called item memory while memory about the context or related fea- tures of a core item is defined as source memory. What determines which sources within an episode are successfully remembered is of particular interest to researchers. Behavioral evidence suggests that the orientation of a memory task influences whether the related source of the item will be re- membered later. This study explored changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex while par- ticipants completed two tasks： an item-oriented task and a source-oriented task. We used functional MRI to investigate the neural mechanisms by which task orientation influences source encoding. We found that subsequent source memory effects in the right prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were modulated by task orientation, whereas task orientation modulated item memory effects in the prefrontal cortex. These findings highlight the possibility that the hippocampus contributes to the intentional encoding of item-source associations, whereas the prefrontal cortex is biased toward processing information to which attention is directed.
基金supported by the Projects of Zhejiang Federation of Humanities and Social Sciences Circles(Grant No.2021N78)of MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science&Brain-Machine Integration,Zhejiang University,of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Founda-tion of China(Grant No.LY21C090002)+3 种基金of Humanities and Social Sciences,Ministry of Education,China(Grant No.17YJA190010)of the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.31300831)of Graduate Educa-tion Research Project of Zhejiang University(Grant No.20210311)of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Past investigations have consistently demonstrated the robust stereotype-consistent effect in the circumstance of source mem-ory but not always in item memory,including the case of professional stereotype.However,it remains unclear whether the effect still occurs in professional stereotype when considering the attributes of negative(or bad)or positive(or good);besides,it has not been con-cerned about how does warning work in remembering the professional stereotypical stimuli.The current experiments aimed to address these issues by adopting descriptive sentences as stimuli,which were related or unrelated to doctors and lawyers,and with different pro-fessional moral valences(negative,neutral,or positive).Item memory and source memory were tested successively.Experiment 1 without the explicit warning confirmed the reliable stereotype-consistent effect solely in source memory;the modulation of professional morality on memory behaved differently between doctor and lawyer,that is,negativity bias versus positivity bias.When giving an explicit warning(Experiment 2),the stereotype-consistent effect attenuated in the lawyer case,and the occurrence of negativity bias was sensitive to the memory task.Thus,our findings further reinforce the dual-process model;both professional morality and warning work in memory of professional stereotype,depending upon the nature of the profession,the concerned memory task,and also the presence of warning.Implications are made for future research to consider more perspectives.
基金supported by the National HighTech Development(863)Program of China(No.2015AA015407)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61632011 and 61370164)
文摘Truth discovery aims to resolve conflicts among multiple sources and find the truth. Conventional methods for truth discovery mainly investigate the mutual effect between the reliability of sources and the credibility of statements. These methods use real numbers, which have a lower representation capability than vectors to represent the reliability. In addition, neural networks have not been used for truth discovery. In this work, we propose memory-network-based models to address truth discovery. Our proposed models use feedforward and feedback memory networks to learn the representation of the credibility of statements. Specifically, our models adopt a memory mechanism to learn the reliability of sources for truth prediction. The proposed models use categorical and continuous data during model learning by automatically assigning different weights to the loss function on the basis of their own effects. Experimental results show that our proposed models outperform state-of-the-art methods for truth discovery.
