Exploring the suitability of biochar for improving soil quality under different water and salt conditions is important for maintaining soil health and productivity in the arid regions of northwestern China.We compared...Exploring the suitability of biochar for improving soil quality under different water and salt conditions is important for maintaining soil health and productivity in the arid regions of northwestern China.We compared the effects of biochar application practices on soil physical,chemical and biological properties under different irrigation and water salinity levels in a two-year field experiment in a mulched and drip-irrigated maize field in Gansu Province,China.Eight treatments in total included the combination of two biochar addition rates of 0 t ha–1(B0)and 60 t ha–1(B1),two irrigation levels of full(W1)and deficit irrigation(W2;W2=1/2 W1)and two water salinity levels of fresh water(S0,0.71 g L–1)and brackish water(S1,4.00 g L–1).The minimum dataset method was used to calculate the soil quality index(SQI)under different treatments.Deficit and brackish water irrigation significantly reduced SQI by 3.80–9.80%through reducing some soil physical,chemical and biological properties.Biochar application significantly increased the SQI by 6.13 and 10.40%under full irrigation with fresh and brackish water,respectively.Biochar addition enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria(e.g.,Proteobacteria,Patescibacteria)in the soil in all water–salt treatments.The partial least squares path model showed that biochar application significantly enhanced the SQI mainly by improving soil aggregation and pore structure under particular water–salt conditions.This research provides an important basis for utilizing biochar to improve soil quality in arid regions of Northwest China under various water–salt conditions.展开更多
Evaluating soil quality(SQ)is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability of restored slope ecosystems,yet selecting efficient assessment methods remains challenging.The aim of this study was to develop a targeted SQ...Evaluating soil quality(SQ)is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability of restored slope ecosystems,yet selecting efficient assessment methods remains challenging.The aim of this study was to develop a targeted SQ evaluation system to compare the differences in the effectiveness of ecological restoration methods for slopes.We analysed the characteristics of 18 soil physicochemical and biological indices within a total data set(TDS)for five restored slopes with distinct ecological restoration techniques and three untreated slopes(as the control)in Yichang,China.Principal component analysis,entropy weight method,and Norm were employed to identify a minimum data set(MDS)and four soil quality index(SQI)models,linear unweighted(SQI_(L-A)),linear weighted(SQI_(L-W)),nonlinear unweighted(SQI_(NL-A)),and nonlinear weighted(SQI_(NL-W)),were used to comprehensively evaluate the MDS-based SQ.The results revealed that(1)MDS,consisting of microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP),microbial biomass quotient(qMBC),catalase(CAT),and bulk density(BD),effectively characterized the SQ of the ecological restoration slopes;(2)the SQI_(NL-W)model demonstrated superior discrimination among different ecological restoration slopes,with a significantly greater coefficient of determination(R^(2)=0.881,P<0.01)than other SQI models;and(3)all five ecological restoration techniques effectively improved SQ of slope to varying degrees,elevating it from low to high levels,with the vegetative cement-soil eco-restoration&vegetation concrete eco-restoration technique demonstrating the best effect(SQI_(NL-W)=0.627).Our study developed a practical SQ evaluation system based on the validated MDS and the most suitable SQI model(SQI_(NL-W)).This system enables reliable assessment on the effectiveness of restoration techniques.展开更多
In order to identify the nutrient level and environmental quality of paddy fields in Wanchang area,and to provide scientific basis and technical support for planting rice in Wanchang area, the soil geochemicalsurvey w...In order to identify the nutrient level and environmental quality of paddy fields in Wanchang area,and to provide scientific basis and technical support for planting rice in Wanchang area, the soil geochemicalsurvey was carried out, 30 samples were collected from paddy soil in Wanchang area, and 20 elements(indicators) were analyzed. The characterization of the elemental content of soils in the study area was carriedout, and the geochemical level for soil nutrients, the geochemical level for the soil environment, and thecomprehensive geochemical level of soil quality were evaluated. The results showed that the average valuesof K content and pH of the soil in the study area were smaller than the background values of Jilin Province,and the average values of 18 elements including N, P, Ca, S, Pb, Zn etc. were bigger than the backgroundvalues of Jilin Province. The results of the evaluation of soil single element nutrient in the study area showedthat the available state nutrient levels of Mn, Zn, Cu, and K increased compared with the total amounts ofnutrients level, with Cu increasing the most;the available state nutrient level of N, P, B, and Mo decreasedcompared with the total amounts of nutrients level, with Mo decreasing the most. The comprehensive levelof soil nutrients geochemistry in paddy fields was mainly Level III (medium), accounting for 53.33%, andthe low abundance level was caused by the lack of P element;the comprehensive level of soil environmentalgeochemistry was mainly Level I (clean), accounting for 96.67%, with only slight pollution caused byCd. The comprehensive geochemical level of soil quality was mainly Level II, accounting for 66.67%.Suggestions were put forward for the rational utilization of soil resources in paddy fields in the study area.展开更多
Continuous cropping leads to high incidence of soilborne diseases such as bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum,which poses a risk to agricultural production.Anaerobic soil disinfestation(ASD)and plant growt...Continuous cropping leads to high incidence of soilborne diseases such as bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum,which poses a risk to agricultural production.Anaerobic soil disinfestation(ASD)and plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)are considered environmentally friendly methods to control bacterial wilt.However,the underlying mechanism of the improvement of soil health and the inhibition of bacterial wilt after ASD treatment and PGPR inoculation needs further exploration.This study evaluated the effect of ASD treatment on soil improvement at pre-planting of tomato,and the effect of ASD treatment combined with the application of Bacillus velezensis Y6(BV)on soil quality,R.solanacearum abundance,and bacterial communities at 90 days before harvesting of tomato.The results showed that ASD treatment reduced R.solanacearum abundance in soil by17.6%at pre-planting and 18.7%at 90 days before harvesting,but BV inoculation did not influence R.solanacearum abundance.ASD and ASD+BV treatments effectively reduced the occurrence of bacterial wilt,improved soil nutrient status and increased soil microbial activity at 90 days before harvesting.Principal co-ordinate analysis showed that the soil bacterial community was significantly influenced by ASD treatment both at pre-planting and at 90 days before harvesting.Further investigation found that ASD contributed to the enrichment of beneficial flora(Bacillus and Streptomyces).Moreover,pH was an important environmental factor affecting the abundance of R.solanacearum in soil.Co-occurrence network analysis showed that ASD treatment significantly increased network connection of bacterial communities and the proportion of beneficial microorganisms(Proteobacteria and Firmicutes),leading to complex soil bacterial co-occurrence networks both at pre-planting and at 90 days before harvesting.Collectively,these results indicate that ASD treatment,but not microbial inoculation can enhance tomato plant resistance to bacterial wilt by improving soil quality and modulating the soil bacterial community.展开更多
Integrated agronomic optimization(IAO)adopts suitable crop varieties,sowing dates,planting density,and advanced nutrient management to redesign the entire production system according to the local environment,and it ca...Integrated agronomic optimization(IAO)adopts suitable crop varieties,sowing dates,planting density,and advanced nutrient management to redesign the entire production system according to the local environment,and it can achieve synergistic improvements in crop yields and resource utilization.However,the intensity and magnitude of the impacts of IAO on soil quality under long-term intensive production and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)require further clarification.Based on a 13-year field experiment conducted in Dawenkou,Tai'an,Shadong Province,China,we investigated the effects of four cultivation modes on the grain yield,NUE,and soil aggregate structure,as well as the fraction of organic matter(SOM)and soil quality,reflected by the integrated fertility index(IFI),during the winter wheat maturation periods in 2020–2022.The four cultivation modes were traditional local farming(T1),farmer-based improvement(T2),increased yield regardless of production cost(T3),and integrated soil–crop system management(T4).As the IAO modes,T2 and T4 were characterized by denser planting,reduced nitrogen(N)fertilizer application rates,and delayed sowing compared to T1 and T3,respectively.In this long-term experiment,IAO was found to maintain aggregate stability,increase SOM content(by increasing organic carbon and total nitrogen of the light fraction(LF)and the particulate organic matter fraction(POM)),and improve SOM quality(by increasing the proportions of LF and POM and the ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen in SOM).Compared to T1,the IFI values of T2,T3,and T4 increased by 10.91,23.38,and 25.55%,and by 17.78,6.41,and 28.94%in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers,respectively.The grain yield of T4 was 22.52%higher than that of T1,and reached 95.98%of that in T3.Furthermore,the NUE of T4 was 35.61%higher than those of T1 and T3.In conclusion,our results suggest that the IAO mode T4 synergistically increases grain yield and NUE in winter wheat,while maximizing soil quality.展开更多
Water scarcity and soil salinization pose significant challenges to agriculture in the West Liaohe Plain,eastern Inner Mongolia,China.Shallow-buried drip irrigation can improve soil water use efficiency to alleviate w...Water scarcity and soil salinization pose significant challenges to agriculture in the West Liaohe Plain,eastern Inner Mongolia,China.Shallow-buried drip irrigation can improve soil water use efficiency to alleviate water shortage in agriculture and the application of lignite humic acid reduces the adverse effects of soil salinization.However,further research is needed to investigate the effects of different application rates of lignite humic acid and humic acid-based combined amendment on soil physicochemical properties,nutrient contents,and crop yield in saline-sodic farmlands under shallow-buried drip irrigation.A two-year field experiment was conducted with control without any amendment(CK),three treatments amended with 3 t/ha(H1),6 t/ha(H2),and 12 t/ha(H3)lignite humic acid,and three application rates with 15 t/ha(T1),22.5 t/ha(T2),and 30 t/ha(T3)lignite humic acid-based combined amendment in 2021 and2022.The results showed that H3 reduced soil bulk density,p H,electrical conductivity,and total alkalinity,while increasing the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,and available potassium in the two-year experiment.Moreover,the maize yield in H3 increased by an average of 35.5%.T2 decreased soil bulk density,p H,total alkalinity,and increased maize yield by 16.2%,compared to the first year.These results suggest that T2 consistently improved both soil quality and crop yield.Correlation analyses showed that lignite humic acid and its complexes promote maize growth and increase yield by increasing soil organic matter and total nitrogen while reducing soil salinity and total alkalinity.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the field data and the results of the comprehensive evaluation of soil quality,it was determined that the appropriate improvement measures for saline-sodic farmlands under shallow-buried drip irrigation are the application of 12 t/ha of lignite humic acid and 22.5 t/ha of lignite humic acid-based combined amendment.This study demonstrates the effectiveness of lignite humic acid and its combined amendment in mitigating the constraints of saline-sodic farmlands and enhancing crop yields,providing a sustainable solution for improving saline-sodic farmlands in the West Liaohe Plain.展开更多
Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sit...Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sites.This study developed a standardized framework for assessing soil quality by consideringmicrobial-induced resilience and heavymetal contamination at Xikuangshan antimony smelting site.The soil resilience index(SRI)and soil contamination index(SCI)were calculated byMinimum Data Set and geo-accumulation model,respectively.After standardized by a multi-criteria quantitative procedure of modified Nemerow’s pollution index(NPI),the integrated assessment of soil quality index(SQI),which is the minimumof SRINPI and SCINPI,was achieved.The results showed that Sb and As were the prominent metal(loid)pollutants,and significant correlations between SQI and SRI indicated that the poor soil quality was mainly caused by the low level of soil resilience.The primary limiting factors of SRI were Fungi in high andmiddle contaminated areas,and Skermanella in low contaminated area,suggesting that the weak soil resilience was caused by low specific microbial abundances.Microbial regulation and phytoremediation are greatly required to improve the soil quality at antimony smelting sites from the perspectives of pollution control and resilience improvement.This study improves our understanding of ecological effects of antimony smelting sites and provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas.展开更多
Brackish water(BW)irrigation may cause soil quality deterioration and thereby a decrease in crop yields.Here we examined the impacts of applying gasification filter cake(GFC),intercropping with Portulaca oleracea(PO),...Brackish water(BW)irrigation may cause soil quality deterioration and thereby a decrease in crop yields.Here we examined the impacts of applying gasification filter cake(GFC),intercropping with Portulaca oleracea(PO),and their combination on soil quality,nutrient uptake by plants and tomato yields under BW irrigation.The treatments evaluated included(i)freshwater irrigation(Control),(ii)BW irrigation,(iii)GFC application under BW irrigation(BW+GFC),(iv)intercropping with PO under BW irrigation(BW+PO),and(v)the combined application of GFC and PO under BW irrigation(BW+PO+GFC).Overall,the use of BW for irrigation resulted in a decline in both soil quality(assessed by a soil quality index(SQI)integrating a wide range of key soil properties including salinity,nutrient availability and microbial activities)and crop yields.Nevertheless,when subjected to BW irrigation,the application of GFC successfully prevented soil salinity.Additionally,the intercropping of PO decreased the soil sodium adsorption ratio and improved the absorption of nutrients by plants.As a result,the BW+GFC+PO treatment generally showed higher tomato yield as compared to other BW-related treatments(i.e.BW,BW+GFC and BW+PO).Compared to BW,the BW+GFC+PO treatment had an average increase of 24.7% in the total fruit yield of four Cropping Seasons.Furthermore,the BW+GFC+PO treatment consistently exhibited the highest fruit quality index(FQI).Taken together,the combined application of GFC and PO is effective in promoting soil quality and crop yields under BW irrigation.展开更多
Improving cotton fiber quality can increase the economic income of cotton farmers, but achieving high fiber quality without decreasing cotton fiber yield remains a major challenge in saline-alkaline cotton fields. A f...Improving cotton fiber quality can increase the economic income of cotton farmers, but achieving high fiber quality without decreasing cotton fiber yield remains a major challenge in saline-alkaline cotton fields. A field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 on saline-alkaline soil with cotton under drip irrigation to examine how amount and timing of leaching affected soils salinity, cotton fiber yield and quality. There were five leaching amounts(CK: 0 mm, W1: 75 mm, W2: 150 mm, W3: 225 mm and W4: 300 mm) and three leaching timings(T1: once at the seedling stage, T2: twice at the seedling and budding stages, and T3: thrice at the seedling, budding and pollen-setting stages). Soil salinity, soil nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)-N), cotton nitrogen(N) uptake, irrigation water productivity(IWP), cotton fiber yield, fiber length, fiber uniformity, fiber strength, fiber elongation, micronaire and fiber quality index(FQI) were investigated. The results indicated that soil salinity and NO_(3)-N reduced with increasing leaching amount. The N uptake of cotton bolls was greater than in cotton leaves, stems and roots, and total N accumulation increased with increasing leaching amount. The optimal cotton fiber yield and IWP occurred in treatment W3T2, and were 3,199 and 2,771 kg ha^(-1), and 0.5482 and 0.4912 kg m-3in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Fiber length, strength, elongation, and uniformity increased with increasing leaching amount, while there was a negative relationship between fiber micronaire and leaching amount. Soil salinity, NO_(3)-N and fiber micronaire were negatively correlated with fiber quality(i.e., length, strength, elongation and uniformity) and yield, nitrogen uptake of various organs(i.e., root, stems and leaves) and whole plant nitrogen uptake. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that fiber elongation was most sensitive to soil salinity. The method of Entropy–Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(EM–TOPSIS) indicated that leaching of 300 mm of water applied equally at the seedling and budding periods was the optimal treatment to maintain soil salinity and nutrient levels and achieve high cotton fiber yield and quality. In conclusion, the optimal level of leaching treatment decreased soil salinity and improved nitrogen uptake and was beneficial to achieve high fiber yield and quality. Our results will be significant for guiding drip irrigation practice of leaching on saline-alkaline soils for sustainable cotton fiber production.展开更多
The productive evaluation of cocoa in this research is proposed through an assessment of soil quality and crop health in an organic production system(SPO)Taisha canton and a conventional production system(SPCv)Morona ...The productive evaluation of cocoa in this research is proposed through an assessment of soil quality and crop health in an organic production system(SPO)Taisha canton and a conventional production system(SPCv)Morona canton.Methodology:Altieri and Nicholls establish a diagnosis of chemical,physical,biological and health indicators,with weightings high(10),medium(5)and low(1).Results:SPO soil quality,reflects weights 10(high)for ammonium ion,zinc,copper,iron,manganese,moisture retention,biological activity,compaction,apparent density,residue status,color,organic matter,root development,erosion incidence,5(medium)potassium,phosphorus,calcium,sulfur,pH,texture,1(low)magnesium,boron,topsoil depth,for crop health values of 10(high)appearance,crop growth,stress resistance or tolerance,weed competition,agrosilvopastoral system,plant diversity and management system,5(medium)potential yield,incidence of pests and diseases.The SPCv soil quality presented a weighting of 10(high)for nitrogen,zinc,copper,iron,biological activity,compaction,bulk density,color,organic matter,root development,erosion incidence,5(medium)manganese,pH,texture,moisture retention,residue status,1(low)potassium,phosphorus,calcium,magnesium,sulfur,boron,topsoil depth,crop health 10(high)crop appearance and growth,stress resistance or tolerance,weed competition,agrosilvopastoral system,plant diversity,management system,potential yield,5(medium)incidence of pests and diseases,1(low)surrounding natural diversity.Conclusions:The SPO for soil quality:7.41 and for crop health:7.59 weighted as sustainable,while the SPCv for soil quality:6 and crop health:6.76,resulting in a moderately sustainable production system.展开更多
Magnesium(Mg)defciency is becoming a limiting factor for citrus production in acid soils of subtropical and tropical zones.It is speculated that soil Mg leaching and thereby its imbalance may be a major cause of yield...Magnesium(Mg)defciency is becoming a limiting factor for citrus production in acid soils of subtropical and tropical zones.It is speculated that soil Mg leaching and thereby its imbalance may be a major cause of yield decline,yet Mg defciency in citrus receives little attention.A two-year feld experiment was therefore conducted to quantify soil Mg leaching in a typical citrus orchard in China fertilized with varying levels of Mg(Mg0,no Mg fertilizer;Mg45,45 kg MgO ha^(-1)yr^(-1);Mg90,90 kg MgO ha^(-1)yr^(-1);Mg180,180 kg MgO ha^(-1)yr^(-1)).Results showed that Mg application signifcantly increased citrus fruit yield by 4.1-16.4%compared with where MgO was not added.The average amount of soil Mg leaching was 65.7 kg ha^(-1)yr^(-1)where no Mg fertilizer was added,while it reached up to 91.3 kg Mg ha^(-1)yr^(-1)where MgO was added at the rate of 180 kg ha^(-1).Over the 4 treatments,Mg leaching accounted for 12.1-42.4%of the applied Mg fertilizer.Mg leaching and its removal through harvested fruits resulted in an orchard soil Mg balance of-69.9,-51.1,-27.4 and 10.9 kg ha^(-1)in the Mg0,Mg45,Mg90and Mg180,treatments,respectively.The pH values of leachate from the acid soil were alkaline and it contained higher amounts of calcium and potassium than that of Mg.Considering the high leaching of Mg from the acid soils of citrus orchards,applications of Mg fertilizer or Mg-fortifed soil conditioner are vital to sustain soil Mg balance,high fruit yield and fruit quality in citrus production systems in humid subtropical regions.展开更多
To maintain soil quality under long-term saline water irrigation,the influence of manure on soil physical properties was examined.Long-term saline irrigation has been conducted from 2015 to 2024 at the Nanpi Eco-Agric...To maintain soil quality under long-term saline water irrigation,the influence of manure on soil physical properties was examined.Long-term saline irrigation has been conducted from 2015 to 2024 at the Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy Sciences in the Low Plain of the North China Plain,comprising four irrigation treatments:irrigation once at the jointing stage for winter wheat with irrigation water containing salt at fresh water,3,4 and 5 g·L^(–1),and maize irrigation at sowing using fresh water.Manure application was conducted under all irrigation treatments,with treatments without manure application used as controls.The results showed that under long-term irrigation with saline water,the application of manure increased the soil organic matter content,exchangeable potassium,available phosphorus,and total nitrogen content in the 0–20 cm soil layer by 46.8%,117.0%,75.7%,and 45.5%,respectively,compared to treatments without manure application.The application of manure reduced soil bulk density.It also increased the proportion of water-stable aggregates and the abundance of bacteria,fungi,and actinomycetes in the tillage soil layer compared to the controls.Because of the salt contained in the manure,the application of manure had dual effects on soil salt content.During the winter wheat season,manure application increased soil salt content.The salt content was significantly reduced during the summer maize season,owing to the strong salt-leaching effects under manure application,resulting in a smaller difference in salt content between the manure and non-manure treatments.During the summer rainfall season,improvements in soil structure under manure application increased the soil desalination rate for the 1 m top soil layer.The desalination rate for 0–40 cm and 40–100 cm was averagely by 39.1%and 18.9%higher,respectively,under manure application as compared with that under the nomanure treatments.The yield of winter wheat under manure application was 0.12%lower than that of the control,owing to the higher salt content during the winter wheat season.In contrast,the yield of summer maize improved by 3.9%under manure application,owing to the increased soil nutrient content and effective salt leaching.The results of this study indicated that manure application helped maintain the soil physical structure,which is important for the long-term use of saline water.In practice,using manure with a low salt content is suggested to reduce the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on soil properties and achieve sustainable saline water use.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the impact of soybean intercropping on soil fertility in the planting areas of high-quality peach orchards in Shenxi Town,Zunyi City,Guizhou Province.[Methods]Soil s...[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the impact of soybean intercropping on soil fertility in the planting areas of high-quality peach orchards in Shenxi Town,Zunyi City,Guizhou Province.[Methods]Soil samples were collected during the seedling,growth,and maturity stages of soybeans from both non-intercropped soil(control check group,CK)and soybean-intercropped soil(Qiandou 11,experimental group,EK).Analysis was conducted on soil fertility properties,including alkali-hydrolyzable N,available P,and available K.[Results]The impact of soybean intercropping on soil physicochemical properties was primarily manifested as the increased levels of alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K and the decreased level of available P in the soil during the seedling,growing,and maturity stages.Overall,this approach optimized and enhanced soil fertility in the peach orchards,providing a viable pathway for soil improvement in peach orchards located in karst areas.[Conclusions]The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the high-quality development of high-quality peach orchards.展开更多
Managing fertilization in integrated crop-livestock systems(ICLS)during periods of low nutrient export,known as system fertilization,can optimize nutrient use by enhancing the soil's biochemical and physical-hydri...Managing fertilization in integrated crop-livestock systems(ICLS)during periods of low nutrient export,known as system fertilization,can optimize nutrient use by enhancing the soil's biochemical and physical-hydric properties.However,interdisciplinary studies on processes that improve input utilization in ICLS remain scarce.This study aimed to assess the relationships between the effciencies of different nutrient management strategies in ICLS and pure crop systems(PCS)and the biochemical and physical-hydric quality of soil.Two fertilization strategies(system fertilization and crop fertilization)and two cropping systems(ICLS and PCS)were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replicates.In the PCS,soybean was grown followed by ryegrass as a cover crop.In the ICLS,sheep grazed on the ryegrass.In the crop fertilization,phosphorus and potassium were applied to the soybean planting,and nitrogen was applied in the ryegrass establishment.Nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium were applied during ryegrass establishment in the system fertilization.Soil quality indexes were calculated using fourteen physical-hydric and biochemical soil indicators,and primary production and nutrient utilization effciency were evaluated.System fertilization in ICLS enhanced the soil functions of water storage and availability for plants,structural stability,and resistance to degradation.System fertilization in ICLS improved the soil quality by 14%over PCS and 13%over crop fertilization in ICLS.Notably,this optimized system yielded the highest primary production.These findings underscore the pivotal role of system fertilization in ICLS to boost food production and enhance soil ecosystem services without increasing the consumption of external fertilizers.They advocate for a strategic shift towards system-level fertilization in integrated systems,and demonstrate for the frst time in ICLS,the delicate balance between nutrient management,soil health,and sustainable productivity.展开更多
Forest ecosystems can be characterized by a set of catenas arranged along the slope in mountainous areas as these affect microhabitat features,which in turn influence soil properties.Heretofore,few studies have examin...Forest ecosystems can be characterized by a set of catenas arranged along the slope in mountainous areas as these affect microhabitat features,which in turn influence soil properties.Heretofore,few studies have examined how topographic variables affect soil properties and quality in semiarid regions.This study aimed to provide important insights into how catena position and shape influence soil properties,soil quality,and their interrelationships in a semiarid protected oak forest in western Iran.Basic soil properties were measured in the laboratory.In addition,the soil quality index(SQI)was calculated at different topographic positions along both convex(Λ-shaped)and concave(V-shaped)catenas at two soil depths(0-15 and 15-30 cm).The findings indicated that soil organic carbon and total nitrogen declined in the lower depth in both V-andΛ-shaped catenas and at all catena positions.The lowest porosity was observed in the lower depth at toeslope positions(TS)of both catenas.Substrate-induced respiration(SIR),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),and basal respiration(BR)were higher in the upper depths at TS positions on V-shaped catenas than onΛ-shaped catenas.These biological indices were consistently higher in the upper depths than in the lower depths across all positions of both catenas.SQI had the highest values at TS positions on both catenas and in the upper depths across all positions.Pearson correlations between soil properties indicated that SQI was most strongly and positively correlated with biological properties in both catenas.The nutrient levels,microbial activity,and soil porosity in both catena shapes and at both soil depths displayed a relatively downward trend with increasing elevation from toeslope to summit positions.The results showed that catena topographic sequence shape and position affected most of the soil properties,providing evidence of the important role of topography in creating pedodiversity in oak forest ecosystems.展开更多
Agricultural management practices influence soil health.In this study,agricultural lands of cold arid Hanna village,Balochistan,Pakistan,were studied to assess soil properties and the abundance of soil macrofauna spec...Agricultural management practices influence soil health.In this study,agricultural lands of cold arid Hanna village,Balochistan,Pakistan,were studied to assess soil properties and the abundance of soil macrofauna species.Five orchards,five tree-based intercropping(TBI)systems,two croplands and a barren unprotected rangeland were sampled.Soil properties,such as texture,concentrations of organic matter(SOM),organic carbon(SOC),mineral nitrogen and bioavailable phosphorus,pH and electrical conductivity were analyzed.The abundance and species of soil surface-dwelling and upper soil layer-dwelling(0-5 cm)macrofauna were also measured.Orchards and croplands were older than TBI systems.than the same agricultural systems(cropland or orchards),which were under intense tillage practice or receiving no fertilizer input.Our results demonstrate that the diversified cropping systems with the reduced(shallow)tillage and the amendment of both synthetic and organic fertilizers,promoted soil quality in this cold-winter desert.This study is a source of evidence for the farmers of this region,which highlights the importance of conservation agriculture and crop diversification under TBI system for improving soil quality.It warrants further investigation to evaluate biological indicators of soil health(soil microbial biomass,microbial diversity,microfauna,mesofauna and macrofauna)being influenced by various management practices in this region.Furthermore,the relationship between soil quality and crop production under various management practices in this region needs to be evaluated.Such an extensive study will further help encourage farmers to adopt the best management practice in their fields.展开更多
39 soil samples surrounding a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi were collected,and the contents of Pb,Hg,Cd,Cr,As,Cu,Zn,and Ni were determined to investigate the pollution characteristics and sources of heavy metals.Ar...39 soil samples surrounding a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi were collected,and the contents of Pb,Hg,Cd,Cr,As,Cu,Zn,and Ni were determined to investigate the pollution characteristics and sources of heavy metals.ArcGIS inverse distance weight difference method was used to analyze the characteristics of pollution distribution,and single-factor pollution index,Nemerow comprehensive pollution index,ground accumulation index,and potential ecological risk index were selected to evaluate the characteristics of heavy metal pollution.Based on correlation analysis,the absolute principal component-multiple linear regression(APCS-MLR)and positive definite matrix factorization(PMF)models were used to analyze the sources of soil heavy metals.The results showed that the average concentrations of all eight heavy metals exceeded both national and Guangxi soil background values.Hg,Cd,and Zn exhibited high variation(greater than 0.5),indicating significant external disturbances,and their spatial distribution was closely related to mining activity locations.The single-factor pollution index evaluation indicated varying degrees of pollution risk for Cd,Zn,and As,with Cd and Zn being the most severe pollutants,as 69.23%and 30.77%of the samples fell into the moderate pollution or higher category.The geoaccumulation index analysis ranked the mean pollution levels of the eight elements as follows:Zn>Cd>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cr>Hg>As,with Cd and Zn showing the most severe contamination,and 51.28%of the samples exhibiting moderate or higher pollution levels.The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index evaluation showed that 74.35%of soil samples were classified as moderate to heavy pollution.The potential ecological risk index assessment indicated significant ecological risks posed by Cd and Zn,with 82.05%and 5.12%of the samples classified as causing strong to extreme ecological risks,respectively.The source apportionment analysis revealed minor differences between the two models.The APCS-MLR model identified three pollution sources and their contribution rates:anthropogenic mining sources(31.13%),parent material sources(40.38%),and unidentified sources(28.49%).The PMF model identified three pollution sources with contribution rates of anthropogenic mining sources(26.10%),parent material sources(46.96%),and a combined traffic and agricultural source(26.61%).Pb,Hg,Cd,and Zn mainly originated from mining activities;Cr,As,and Ni were primarily derived from the parent material,while Cu was predominantly attributed to traffic and agricultural sources.These findings provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in mining areas.展开更多
Soil respiration is the key process driving CO_(2) exchange between forest soils and the atmosphere and regulated by soil organic carbon(SOC)characteristics and extracellular enzyme activities.However,the direction an...Soil respiration is the key process driving CO_(2) exchange between forest soils and the atmosphere and regulated by soil organic carbon(SOC)characteristics and extracellular enzyme activities.However,the direction and magnitude of the effects of stand density on labile SOC fractions,extracellular enzymes,and soil respiration across plantation ages remain unclear.We constructed enhanced soil respiration models using heterogeneous soil data under density regulation to better characterize soil processes.Study plots encompassing stand-density gradients were implemented in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations spanning three age-class strata.During the growing season,systematic measurements were conducted on soil respiration rates,labile organic carbon fractions,and extracellular enzyme activities.A process-driven soil respiration model was developed by integrating nonlinear mixed-effects modeling frameworks with measured data.The moderate density stands showed increases in soil respiration(Rs),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),light fraction organic carbon(LFOC),β-1,4-glucosidase(BGC),andβ-N-acetyl glycosaminidase+leucine aminopeptidase(NAG+LAP).In 36a and 48a stands,the moderate-density stands NAG+LAP had a~35%increase compared to other density levels,while readily oxidized carbon(ROC)concentrations showed a significant~30%-50%reduction.All labile organic carbon components were stable with age,so that soil microorganisms were promoted to acquire C,N,and P.Temperature,moisture,MBC,BGC,and NAG+LAP were essential factors that affected soil respiration.Stand density has important impacts on soil respiration as it regulates the soil organic carbon and activities of extracellular enzymes.The roles of temperature,microbial biomass carbon,soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon are complex and directly affect autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration and regulate soil respiration by influencing microbial C and N acquisition.A mixed-effects model with nested stand density and age mathematically optimized the soil respiration model,enabling enhanced characterization of covariation patterns of soil respiration with related soil carbon pool variables.展开更多
Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as ...Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as maize-green manure intercropping,to find possible pathways for enhancing soil P utilization.A maize-green manure intercropping experiment was started in 2009 to investigate the effects and mechanisms for enhancing P uptake and yield in maize.Three species of green manures(hairy vetch(HV),needle leaf pea(NP),sweet pea(SP))and a sole maize treatment(CK)were used,resulting in four treatments(CK,HVT,NPT,and SPT)in the experiment.During 2020-2023,the intercropping treatments enhanced maize yields in 2020 and 2021,particularly in HVT with increases of 13.7%(1.96 t ha^(-1))and 13.0%(2.13 t ha^(-1))compared with CK,respectively.Grain P accumulation of maize was significantly higher in the intercropping treatments than CK in 2020,2021,and 2023,and with an average increase of 10.6%over the four years(5.2% for NPT,10.8% for SPT and 15.9% for HVT)compared with CK.Intercropping promoted maize growth with a greater root length density and a higher organic acid release rate.HVT changed the soil properties more dramatically than the other treatments,with increases in the acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities of 29.8 and 38.5%,respectively,in the topsoil(0-15 cm),while the soil p H was reduced by 0.37 units compared to CK(p H=8.44).Intercropping treatments facilitated the conversion of non-labile P to mod-labile P and stimulated the growth of soil bacteria in the topsoil.Compared with CK,the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota,known for accumulating polyphosphate,and Actinobacteriota,a prominent source of bioactive compounds,increased significantly in the intercropping treatments,especially in HVT and SPT.A PLS-PM analysis showed that intercropping promoted soil P mobilization and the enrichment of beneficial bacteria by regulating maize root morphology and physiology.Our results highlight that maize-green manure intercropping optimizes root traits,soil properties and bacterial composition,which contribute to greater maize P uptake and yield,providing an effective strategy for sustainable crop production.展开更多
Soil organic carbon(SOC)dynamics significantly influence ecosystem carbon source-sink balance,particularly in agroecosystems.However,uncertainty remains regarding optimal land use types for maximizing farmland carbon ...Soil organic carbon(SOC)dynamics significantly influence ecosystem carbon source-sink balance,particularly in agroecosystems.However,uncertainty remains regarding optimal land use types for maximizing farmland carbon storage across different soil types,and identifying effective land management practices for enhanced carbon accumulation is essential for reducing agricultural emissions and strengthening carbon sinks.This study examined SOC variations in eastern Yunnan’s subtropical highlands(2,132 sites),analyzing topsoil(0–20 cm)across five land uses(dryland,irrigated land,forestland,grassland and plantation)of five soil types(red,yellow,yellowbrown,brown,purple).The investigation explored relationships between SOC and edaphic factors(26 elements)to determine SOC influencing factors.The study area demonstrated a mean SOC content of 27.78 g kg^(–1),with distinct spatial heterogeneity characterized by lower values in the southwestern sector and higher concentrations in the northeastern region.Brown soils displayed the highest SOC content(P<0.05),followed by yellow-brown then red,yellow,and purple soils.Irrigation significantly enhanced SOC storage,particularly in brown soils where irrigated land contained 2.2-,2.4-,and 1.6-times higher SOC than forestland,grassland,and dryland,respectively.Similar irrigation benefits occurred in purple,yellow,and yellow-brown soils,indicating moisture limitation as the primary SOC constraint.Notably,SOC exhibited strong positive correlations with nitrogen,sulfur,and selenium.Nitrogen fertilization demonstrated dual benefits:enhancing SOC sequestration and promoting Se enrichment in crops,potentially supporting specialty agriculture.Although land use impacts on SOC varied across soil types(P>0.05),irrigation consistently emerged as the optimal management for carbon sink enhancement.These findings suggest that targeted water management could effectively reduce farmland carbon emissions in moisture-limited subtropical highlands.Strategic nitrogen application offers co-benefits for soil fertility and selenium biofortification,providing practical pathways for climate-smart agriculture in similar ecoregions.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1900401)。
文摘Exploring the suitability of biochar for improving soil quality under different water and salt conditions is important for maintaining soil health and productivity in the arid regions of northwestern China.We compared the effects of biochar application practices on soil physical,chemical and biological properties under different irrigation and water salinity levels in a two-year field experiment in a mulched and drip-irrigated maize field in Gansu Province,China.Eight treatments in total included the combination of two biochar addition rates of 0 t ha–1(B0)and 60 t ha–1(B1),two irrigation levels of full(W1)and deficit irrigation(W2;W2=1/2 W1)and two water salinity levels of fresh water(S0,0.71 g L–1)and brackish water(S1,4.00 g L–1).The minimum dataset method was used to calculate the soil quality index(SQI)under different treatments.Deficit and brackish water irrigation significantly reduced SQI by 3.80–9.80%through reducing some soil physical,chemical and biological properties.Biochar application significantly increased the SQI by 6.13 and 10.40%under full irrigation with fresh and brackish water,respectively.Biochar addition enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria(e.g.,Proteobacteria,Patescibacteria)in the soil in all water–salt treatments.The partial least squares path model showed that biochar application significantly enhanced the SQI mainly by improving soil aggregation and pore structure under particular water–salt conditions.This research provides an important basis for utilizing biochar to improve soil quality in arid regions of Northwest China under various water–salt conditions.
基金supported by the fund project of the Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area(China Three Gorges University),Hubei Province,China(Grant No.2023KDZ12)Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Slope Habitat Construction Technique Using Cement-based Materials(China Three Gorges University),Hubei Province,China(Grant No.2022SNJ04).
文摘Evaluating soil quality(SQ)is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability of restored slope ecosystems,yet selecting efficient assessment methods remains challenging.The aim of this study was to develop a targeted SQ evaluation system to compare the differences in the effectiveness of ecological restoration methods for slopes.We analysed the characteristics of 18 soil physicochemical and biological indices within a total data set(TDS)for five restored slopes with distinct ecological restoration techniques and three untreated slopes(as the control)in Yichang,China.Principal component analysis,entropy weight method,and Norm were employed to identify a minimum data set(MDS)and four soil quality index(SQI)models,linear unweighted(SQI_(L-A)),linear weighted(SQI_(L-W)),nonlinear unweighted(SQI_(NL-A)),and nonlinear weighted(SQI_(NL-W)),were used to comprehensively evaluate the MDS-based SQ.The results revealed that(1)MDS,consisting of microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP),microbial biomass quotient(qMBC),catalase(CAT),and bulk density(BD),effectively characterized the SQ of the ecological restoration slopes;(2)the SQI_(NL-W)model demonstrated superior discrimination among different ecological restoration slopes,with a significantly greater coefficient of determination(R^(2)=0.881,P<0.01)than other SQI models;and(3)all five ecological restoration techniques effectively improved SQ of slope to varying degrees,elevating it from low to high levels,with the vegetative cement-soil eco-restoration&vegetation concrete eco-restoration technique demonstrating the best effect(SQI_(NL-W)=0.627).Our study developed a practical SQ evaluation system based on the validated MDS and the most suitable SQI model(SQI_(NL-W)).This system enables reliable assessment on the effectiveness of restoration techniques.
基金Supported by the Special Study on Mineral Resources Planning in Changchun City(No.JM-2020-11-13594)Jilin Agricultural Geological Survey Project(No.12120105111208)。
文摘In order to identify the nutrient level and environmental quality of paddy fields in Wanchang area,and to provide scientific basis and technical support for planting rice in Wanchang area, the soil geochemicalsurvey was carried out, 30 samples were collected from paddy soil in Wanchang area, and 20 elements(indicators) were analyzed. The characterization of the elemental content of soils in the study area was carriedout, and the geochemical level for soil nutrients, the geochemical level for the soil environment, and thecomprehensive geochemical level of soil quality were evaluated. The results showed that the average valuesof K content and pH of the soil in the study area were smaller than the background values of Jilin Province,and the average values of 18 elements including N, P, Ca, S, Pb, Zn etc. were bigger than the backgroundvalues of Jilin Province. The results of the evaluation of soil single element nutrient in the study area showedthat the available state nutrient levels of Mn, Zn, Cu, and K increased compared with the total amounts ofnutrients level, with Cu increasing the most;the available state nutrient level of N, P, B, and Mo decreasedcompared with the total amounts of nutrients level, with Mo decreasing the most. The comprehensive levelof soil nutrients geochemistry in paddy fields was mainly Level III (medium), accounting for 53.33%, andthe low abundance level was caused by the lack of P element;the comprehensive level of soil environmentalgeochemistry was mainly Level I (clean), accounting for 96.67%, with only slight pollution caused byCd. The comprehensive geochemical level of soil quality was mainly Level II, accounting for 66.67%.Suggestions were put forward for the rational utilization of soil resources in paddy fields in the study area.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870420)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province,China(2121A0505030057)。
文摘Continuous cropping leads to high incidence of soilborne diseases such as bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum,which poses a risk to agricultural production.Anaerobic soil disinfestation(ASD)and plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)are considered environmentally friendly methods to control bacterial wilt.However,the underlying mechanism of the improvement of soil health and the inhibition of bacterial wilt after ASD treatment and PGPR inoculation needs further exploration.This study evaluated the effect of ASD treatment on soil improvement at pre-planting of tomato,and the effect of ASD treatment combined with the application of Bacillus velezensis Y6(BV)on soil quality,R.solanacearum abundance,and bacterial communities at 90 days before harvesting of tomato.The results showed that ASD treatment reduced R.solanacearum abundance in soil by17.6%at pre-planting and 18.7%at 90 days before harvesting,but BV inoculation did not influence R.solanacearum abundance.ASD and ASD+BV treatments effectively reduced the occurrence of bacterial wilt,improved soil nutrient status and increased soil microbial activity at 90 days before harvesting.Principal co-ordinate analysis showed that the soil bacterial community was significantly influenced by ASD treatment both at pre-planting and at 90 days before harvesting.Further investigation found that ASD contributed to the enrichment of beneficial flora(Bacillus and Streptomyces).Moreover,pH was an important environmental factor affecting the abundance of R.solanacearum in soil.Co-occurrence network analysis showed that ASD treatment significantly increased network connection of bacterial communities and the proportion of beneficial microorganisms(Proteobacteria and Firmicutes),leading to complex soil bacterial co-occurrence networks both at pre-planting and at 90 days before harvesting.Collectively,these results indicate that ASD treatment,but not microbial inoculation can enhance tomato plant resistance to bacterial wilt by improving soil quality and modulating the soil bacterial community.
基金jointly supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(LJNY202103 and 2023TZXD086)the National Major Agricultural Science and Technology Project,China(NK202218080315)+1 种基金the Project of Central Government Guiding Local Science and Technology Development,China(YDZX2022130)the Cooperative Promotion Plan of Major Agricultural Technologies of Shandong Province,China(SDNYXTTG-2023-10)。
文摘Integrated agronomic optimization(IAO)adopts suitable crop varieties,sowing dates,planting density,and advanced nutrient management to redesign the entire production system according to the local environment,and it can achieve synergistic improvements in crop yields and resource utilization.However,the intensity and magnitude of the impacts of IAO on soil quality under long-term intensive production and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)require further clarification.Based on a 13-year field experiment conducted in Dawenkou,Tai'an,Shadong Province,China,we investigated the effects of four cultivation modes on the grain yield,NUE,and soil aggregate structure,as well as the fraction of organic matter(SOM)and soil quality,reflected by the integrated fertility index(IFI),during the winter wheat maturation periods in 2020–2022.The four cultivation modes were traditional local farming(T1),farmer-based improvement(T2),increased yield regardless of production cost(T3),and integrated soil–crop system management(T4).As the IAO modes,T2 and T4 were characterized by denser planting,reduced nitrogen(N)fertilizer application rates,and delayed sowing compared to T1 and T3,respectively.In this long-term experiment,IAO was found to maintain aggregate stability,increase SOM content(by increasing organic carbon and total nitrogen of the light fraction(LF)and the particulate organic matter fraction(POM)),and improve SOM quality(by increasing the proportions of LF and POM and the ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen in SOM).Compared to T1,the IFI values of T2,T3,and T4 increased by 10.91,23.38,and 25.55%,and by 17.78,6.41,and 28.94%in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers,respectively.The grain yield of T4 was 22.52%higher than that of T1,and reached 95.98%of that in T3.Furthermore,the NUE of T4 was 35.61%higher than those of T1 and T3.In conclusion,our results suggest that the IAO mode T4 synergistically increases grain yield and NUE in winter wheat,while maximizing soil quality.
基金Under the auspices of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFD1500501)the Innovation Team Project of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2023CXTD02)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41971066)the Key Laboratory Foundation of Mollisols Agroecology(No.2020ZKHT-03)the High Tech Fund Project of S&T Cooperation between Jilin Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2022SYHZ0018)。
文摘Water scarcity and soil salinization pose significant challenges to agriculture in the West Liaohe Plain,eastern Inner Mongolia,China.Shallow-buried drip irrigation can improve soil water use efficiency to alleviate water shortage in agriculture and the application of lignite humic acid reduces the adverse effects of soil salinization.However,further research is needed to investigate the effects of different application rates of lignite humic acid and humic acid-based combined amendment on soil physicochemical properties,nutrient contents,and crop yield in saline-sodic farmlands under shallow-buried drip irrigation.A two-year field experiment was conducted with control without any amendment(CK),three treatments amended with 3 t/ha(H1),6 t/ha(H2),and 12 t/ha(H3)lignite humic acid,and three application rates with 15 t/ha(T1),22.5 t/ha(T2),and 30 t/ha(T3)lignite humic acid-based combined amendment in 2021 and2022.The results showed that H3 reduced soil bulk density,p H,electrical conductivity,and total alkalinity,while increasing the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,and available potassium in the two-year experiment.Moreover,the maize yield in H3 increased by an average of 35.5%.T2 decreased soil bulk density,p H,total alkalinity,and increased maize yield by 16.2%,compared to the first year.These results suggest that T2 consistently improved both soil quality and crop yield.Correlation analyses showed that lignite humic acid and its complexes promote maize growth and increase yield by increasing soil organic matter and total nitrogen while reducing soil salinity and total alkalinity.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the field data and the results of the comprehensive evaluation of soil quality,it was determined that the appropriate improvement measures for saline-sodic farmlands under shallow-buried drip irrigation are the application of 12 t/ha of lignite humic acid and 22.5 t/ha of lignite humic acid-based combined amendment.This study demonstrates the effectiveness of lignite humic acid and its combined amendment in mitigating the constraints of saline-sodic farmlands and enhancing crop yields,providing a sustainable solution for improving saline-sodic farmlands in the West Liaohe Plain.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFC1803604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42007306 and 42277193).
文摘Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sites.This study developed a standardized framework for assessing soil quality by consideringmicrobial-induced resilience and heavymetal contamination at Xikuangshan antimony smelting site.The soil resilience index(SRI)and soil contamination index(SCI)were calculated byMinimum Data Set and geo-accumulation model,respectively.After standardized by a multi-criteria quantitative procedure of modified Nemerow’s pollution index(NPI),the integrated assessment of soil quality index(SQI),which is the minimumof SRINPI and SCINPI,was achieved.The results showed that Sb and As were the prominent metal(loid)pollutants,and significant correlations between SQI and SRI indicated that the poor soil quality was mainly caused by the low level of soil resilience.The primary limiting factors of SRI were Fungi in high andmiddle contaminated areas,and Skermanella in low contaminated area,suggesting that the weak soil resilience was caused by low specific microbial abundances.Microbial regulation and phytoremediation are greatly required to improve the soil quality at antimony smelting sites from the perspectives of pollution control and resilience improvement.This study improves our understanding of ecological effects of antimony smelting sites and provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia(Grant No.2023BCF01046)。
文摘Brackish water(BW)irrigation may cause soil quality deterioration and thereby a decrease in crop yields.Here we examined the impacts of applying gasification filter cake(GFC),intercropping with Portulaca oleracea(PO),and their combination on soil quality,nutrient uptake by plants and tomato yields under BW irrigation.The treatments evaluated included(i)freshwater irrigation(Control),(ii)BW irrigation,(iii)GFC application under BW irrigation(BW+GFC),(iv)intercropping with PO under BW irrigation(BW+PO),and(v)the combined application of GFC and PO under BW irrigation(BW+PO+GFC).Overall,the use of BW for irrigation resulted in a decline in both soil quality(assessed by a soil quality index(SQI)integrating a wide range of key soil properties including salinity,nutrient availability and microbial activities)and crop yields.Nevertheless,when subjected to BW irrigation,the application of GFC successfully prevented soil salinity.Additionally,the intercropping of PO decreased the soil sodium adsorption ratio and improved the absorption of nutrients by plants.As a result,the BW+GFC+PO treatment generally showed higher tomato yield as compared to other BW-related treatments(i.e.BW,BW+GFC and BW+PO).Compared to BW,the BW+GFC+PO treatment had an average increase of 24.7% in the total fruit yield of four Cropping Seasons.Furthermore,the BW+GFC+PO treatment consistently exhibited the highest fruit quality index(FQI).Taken together,the combined application of GFC and PO is effective in promoting soil quality and crop yields under BW irrigation.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1900401)the Science and Technology Project of Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, China (2021AB037)。
文摘Improving cotton fiber quality can increase the economic income of cotton farmers, but achieving high fiber quality without decreasing cotton fiber yield remains a major challenge in saline-alkaline cotton fields. A field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 on saline-alkaline soil with cotton under drip irrigation to examine how amount and timing of leaching affected soils salinity, cotton fiber yield and quality. There were five leaching amounts(CK: 0 mm, W1: 75 mm, W2: 150 mm, W3: 225 mm and W4: 300 mm) and three leaching timings(T1: once at the seedling stage, T2: twice at the seedling and budding stages, and T3: thrice at the seedling, budding and pollen-setting stages). Soil salinity, soil nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)-N), cotton nitrogen(N) uptake, irrigation water productivity(IWP), cotton fiber yield, fiber length, fiber uniformity, fiber strength, fiber elongation, micronaire and fiber quality index(FQI) were investigated. The results indicated that soil salinity and NO_(3)-N reduced with increasing leaching amount. The N uptake of cotton bolls was greater than in cotton leaves, stems and roots, and total N accumulation increased with increasing leaching amount. The optimal cotton fiber yield and IWP occurred in treatment W3T2, and were 3,199 and 2,771 kg ha^(-1), and 0.5482 and 0.4912 kg m-3in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Fiber length, strength, elongation, and uniformity increased with increasing leaching amount, while there was a negative relationship between fiber micronaire and leaching amount. Soil salinity, NO_(3)-N and fiber micronaire were negatively correlated with fiber quality(i.e., length, strength, elongation and uniformity) and yield, nitrogen uptake of various organs(i.e., root, stems and leaves) and whole plant nitrogen uptake. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that fiber elongation was most sensitive to soil salinity. The method of Entropy–Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(EM–TOPSIS) indicated that leaching of 300 mm of water applied equally at the seedling and budding periods was the optimal treatment to maintain soil salinity and nutrient levels and achieve high cotton fiber yield and quality. In conclusion, the optimal level of leaching treatment decreased soil salinity and improved nitrogen uptake and was beneficial to achieve high fiber yield and quality. Our results will be significant for guiding drip irrigation practice of leaching on saline-alkaline soils for sustainable cotton fiber production.
文摘The productive evaluation of cocoa in this research is proposed through an assessment of soil quality and crop health in an organic production system(SPO)Taisha canton and a conventional production system(SPCv)Morona canton.Methodology:Altieri and Nicholls establish a diagnosis of chemical,physical,biological and health indicators,with weightings high(10),medium(5)and low(1).Results:SPO soil quality,reflects weights 10(high)for ammonium ion,zinc,copper,iron,manganese,moisture retention,biological activity,compaction,apparent density,residue status,color,organic matter,root development,erosion incidence,5(medium)potassium,phosphorus,calcium,sulfur,pH,texture,1(low)magnesium,boron,topsoil depth,for crop health values of 10(high)appearance,crop growth,stress resistance or tolerance,weed competition,agrosilvopastoral system,plant diversity and management system,5(medium)potential yield,incidence of pests and diseases.The SPCv soil quality presented a weighting of 10(high)for nitrogen,zinc,copper,iron,biological activity,compaction,bulk density,color,organic matter,root development,erosion incidence,5(medium)manganese,pH,texture,moisture retention,residue status,1(low)potassium,phosphorus,calcium,magnesium,sulfur,boron,topsoil depth,crop health 10(high)crop appearance and growth,stress resistance or tolerance,weed competition,agrosilvopastoral system,plant diversity,management system,potential yield,5(medium)incidence of pests and diseases,1(low)surrounding natural diversity.Conclusions:The SPO for soil quality:7.41 and for crop health:7.59 weighted as sustainable,while the SPCv for soil quality:6 and crop health:6.76,resulting in a moderately sustainable production system.
基金supported by the International Magnesium Institute,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172676)+2 种基金the Danling Science&Technology Backyard Project,China(F2024236)the Dalian Xinmei Project,China(MY01-2023-2025-02)the Sichuan Province Regional Innovation Cooperation Project,China(22QYCX0073)。
文摘Magnesium(Mg)defciency is becoming a limiting factor for citrus production in acid soils of subtropical and tropical zones.It is speculated that soil Mg leaching and thereby its imbalance may be a major cause of yield decline,yet Mg defciency in citrus receives little attention.A two-year feld experiment was therefore conducted to quantify soil Mg leaching in a typical citrus orchard in China fertilized with varying levels of Mg(Mg0,no Mg fertilizer;Mg45,45 kg MgO ha^(-1)yr^(-1);Mg90,90 kg MgO ha^(-1)yr^(-1);Mg180,180 kg MgO ha^(-1)yr^(-1)).Results showed that Mg application signifcantly increased citrus fruit yield by 4.1-16.4%compared with where MgO was not added.The average amount of soil Mg leaching was 65.7 kg ha^(-1)yr^(-1)where no Mg fertilizer was added,while it reached up to 91.3 kg Mg ha^(-1)yr^(-1)where MgO was added at the rate of 180 kg ha^(-1).Over the 4 treatments,Mg leaching accounted for 12.1-42.4%of the applied Mg fertilizer.Mg leaching and its removal through harvested fruits resulted in an orchard soil Mg balance of-69.9,-51.1,-27.4 and 10.9 kg ha^(-1)in the Mg0,Mg45,Mg90and Mg180,treatments,respectively.The pH values of leachate from the acid soil were alkaline and it contained higher amounts of calcium and potassium than that of Mg.Considering the high leaching of Mg from the acid soils of citrus orchards,applications of Mg fertilizer or Mg-fortifed soil conditioner are vital to sustain soil Mg balance,high fruit yield and fruit quality in citrus production systems in humid subtropical regions.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1900104)。
文摘To maintain soil quality under long-term saline water irrigation,the influence of manure on soil physical properties was examined.Long-term saline irrigation has been conducted from 2015 to 2024 at the Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy Sciences in the Low Plain of the North China Plain,comprising four irrigation treatments:irrigation once at the jointing stage for winter wheat with irrigation water containing salt at fresh water,3,4 and 5 g·L^(–1),and maize irrigation at sowing using fresh water.Manure application was conducted under all irrigation treatments,with treatments without manure application used as controls.The results showed that under long-term irrigation with saline water,the application of manure increased the soil organic matter content,exchangeable potassium,available phosphorus,and total nitrogen content in the 0–20 cm soil layer by 46.8%,117.0%,75.7%,and 45.5%,respectively,compared to treatments without manure application.The application of manure reduced soil bulk density.It also increased the proportion of water-stable aggregates and the abundance of bacteria,fungi,and actinomycetes in the tillage soil layer compared to the controls.Because of the salt contained in the manure,the application of manure had dual effects on soil salt content.During the winter wheat season,manure application increased soil salt content.The salt content was significantly reduced during the summer maize season,owing to the strong salt-leaching effects under manure application,resulting in a smaller difference in salt content between the manure and non-manure treatments.During the summer rainfall season,improvements in soil structure under manure application increased the soil desalination rate for the 1 m top soil layer.The desalination rate for 0–40 cm and 40–100 cm was averagely by 39.1%and 18.9%higher,respectively,under manure application as compared with that under the nomanure treatments.The yield of winter wheat under manure application was 0.12%lower than that of the control,owing to the higher salt content during the winter wheat season.In contrast,the yield of summer maize improved by 3.9%under manure application,owing to the increased soil nutrient content and effective salt leaching.The results of this study indicated that manure application helped maintain the soil physical structure,which is important for the long-term use of saline water.In practice,using manure with a low salt content is suggested to reduce the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on soil properties and achieve sustainable saline water use.
基金Supported by Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Guizhou Province(S2024106642161)Zunyi City and Zunyi Normal University Joint Technology Research Fund(ZSKH HZ Z(2023)159)+3 种基金Zunyi Science and Technology Support Program Project(ZSKHZC NS[2023]15)Science and Technology Commissioner Innovation and Entrepreneurship Service Training Demonstration Base of Guizhou Province(HHG2025001)Natural Science Research Project of Department of Education of Guizhou Province(QJJ[2023]043)Zunyi Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(ZKCTD008).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the impact of soybean intercropping on soil fertility in the planting areas of high-quality peach orchards in Shenxi Town,Zunyi City,Guizhou Province.[Methods]Soil samples were collected during the seedling,growth,and maturity stages of soybeans from both non-intercropped soil(control check group,CK)and soybean-intercropped soil(Qiandou 11,experimental group,EK).Analysis was conducted on soil fertility properties,including alkali-hydrolyzable N,available P,and available K.[Results]The impact of soybean intercropping on soil physicochemical properties was primarily manifested as the increased levels of alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K and the decreased level of available P in the soil during the seedling,growing,and maturity stages.Overall,this approach optimized and enhanced soil fertility in the peach orchards,providing a viable pathway for soil improvement in peach orchards located in karst areas.[Conclusions]The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the high-quality development of high-quality peach orchards.
基金funded by the Funda??o Agrisus through project code‘PA3010/20’the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel,Brasil,under Finance Code 001。
文摘Managing fertilization in integrated crop-livestock systems(ICLS)during periods of low nutrient export,known as system fertilization,can optimize nutrient use by enhancing the soil's biochemical and physical-hydric properties.However,interdisciplinary studies on processes that improve input utilization in ICLS remain scarce.This study aimed to assess the relationships between the effciencies of different nutrient management strategies in ICLS and pure crop systems(PCS)and the biochemical and physical-hydric quality of soil.Two fertilization strategies(system fertilization and crop fertilization)and two cropping systems(ICLS and PCS)were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replicates.In the PCS,soybean was grown followed by ryegrass as a cover crop.In the ICLS,sheep grazed on the ryegrass.In the crop fertilization,phosphorus and potassium were applied to the soybean planting,and nitrogen was applied in the ryegrass establishment.Nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium were applied during ryegrass establishment in the system fertilization.Soil quality indexes were calculated using fourteen physical-hydric and biochemical soil indicators,and primary production and nutrient utilization effciency were evaluated.System fertilization in ICLS enhanced the soil functions of water storage and availability for plants,structural stability,and resistance to degradation.System fertilization in ICLS improved the soil quality by 14%over PCS and 13%over crop fertilization in ICLS.Notably,this optimized system yielded the highest primary production.These findings underscore the pivotal role of system fertilization in ICLS to boost food production and enhance soil ecosystem services without increasing the consumption of external fertilizers.They advocate for a strategic shift towards system-level fertilization in integrated systems,and demonstrate for the frst time in ICLS,the delicate balance between nutrient management,soil health,and sustainable productivity.
文摘Forest ecosystems can be characterized by a set of catenas arranged along the slope in mountainous areas as these affect microhabitat features,which in turn influence soil properties.Heretofore,few studies have examined how topographic variables affect soil properties and quality in semiarid regions.This study aimed to provide important insights into how catena position and shape influence soil properties,soil quality,and their interrelationships in a semiarid protected oak forest in western Iran.Basic soil properties were measured in the laboratory.In addition,the soil quality index(SQI)was calculated at different topographic positions along both convex(Λ-shaped)and concave(V-shaped)catenas at two soil depths(0-15 and 15-30 cm).The findings indicated that soil organic carbon and total nitrogen declined in the lower depth in both V-andΛ-shaped catenas and at all catena positions.The lowest porosity was observed in the lower depth at toeslope positions(TS)of both catenas.Substrate-induced respiration(SIR),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),and basal respiration(BR)were higher in the upper depths at TS positions on V-shaped catenas than onΛ-shaped catenas.These biological indices were consistently higher in the upper depths than in the lower depths across all positions of both catenas.SQI had the highest values at TS positions on both catenas and in the upper depths across all positions.Pearson correlations between soil properties indicated that SQI was most strongly and positively correlated with biological properties in both catenas.The nutrient levels,microbial activity,and soil porosity in both catena shapes and at both soil depths displayed a relatively downward trend with increasing elevation from toeslope to summit positions.The results showed that catena topographic sequence shape and position affected most of the soil properties,providing evidence of the important role of topography in creating pedodiversity in oak forest ecosystems.
文摘Agricultural management practices influence soil health.In this study,agricultural lands of cold arid Hanna village,Balochistan,Pakistan,were studied to assess soil properties and the abundance of soil macrofauna species.Five orchards,five tree-based intercropping(TBI)systems,two croplands and a barren unprotected rangeland were sampled.Soil properties,such as texture,concentrations of organic matter(SOM),organic carbon(SOC),mineral nitrogen and bioavailable phosphorus,pH and electrical conductivity were analyzed.The abundance and species of soil surface-dwelling and upper soil layer-dwelling(0-5 cm)macrofauna were also measured.Orchards and croplands were older than TBI systems.than the same agricultural systems(cropland or orchards),which were under intense tillage practice or receiving no fertilizer input.Our results demonstrate that the diversified cropping systems with the reduced(shallow)tillage and the amendment of both synthetic and organic fertilizers,promoted soil quality in this cold-winter desert.This study is a source of evidence for the farmers of this region,which highlights the importance of conservation agriculture and crop diversification under TBI system for improving soil quality.It warrants further investigation to evaluate biological indicators of soil health(soil microbial biomass,microbial diversity,microfauna,mesofauna and macrofauna)being influenced by various management practices in this region.Furthermore,the relationship between soil quality and crop production under various management practices in this region needs to be evaluated.Such an extensive study will further help encourage farmers to adopt the best management practice in their fields.
文摘39 soil samples surrounding a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi were collected,and the contents of Pb,Hg,Cd,Cr,As,Cu,Zn,and Ni were determined to investigate the pollution characteristics and sources of heavy metals.ArcGIS inverse distance weight difference method was used to analyze the characteristics of pollution distribution,and single-factor pollution index,Nemerow comprehensive pollution index,ground accumulation index,and potential ecological risk index were selected to evaluate the characteristics of heavy metal pollution.Based on correlation analysis,the absolute principal component-multiple linear regression(APCS-MLR)and positive definite matrix factorization(PMF)models were used to analyze the sources of soil heavy metals.The results showed that the average concentrations of all eight heavy metals exceeded both national and Guangxi soil background values.Hg,Cd,and Zn exhibited high variation(greater than 0.5),indicating significant external disturbances,and their spatial distribution was closely related to mining activity locations.The single-factor pollution index evaluation indicated varying degrees of pollution risk for Cd,Zn,and As,with Cd and Zn being the most severe pollutants,as 69.23%and 30.77%of the samples fell into the moderate pollution or higher category.The geoaccumulation index analysis ranked the mean pollution levels of the eight elements as follows:Zn>Cd>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cr>Hg>As,with Cd and Zn showing the most severe contamination,and 51.28%of the samples exhibiting moderate or higher pollution levels.The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index evaluation showed that 74.35%of soil samples were classified as moderate to heavy pollution.The potential ecological risk index assessment indicated significant ecological risks posed by Cd and Zn,with 82.05%and 5.12%of the samples classified as causing strong to extreme ecological risks,respectively.The source apportionment analysis revealed minor differences between the two models.The APCS-MLR model identified three pollution sources and their contribution rates:anthropogenic mining sources(31.13%),parent material sources(40.38%),and unidentified sources(28.49%).The PMF model identified three pollution sources with contribution rates of anthropogenic mining sources(26.10%),parent material sources(46.96%),and a combined traffic and agricultural source(26.61%).Pb,Hg,Cd,and Zn mainly originated from mining activities;Cr,As,and Ni were primarily derived from the parent material,while Cu was predominantly attributed to traffic and agricultural sources.These findings provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in mining areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2200403)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32260382)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2025GXNSFBA069250).
文摘Soil respiration is the key process driving CO_(2) exchange between forest soils and the atmosphere and regulated by soil organic carbon(SOC)characteristics and extracellular enzyme activities.However,the direction and magnitude of the effects of stand density on labile SOC fractions,extracellular enzymes,and soil respiration across plantation ages remain unclear.We constructed enhanced soil respiration models using heterogeneous soil data under density regulation to better characterize soil processes.Study plots encompassing stand-density gradients were implemented in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations spanning three age-class strata.During the growing season,systematic measurements were conducted on soil respiration rates,labile organic carbon fractions,and extracellular enzyme activities.A process-driven soil respiration model was developed by integrating nonlinear mixed-effects modeling frameworks with measured data.The moderate density stands showed increases in soil respiration(Rs),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),light fraction organic carbon(LFOC),β-1,4-glucosidase(BGC),andβ-N-acetyl glycosaminidase+leucine aminopeptidase(NAG+LAP).In 36a and 48a stands,the moderate-density stands NAG+LAP had a~35%increase compared to other density levels,while readily oxidized carbon(ROC)concentrations showed a significant~30%-50%reduction.All labile organic carbon components were stable with age,so that soil microorganisms were promoted to acquire C,N,and P.Temperature,moisture,MBC,BGC,and NAG+LAP were essential factors that affected soil respiration.Stand density has important impacts on soil respiration as it regulates the soil organic carbon and activities of extracellular enzymes.The roles of temperature,microbial biomass carbon,soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon are complex and directly affect autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration and regulate soil respiration by influencing microbial C and N acquisition.A mixed-effects model with nested stand density and age mathematically optimized the soil respiration model,enabling enhanced characterization of covariation patterns of soil respiration with related soil carbon pool variables.
基金supported financially by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2021YFD1700200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32402686)+3 种基金the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-22)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution,China(1610132022013)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciencesthe China National Crop Germplasm Resources Platform for Green Manure(NICGR-2024-19)。
文摘Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as maize-green manure intercropping,to find possible pathways for enhancing soil P utilization.A maize-green manure intercropping experiment was started in 2009 to investigate the effects and mechanisms for enhancing P uptake and yield in maize.Three species of green manures(hairy vetch(HV),needle leaf pea(NP),sweet pea(SP))and a sole maize treatment(CK)were used,resulting in four treatments(CK,HVT,NPT,and SPT)in the experiment.During 2020-2023,the intercropping treatments enhanced maize yields in 2020 and 2021,particularly in HVT with increases of 13.7%(1.96 t ha^(-1))and 13.0%(2.13 t ha^(-1))compared with CK,respectively.Grain P accumulation of maize was significantly higher in the intercropping treatments than CK in 2020,2021,and 2023,and with an average increase of 10.6%over the four years(5.2% for NPT,10.8% for SPT and 15.9% for HVT)compared with CK.Intercropping promoted maize growth with a greater root length density and a higher organic acid release rate.HVT changed the soil properties more dramatically than the other treatments,with increases in the acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities of 29.8 and 38.5%,respectively,in the topsoil(0-15 cm),while the soil p H was reduced by 0.37 units compared to CK(p H=8.44).Intercropping treatments facilitated the conversion of non-labile P to mod-labile P and stimulated the growth of soil bacteria in the topsoil.Compared with CK,the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota,known for accumulating polyphosphate,and Actinobacteriota,a prominent source of bioactive compounds,increased significantly in the intercropping treatments,especially in HVT and SPT.A PLS-PM analysis showed that intercropping promoted soil P mobilization and the enrichment of beneficial bacteria by regulating maize root morphology and physiology.Our results highlight that maize-green manure intercropping optimizes root traits,soil properties and bacterial composition,which contribute to greater maize P uptake and yield,providing an effective strategy for sustainable crop production.
基金funded by the Yunnan Provincial Key Programs for Basic Research Project,China(202301AS070087)the Yunnan Provincial R&D Program,China(202405AF140014 and 202302AO370015)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42307058).
文摘Soil organic carbon(SOC)dynamics significantly influence ecosystem carbon source-sink balance,particularly in agroecosystems.However,uncertainty remains regarding optimal land use types for maximizing farmland carbon storage across different soil types,and identifying effective land management practices for enhanced carbon accumulation is essential for reducing agricultural emissions and strengthening carbon sinks.This study examined SOC variations in eastern Yunnan’s subtropical highlands(2,132 sites),analyzing topsoil(0–20 cm)across five land uses(dryland,irrigated land,forestland,grassland and plantation)of five soil types(red,yellow,yellowbrown,brown,purple).The investigation explored relationships between SOC and edaphic factors(26 elements)to determine SOC influencing factors.The study area demonstrated a mean SOC content of 27.78 g kg^(–1),with distinct spatial heterogeneity characterized by lower values in the southwestern sector and higher concentrations in the northeastern region.Brown soils displayed the highest SOC content(P<0.05),followed by yellow-brown then red,yellow,and purple soils.Irrigation significantly enhanced SOC storage,particularly in brown soils where irrigated land contained 2.2-,2.4-,and 1.6-times higher SOC than forestland,grassland,and dryland,respectively.Similar irrigation benefits occurred in purple,yellow,and yellow-brown soils,indicating moisture limitation as the primary SOC constraint.Notably,SOC exhibited strong positive correlations with nitrogen,sulfur,and selenium.Nitrogen fertilization demonstrated dual benefits:enhancing SOC sequestration and promoting Se enrichment in crops,potentially supporting specialty agriculture.Although land use impacts on SOC varied across soil types(P>0.05),irrigation consistently emerged as the optimal management for carbon sink enhancement.These findings suggest that targeted water management could effectively reduce farmland carbon emissions in moisture-limited subtropical highlands.Strategic nitrogen application offers co-benefits for soil fertility and selenium biofortification,providing practical pathways for climate-smart agriculture in similar ecoregions.
