Accurate and reliable groundwater contaminant source characterization with limited contaminant concentration monitoring measurement data remains a challenging problem. This study presents an illustrative application o...Accurate and reliable groundwater contaminant source characterization with limited contaminant concentration monitoring measurement data remains a challenging problem. This study presents an illustrative application of developed methodologies to a real-life contaminated aquifer. The source characterization and optimal monitoring network design methodologies are used sequentially for a contaminated aquifer site located in New South Wales, Australia. Performance of the integrated optimal source characterization methodology combining linked simulation-optimization, fractal singularity mapping technique (FSMT) and Pareto optimal solutions is evaluated. This study presents an integrated application of optimal source characterization with spatiotemporal concentration measurement data obtained from sequentially designed monitoring networks. The proposed sequential source characterization and monitoring network design methodology shows efficiency in identifying the unknown source characteristics. The designed monitoring network achieves comparable efficiency and accuracy utilizing much smaller number of monitoring locations as compared to a more ideal scenario where concentration measurements from a very large number of widespread monitoring wells are available. The proposed methodology is potentially useful for efficient characterization of unknown contaminant sources in a complex contaminated aquifer site, where very little initial concentration measurement data are available. The illustrative application of the methodology to a real-life contaminated aquifer site demonstrates the capability and efficiency of the proposed methodology.展开更多
An integrated study on source rock characterization and hydrocarbon generation potential modeling was conducted for the selected Dingo Claystone,Barrow Sub-basin,Australia.In this study,data were collected solely from...An integrated study on source rock characterization and hydrocarbon generation potential modeling was conducted for the selected Dingo Claystone,Barrow Sub-basin,Australia.In this study,data were collected solely from two wells represented by the Bambra-1 and Bambra-2 wells.The collected data include those from bulk geochemical analyses of cuttings and sidewall cores sampled from the Late Jurassic Dingo Claystone.Geochemical data obtained from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and gas chromatography(GC)of extracted organic matter were integrated for source rock characterization and the construction of burial history and hydrocarbon generation in the Dingo Claystone.To improve the accuracy of thermal maturity estimations,only samples with S2 greater than 1 were considered due to potential issues with peak integration and uncertainties of Tmax determination in samples with lower S2 values.Furthermore,Rock-Eval data from the Bambra wells may be unreliable due to the contamination of cuttings and sidewall core(SWC)samples by drilling mud additives and natural hydrocarbons,which could impact the reliability of the data for determining thermal maturity.This study reveals that the Dingo Claystone Formation has total organic carbon(TOC)contents ranging from 0.66%to 8.31%.A poor to good hydrocarbon generation potential is indicated,with a production yield(PY=S_(1)+S_(2))ranging from 1.37 to 10.44 mg HC/g rock.Hydrogen index values vary between 42 and 226 mg HC/g TOC,confirming that the Dingo Claystone is dominantly kerogen TypeⅢ,with minor contributions from typesⅡ/ⅢandⅣ.Thermal maturity ranges from immature to late mature and is mostly in the oil window.This is indicated by T_(max)values of 398-462℃and vitrinite reflectance(Ro,%)of 0.47-1.99.Some samples show suppressed T_(max)and a higher production index,which is typical for samples affected by drilling fluids during drilling operations.Additionally,gas chromatography(GC)analyses are used to interpret the paleodepositional environment showing mixed input between marine and terrestrial origins of the source rocks.One-dimensional basin modeling for the Bambra-1 and Bambra-2 wells was carried out to evaluate the burial and thermal history of the formation.The transformation ratio suggests that hydrocarbon generation has not reached its peak and is still in an ongoing phase.An indication of hydrocarbon migration can be observed in this formation based on the transformation ratio.The effects of contamination warrant further investigation,as it could significantly impact maturity estimates and data reliability.展开更多
B Oilfield is the most representative mid to deep oil field in the Bohai Sea, with the main oil bearing intervals being the upper and middle Shahejie-3 sections of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Through the develop...B Oilfield is the most representative mid to deep oil field in the Bohai Sea, with the main oil bearing intervals being the upper and middle Shahejie-3 sections of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Through the development of ancient landforms, characterization of material source channels, analysis of missing heavy mineral sources, and seismic reflection characteristics of multiple material source missing, the material sources of the middle and upper Shahejie-3 sections are analyzed. During the sedimentation period of the II oil formation in the middle section of the Shasan Formation, the study area was mainly dominated by the Kendong Uplift source rocks;During the sedimentation period of the I oil formation in the middle section of the Shasan Formation, there were three material sources in the study area, namely the Kendong Uplift, the Laibei Low Uplift, and the Weibei Uplift. The Kendong Uplift was the main material source, followed by the Laibei Low Uplift;During the sedimentation period of the Upper Shasan Formation, the study area still had three sources of material supply simultaneously. At this time, the Laibei Low Uplift was the main source area, while the Kendong Uplift and Weibei Uplift had a relatively small supply capacity for the study area. In the analysis of archaeological sources, the distribution characteristics of the sedimentary system in the third section of the Shahejie Formation have been clarified, providing a research basis for the later development and adjustment of the oilfield.展开更多
This paper studies correlations between the spatial structure character of thermal forcing and deformation and the amplitude of rays of meridional wave train. It is shown that if thermal forcing appears a meridional l...This paper studies correlations between the spatial structure character of thermal forcing and deformation and the amplitude of rays of meridional wave train. It is shown that if thermal forcing appears a meridional linear variation the rays of quasi-stationary planetary wave may propagate along oblique lines and if the meridional variability of heat source has second order term the rays show distinct deformation as a great circular route. Additionally, the inhomogeneous distribution may cause lower frequency oscillations in mid- and low-latitudes. The combination of zonal and meridional wave numbers and distributive character of heat source may form an inverse mechanism of variational trend of generized wave energy, reflecting in some degree the physical process of transition between meridional and zonal flow patterns.展开更多
An experimental study for the characterization of ventilation fans as sources of structure-borne sound has been carried out. A source descriptor is proposed which is proportional to power and involves both the free ve...An experimental study for the characterization of ventilation fans as sources of structure-borne sound has been carried out. A source descriptor is proposed which is proportional to power and involves both the free velocity and the source mobility at the contact point. The measurement methods for the free velocity and the source mobility for three degrees of freedom are presented and the estimation of the source descriptor is demonstrated. A comparison of force excitation source descriptors and moment excitation source descriptors has been made and the results indicate that both force descriptor and moment descriptor decrease with increased frequency but the moment descriptor decreases more slowly. Moment induced emission may predominate at high frequencies.展开更多
A study was conducted to quantify wintertime contributions of source types to carbonaceous PM2.5 at four urban sites in the Las Vegas Valley, one of the most rapidly growing urban areas in the southwestern United Stat...A study was conducted to quantify wintertime contributions of source types to carbonaceous PM2.5 at four urban sites in the Las Vegas Valley, one of the most rapidly growing urban areas in the southwestern United States. Twenty-four hour average ambient samples were collected for mass, ions, elements, organic carbon （OC）, elemental carbon （EC）, and trace organic markers analysis. Additional measurements were made to determine diurnal patterns in light-absorbing black carbon （BC） as a marker for combustion sources. Carbonaceous PM sources of on-road gasoline vehicles, on-road diesel vehicles, and off-road diesel engines were characterized with their chemical profiles, as well as fuel-based emission factors, using an In-Plume Sampling System. The Effective Variance Chemical Mass Balance （EV-CMB） source apportionment model was applied to the ambient samples collected, using source profiles developed in this study as well as profiles from other relevant studies. Four main sources contributed to PM2.5 carbon within the Las Vegas Valley： （1） paved road dust, （2） on-road gasoline vehicles, （3） residential wood combustion, and （4） on-road diesel vehicles. CMB estimated that on-road mixed fleet gasoline vehicles are the largest source for OC and EC at all the sites. The contribution of paved road dust to both OC and EC was 5-10% at the four sites. On-road diesel vehicles contribute 22% of the OC and 34% of the EC at a site near the city center, which is located immediately downwind of a major freeway. Residential wood combustion is a more important source than on-road diesel vehicles for two residential neighborhood sites, These results are consistent with our conceptual model, and the research methodology may be applied to studying other urban areas.展开更多
The security of quantum key distribution(QKD)is severely threatened by discrepancies between realistic devices and theoretical assumptions.Recently,a significant framework called the reference technique was proposed t...The security of quantum key distribution(QKD)is severely threatened by discrepancies between realistic devices and theoretical assumptions.Recently,a significant framework called the reference technique was proposed to provide security against arbitrary source flaws under current technology such as state preparation flaws,side channels caused by mode dependencies,the Trojan horse attacks and pulse correlations.Here,we adopt the reference technique to prove security of an efficient four-phase measurement-device-independent QKD using laser pulses against potential source imperfections.We present a characterization of source flaws and connect them to experiments,together with a finite-key analysis against coherent attacks.In addition,we demonstrate the feasibility of our protocol through a proof-of-principle experimental implementation and achieve a secure key rate of 253 bps with a 20 d B channel loss.Compared with previous QKD protocols with imperfect devices,our study considerably improves both the secure key rate and the transmission distance,and shows application potential in the practical deployment of secure QKD with device imperfections.展开更多
文摘Accurate and reliable groundwater contaminant source characterization with limited contaminant concentration monitoring measurement data remains a challenging problem. This study presents an illustrative application of developed methodologies to a real-life contaminated aquifer. The source characterization and optimal monitoring network design methodologies are used sequentially for a contaminated aquifer site located in New South Wales, Australia. Performance of the integrated optimal source characterization methodology combining linked simulation-optimization, fractal singularity mapping technique (FSMT) and Pareto optimal solutions is evaluated. This study presents an integrated application of optimal source characterization with spatiotemporal concentration measurement data obtained from sequentially designed monitoring networks. The proposed sequential source characterization and monitoring network design methodology shows efficiency in identifying the unknown source characteristics. The designed monitoring network achieves comparable efficiency and accuracy utilizing much smaller number of monitoring locations as compared to a more ideal scenario where concentration measurements from a very large number of widespread monitoring wells are available. The proposed methodology is potentially useful for efficient characterization of unknown contaminant sources in a complex contaminated aquifer site, where very little initial concentration measurement data are available. The illustrative application of the methodology to a real-life contaminated aquifer site demonstrates the capability and efficiency of the proposed methodology.
文摘An integrated study on source rock characterization and hydrocarbon generation potential modeling was conducted for the selected Dingo Claystone,Barrow Sub-basin,Australia.In this study,data were collected solely from two wells represented by the Bambra-1 and Bambra-2 wells.The collected data include those from bulk geochemical analyses of cuttings and sidewall cores sampled from the Late Jurassic Dingo Claystone.Geochemical data obtained from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and gas chromatography(GC)of extracted organic matter were integrated for source rock characterization and the construction of burial history and hydrocarbon generation in the Dingo Claystone.To improve the accuracy of thermal maturity estimations,only samples with S2 greater than 1 were considered due to potential issues with peak integration and uncertainties of Tmax determination in samples with lower S2 values.Furthermore,Rock-Eval data from the Bambra wells may be unreliable due to the contamination of cuttings and sidewall core(SWC)samples by drilling mud additives and natural hydrocarbons,which could impact the reliability of the data for determining thermal maturity.This study reveals that the Dingo Claystone Formation has total organic carbon(TOC)contents ranging from 0.66%to 8.31%.A poor to good hydrocarbon generation potential is indicated,with a production yield(PY=S_(1)+S_(2))ranging from 1.37 to 10.44 mg HC/g rock.Hydrogen index values vary between 42 and 226 mg HC/g TOC,confirming that the Dingo Claystone is dominantly kerogen TypeⅢ,with minor contributions from typesⅡ/ⅢandⅣ.Thermal maturity ranges from immature to late mature and is mostly in the oil window.This is indicated by T_(max)values of 398-462℃and vitrinite reflectance(Ro,%)of 0.47-1.99.Some samples show suppressed T_(max)and a higher production index,which is typical for samples affected by drilling fluids during drilling operations.Additionally,gas chromatography(GC)analyses are used to interpret the paleodepositional environment showing mixed input between marine and terrestrial origins of the source rocks.One-dimensional basin modeling for the Bambra-1 and Bambra-2 wells was carried out to evaluate the burial and thermal history of the formation.The transformation ratio suggests that hydrocarbon generation has not reached its peak and is still in an ongoing phase.An indication of hydrocarbon migration can be observed in this formation based on the transformation ratio.The effects of contamination warrant further investigation,as it could significantly impact maturity estimates and data reliability.
文摘B Oilfield is the most representative mid to deep oil field in the Bohai Sea, with the main oil bearing intervals being the upper and middle Shahejie-3 sections of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Through the development of ancient landforms, characterization of material source channels, analysis of missing heavy mineral sources, and seismic reflection characteristics of multiple material source missing, the material sources of the middle and upper Shahejie-3 sections are analyzed. During the sedimentation period of the II oil formation in the middle section of the Shasan Formation, the study area was mainly dominated by the Kendong Uplift source rocks;During the sedimentation period of the I oil formation in the middle section of the Shasan Formation, there were three material sources in the study area, namely the Kendong Uplift, the Laibei Low Uplift, and the Weibei Uplift. The Kendong Uplift was the main material source, followed by the Laibei Low Uplift;During the sedimentation period of the Upper Shasan Formation, the study area still had three sources of material supply simultaneously. At this time, the Laibei Low Uplift was the main source area, while the Kendong Uplift and Weibei Uplift had a relatively small supply capacity for the study area. In the analysis of archaeological sources, the distribution characteristics of the sedimentary system in the third section of the Shahejie Formation have been clarified, providing a research basis for the later development and adjustment of the oilfield.
文摘This paper studies correlations between the spatial structure character of thermal forcing and deformation and the amplitude of rays of meridional wave train. It is shown that if thermal forcing appears a meridional linear variation the rays of quasi-stationary planetary wave may propagate along oblique lines and if the meridional variability of heat source has second order term the rays show distinct deformation as a great circular route. Additionally, the inhomogeneous distribution may cause lower frequency oscillations in mid- and low-latitudes. The combination of zonal and meridional wave numbers and distributive character of heat source may form an inverse mechanism of variational trend of generized wave energy, reflecting in some degree the physical process of transition between meridional and zonal flow patterns.
文摘An experimental study for the characterization of ventilation fans as sources of structure-borne sound has been carried out. A source descriptor is proposed which is proportional to power and involves both the free velocity and the source mobility at the contact point. The measurement methods for the free velocity and the source mobility for three degrees of freedom are presented and the estimation of the source descriptor is demonstrated. A comparison of force excitation source descriptors and moment excitation source descriptors has been made and the results indicate that both force descriptor and moment descriptor decrease with increased frequency but the moment descriptor decreases more slowly. Moment induced emission may predominate at high frequencies.
基金funded by the Clark County Department of Air Quality and Environmental Management
文摘A study was conducted to quantify wintertime contributions of source types to carbonaceous PM2.5 at four urban sites in the Las Vegas Valley, one of the most rapidly growing urban areas in the southwestern United States. Twenty-four hour average ambient samples were collected for mass, ions, elements, organic carbon （OC）, elemental carbon （EC）, and trace organic markers analysis. Additional measurements were made to determine diurnal patterns in light-absorbing black carbon （BC） as a marker for combustion sources. Carbonaceous PM sources of on-road gasoline vehicles, on-road diesel vehicles, and off-road diesel engines were characterized with their chemical profiles, as well as fuel-based emission factors, using an In-Plume Sampling System. The Effective Variance Chemical Mass Balance （EV-CMB） source apportionment model was applied to the ambient samples collected, using source profiles developed in this study as well as profiles from other relevant studies. Four main sources contributed to PM2.5 carbon within the Las Vegas Valley： （1） paved road dust, （2） on-road gasoline vehicles, （3） residential wood combustion, and （4） on-road diesel vehicles. CMB estimated that on-road mixed fleet gasoline vehicles are the largest source for OC and EC at all the sites. The contribution of paved road dust to both OC and EC was 5-10% at the four sites. On-road diesel vehicles contribute 22% of the OC and 34% of the EC at a site near the city center, which is located immediately downwind of a major freeway. Residential wood combustion is a more important source than on-road diesel vehicles for two residential neighborhood sites, These results are consistent with our conceptual model, and the research methodology may be applied to studying other urban areas.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20211145)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(020414380182)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Nanjing Jiangbei New Aera(ZDYD20210101)the Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneurs in Jiangsu(JSSCRC2021484)。
文摘The security of quantum key distribution(QKD)is severely threatened by discrepancies between realistic devices and theoretical assumptions.Recently,a significant framework called the reference technique was proposed to provide security against arbitrary source flaws under current technology such as state preparation flaws,side channels caused by mode dependencies,the Trojan horse attacks and pulse correlations.Here,we adopt the reference technique to prove security of an efficient four-phase measurement-device-independent QKD using laser pulses against potential source imperfections.We present a characterization of source flaws and connect them to experiments,together with a finite-key analysis against coherent attacks.In addition,we demonstrate the feasibility of our protocol through a proof-of-principle experimental implementation and achieve a secure key rate of 253 bps with a 20 d B channel loss.Compared with previous QKD protocols with imperfect devices,our study considerably improves both the secure key rate and the transmission distance,and shows application potential in the practical deployment of secure QKD with device imperfections.
