Drilling into a geopressured zone will generally cause a change in a number of basic formation/ drilling relationships. This change is usually seen as a reversal of a gradual depth related trend in a lithologically un...Drilling into a geopressured zone will generally cause a change in a number of basic formation/ drilling relationships. This change is usually seen as a reversal of a gradual depth related trend in a lithologically uniform formation. Of all the geophysical methods, the reflection seismic method is essentially the only technique used to predict pore pressures. The seismic method detects changes of interval velocity with depth from velocity analysis of the seismic data. These changes are in turn related to lithology, pore fluid type, rock fracturing and pressure changes within a stratigraphic column. When the factors affecting the velocity are understood for a given area, a successful pressure prediction can be made. For clastic environments such as the Tertiary section of the Gulf of Mexico or the Niger delta, the interval velocity of the rocks increases with depth because of compaction. In these areas, deviations from normal compaction trends are related to abnormally high pore pressures. The adapted methods provide a much easier way to handle normal compaction trend lines. In addition to well log methods, pressure detection can be obtained via drilling parameters by applying Eaton’s DXC methods. Seismic velocities have long been used to estimate pore pressure, indeed both these quantities are influenced by variations in rock properties such as porosity, density, effective stress and so on, and high pore pressure zones are often associated with low seismic velocities. Pressure prediction from seismic data is based on fundamentals of rock physics and seismic attribute analysis. This paper hence tries to assess the use of seismic waves as a viable means to calculate pore pressure, especially in areas where no prior drilling history can be found. Then we applied these methods on LAGIA-8 well, Sinai, Egypt as a case study. Pore pressure prediction from Seismic is a very essential tool to predict pore pressure before drilling operation. This could prevent the well problem as well blowout and to prevent formation damage, especially in areas where no prior drilling history can be found.展开更多
Drilling into a geopressured zone will generally cause a change in a number of basic formation/ drilling relationships. This change is usually seen as a reversal of a gradual depth related trend in a lithologically un...Drilling into a geopressured zone will generally cause a change in a number of basic formation/ drilling relationships. This change is usually seen as a reversal of a gradual depth related trend in a lithologically uniform formation. Of all the geophysical methods, the reflection seismic method is essentially the only technique used to predict pore pressures. The seismic method detects changes of interval velocity with depth from velocity analysis of the seismic data. These changes are in turn related to lithology, pore fluid type, rock fracturing and pressure changes within a stratigraphic column. When the factors affecting the velocity are understood for a given area, a successful pressure prediction can be made. For clastic environments such as the Tertiary section of the Gulf of Mexico or the Niger delta, the interval velocity of the rocks increases with depth because of compaction. In these areas, deviations from normal compaction trends are related to abnormally high pore pressures. The adapted methods provide a much easier way to handle normal compaction trend lines. In addition to well log methods, pressure detection can be obtained via drilling parameters by applying Eaton’s DXC methods. Seismic velocities have long been used to estimate pore pressure, indeed both these quantities are influenced by variations in rock properties such as porosity, density, effective stress and so on, and high pore pressure zones are often associated with low seismic velocities. Pressure prediction from seismic data is based on fundamentals of rock physics and seismic attribute analysis. This paper hence tries to assess the use of seismic waves as a viable means to calculate pore pressure, especially in areas where no prior drilling history can be found. Then we applied these methods on LAGIA-8 well, Sinai, Egypt as a case study. Pore pressure prediction from Seismic is a very essential tool to predict pore pressure before drilling operation. This could prevent the well problem as well blowout and to prevent formation damage, especially in areas where no prior drilling history can be found.展开更多
Copper(Ⅱ)theophylline[Cu(THP)2(H2O)4]complex in nanoscale has synthesized by ultrasonic sonication method.This method was used in the development of smaller,dispersed,and unaggregated nanoparticles(NPs).The structure...Copper(Ⅱ)theophylline[Cu(THP)2(H2O)4]complex in nanoscale has synthesized by ultrasonic sonication method.This method was used in the development of smaller,dispersed,and unaggregated nanoparticles(NPs).The structure of nanocomplex was described and suggested by the molar conductance,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis),solubility,atomic fire absorption,and C.H.N.elemental analysis as octahedral geometry.The size and morphology of nanocomplex measured by transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were 20 nm.The nanocomplex was studied on phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in human serum of Iraqi patient›s asthma disease.The results showed a highly significant(p<0.01)increase in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in asthma patients(mean=14.939±3.021 ng/mL)compared with a control group(mean=9.974±2.032 ng/mL).The result also showed a highly significant(p<0.01)decrease in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase activity in patients of asthma disease with theophylline(mean=11.253±2.479 ng/mL)compared to serum patients without nano and control groups.It is vital that the result showed a highly significant(p<0.01)decrease in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase activity in patients of asthma disease with copper nano complex(mean=9.563±2.082 ng/mL)compared in patients of asthma disease with and without theophylline.As for comparing asthma disease with copper nano complex and control group,the result showed there was no significant effect(p>0.05).展开更多
文摘Drilling into a geopressured zone will generally cause a change in a number of basic formation/ drilling relationships. This change is usually seen as a reversal of a gradual depth related trend in a lithologically uniform formation. Of all the geophysical methods, the reflection seismic method is essentially the only technique used to predict pore pressures. The seismic method detects changes of interval velocity with depth from velocity analysis of the seismic data. These changes are in turn related to lithology, pore fluid type, rock fracturing and pressure changes within a stratigraphic column. When the factors affecting the velocity are understood for a given area, a successful pressure prediction can be made. For clastic environments such as the Tertiary section of the Gulf of Mexico or the Niger delta, the interval velocity of the rocks increases with depth because of compaction. In these areas, deviations from normal compaction trends are related to abnormally high pore pressures. The adapted methods provide a much easier way to handle normal compaction trend lines. In addition to well log methods, pressure detection can be obtained via drilling parameters by applying Eaton’s DXC methods. Seismic velocities have long been used to estimate pore pressure, indeed both these quantities are influenced by variations in rock properties such as porosity, density, effective stress and so on, and high pore pressure zones are often associated with low seismic velocities. Pressure prediction from seismic data is based on fundamentals of rock physics and seismic attribute analysis. This paper hence tries to assess the use of seismic waves as a viable means to calculate pore pressure, especially in areas where no prior drilling history can be found. Then we applied these methods on LAGIA-8 well, Sinai, Egypt as a case study. Pore pressure prediction from Seismic is a very essential tool to predict pore pressure before drilling operation. This could prevent the well problem as well blowout and to prevent formation damage, especially in areas where no prior drilling history can be found.
文摘Drilling into a geopressured zone will generally cause a change in a number of basic formation/ drilling relationships. This change is usually seen as a reversal of a gradual depth related trend in a lithologically uniform formation. Of all the geophysical methods, the reflection seismic method is essentially the only technique used to predict pore pressures. The seismic method detects changes of interval velocity with depth from velocity analysis of the seismic data. These changes are in turn related to lithology, pore fluid type, rock fracturing and pressure changes within a stratigraphic column. When the factors affecting the velocity are understood for a given area, a successful pressure prediction can be made. For clastic environments such as the Tertiary section of the Gulf of Mexico or the Niger delta, the interval velocity of the rocks increases with depth because of compaction. In these areas, deviations from normal compaction trends are related to abnormally high pore pressures. The adapted methods provide a much easier way to handle normal compaction trend lines. In addition to well log methods, pressure detection can be obtained via drilling parameters by applying Eaton’s DXC methods. Seismic velocities have long been used to estimate pore pressure, indeed both these quantities are influenced by variations in rock properties such as porosity, density, effective stress and so on, and high pore pressure zones are often associated with low seismic velocities. Pressure prediction from seismic data is based on fundamentals of rock physics and seismic attribute analysis. This paper hence tries to assess the use of seismic waves as a viable means to calculate pore pressure, especially in areas where no prior drilling history can be found. Then we applied these methods on LAGIA-8 well, Sinai, Egypt as a case study. Pore pressure prediction from Seismic is a very essential tool to predict pore pressure before drilling operation. This could prevent the well problem as well blowout and to prevent formation damage, especially in areas where no prior drilling history can be found.
基金supported by the Chemistry Department,college of science,Mustansiriyah University.
文摘Copper(Ⅱ)theophylline[Cu(THP)2(H2O)4]complex in nanoscale has synthesized by ultrasonic sonication method.This method was used in the development of smaller,dispersed,and unaggregated nanoparticles(NPs).The structure of nanocomplex was described and suggested by the molar conductance,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis),solubility,atomic fire absorption,and C.H.N.elemental analysis as octahedral geometry.The size and morphology of nanocomplex measured by transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were 20 nm.The nanocomplex was studied on phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in human serum of Iraqi patient›s asthma disease.The results showed a highly significant(p<0.01)increase in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in asthma patients(mean=14.939±3.021 ng/mL)compared with a control group(mean=9.974±2.032 ng/mL).The result also showed a highly significant(p<0.01)decrease in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase activity in patients of asthma disease with theophylline(mean=11.253±2.479 ng/mL)compared to serum patients without nano and control groups.It is vital that the result showed a highly significant(p<0.01)decrease in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase activity in patients of asthma disease with copper nano complex(mean=9.563±2.082 ng/mL)compared in patients of asthma disease with and without theophylline.As for comparing asthma disease with copper nano complex and control group,the result showed there was no significant effect(p>0.05).
