As globalization accelerates,microbial contamination in the built environment poses a major public health challenge.Especially since Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19),microbial sterilization technology has become a ...As globalization accelerates,microbial contamination in the built environment poses a major public health challenge.Especially since Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19),microbial sterilization technology has become a crucial research area for indoor air pollution control in order to create a hygienic and safe built environment.Based on this,the study reviews sterilization technologies in the built environment,focusing on the principles,efficiency and applicability,revealing advantages and limitations,and summarizing current research advances.Despite the efficacy of single sterilization technologies in specific environments,the corresponding side effects still exist.Thus,this review highlights the efficiency of hybrid sterilization technologies,providing an in-depth understanding of the practical application in the built environment.Also,it presents an outlook on the future direction of sterilization technology,including the development of new methods that are more efficient,energy-saving,and targeted to better address microbial contamination in the complex and changing built environment.Overall,this study provides a clear guide for selecting technologies to handle microbial contamination in different building environments in the future,as well as a scientific basis for developing more effective air quality control strategies.展开更多
Tumor immune microenvironment is closely related to tumor initiation,prognosis,and response to immunotherapy.The immune landscapes,number of infiltrating immune cells,and the localization of lymphocytes in the tumor v...Tumor immune microenvironment is closely related to tumor initiation,prognosis,and response to immunotherapy.The immune landscapes,number of infiltrating immune cells,and the localization of lymphocytes in the tumor vary in across different types of tumors.The immune contexture in cancer,which is determined by the density,composition,functional state and organization of the leukocyte infiltrate of the tumor,can yield information relevant to the prediction of treatment response and patients’prognosis.Better understanding of the immune atlas in human tumors have been achieved with the development and application of single-cell analysis technology,which has provided a reference for prognosis,and insights on new targets for immunotherapy.In this review,we summarized the different characteristics of immune contexture in cancer defined by a variety of single-cell techniques,which have enhanced our understanding on the pathophysiology of the tumor microenvironment.We believe that there are much more to be uncovered in this rapidly developing field of medicine,and they will predict the prognosis of cancer patients and guide the rational design of immunotherapies for success in cancer eradication.展开更多
Aggressive tumors pose ultra-challenges to drug resistance.Anti-cancer treatments are often unsuccessful,and single-cell technologies to rein drug resistance mechanisms are still fruitless.The National Cancer Institut...Aggressive tumors pose ultra-challenges to drug resistance.Anti-cancer treatments are often unsuccessful,and single-cell technologies to rein drug resistance mechanisms are still fruitless.The National Cancer Institute defines aggressive cancers at the tissue level,describing them as those that spread rapidly,despite severe treatment.At the molecular,foundational level,the quantitative biophysics discipline defines aggressive cancers as harboring a large number of(overexpressed,or mutated)crucial signaling proteins in major proliferation pathways populating their active conformations,primed for their signal transduction roles.This comprehensive review explores highly aggressive cancers on the foundational and cell signaling levels,focusing on the differences between highly aggressive cancers and the more treatable ones.It showcases aggressive tumors as harboring massive,cancer-promoting,catalysis-primed oncogenic proteins,especially through certain overexpression scenarios,as predisposed aggressive tumor candidates.Our examples narrate strong activation of ERK1/2,and other oncogenic proteins,through malfunctioning chromatin and crosslinked signaling,and how they activate multiple proliferation pathways.They show the increased cancer heterogeneity,plasticity,and drug resistance.Our review formulates the principles underlying cancer aggressiveness on the molecular level,discusses scenarios,and describes drug regimen(single drugs and drug combinations)for PDAC,NSCLC,CRC,HCC,breast and prostate cancers,glioblastoma,neuroblastoma,and leukemia as examples.All show overexpression scenarios of master transcription factors,transcription factors with gene fusions,copy number alterations,dysregulation of the epigenetic codes and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in aggressive tumors,as well as high mutation loads of vital upstream signaling regulators,such as EGFR,c-MET,and K-Ras,befitting these principles.展开更多
The gut microbiota of Mongolian hosts has distinctive characteristics due to their meat- and dairyoriented daily diets and unique genotype.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of switching from t...The gut microbiota of Mongolian hosts has distinctive characteristics due to their meat- and dairyoriented daily diets and unique genotype.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of switching from the typical high protein and fat Mongolian diets to carbohydrate-rich meals composed principally of wheat,rice and naked oats on the host gut microbiota within 3 weeks.Our study took the advantage of the long sequence reads produced by the Pac Bio single molecule real-time sequencing technology to enable the profiling of subjects' gut microbiota communities along the diet intervention to the species precision.We found that the bacterial richness and diversity decreased apparently along the diet intervention.During the diet intervention,the gut microbiota composition displayed no significant difference at phylum level(with major phyla of Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Tenericutes and Proteobacteria).The relative abundances of some genera such as Bacteroidetes,Faecalibacterium,Roseburia,Alistipes,Streptococcus,and Oscillospira were significantly altered after the diet switching started.Notably,significant changes were also observed in the proportions of the species Bacteroides dorei,Bacteroides fragilis,Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,Ruminococcus albus,Ruminococcus faecis,Roseburia faecis and Eubacterium ventriosum.These results have demonstrated that diet and host gut microbiota is closely linked.展开更多
Allele specific expression is essential for cellular programming and development and the diversity of cellular phenotypes. Traditional analysis methods utilize RNA and depend on single nucleotide polymorphisms,thus to...Allele specific expression is essential for cellular programming and development and the diversity of cellular phenotypes. Traditional analysis methods utilize RNA and depend on single nucleotide polymorphisms,thus to suffer from limited amount of materials for analysis. The rapid development of next-generation sequencing technologies provides more comprehensive and powerful approaches to analyze the genomic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic data, and further to detect and measure allele specific expressions. It will potentially enhance the understanding of the allele specific expressions, their complexities, and the effect on biological processes. In this paper, we extensively review the state-of-art enabling technologies and tools to analyze, detect, and measure allele specific expressions, compare their features, and point out the future trend of the methods.展开更多
文摘As globalization accelerates,microbial contamination in the built environment poses a major public health challenge.Especially since Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19),microbial sterilization technology has become a crucial research area for indoor air pollution control in order to create a hygienic and safe built environment.Based on this,the study reviews sterilization technologies in the built environment,focusing on the principles,efficiency and applicability,revealing advantages and limitations,and summarizing current research advances.Despite the efficacy of single sterilization technologies in specific environments,the corresponding side effects still exist.Thus,this review highlights the efficiency of hybrid sterilization technologies,providing an in-depth understanding of the practical application in the built environment.Also,it presents an outlook on the future direction of sterilization technology,including the development of new methods that are more efficient,energy-saving,and targeted to better address microbial contamination in the complex and changing built environment.Overall,this study provides a clear guide for selecting technologies to handle microbial contamination in different building environments in the future,as well as a scientific basis for developing more effective air quality control strategies.
基金This work was supported by the State Key Project for Liver Cancer(2018ZX10732202-001)the National Research Program of China(2017YFA0505803,2017YFC0908100)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81790633,91729303,81672860,81702298 and 81422032)National Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(17ZR143800)
文摘Tumor immune microenvironment is closely related to tumor initiation,prognosis,and response to immunotherapy.The immune landscapes,number of infiltrating immune cells,and the localization of lymphocytes in the tumor vary in across different types of tumors.The immune contexture in cancer,which is determined by the density,composition,functional state and organization of the leukocyte infiltrate of the tumor,can yield information relevant to the prediction of treatment response and patients’prognosis.Better understanding of the immune atlas in human tumors have been achieved with the development and application of single-cell analysis technology,which has provided a reference for prognosis,and insights on new targets for immunotherapy.In this review,we summarized the different characteristics of immune contexture in cancer defined by a variety of single-cell techniques,which have enhanced our understanding on the pathophysiology of the tumor microenvironment.We believe that there are much more to be uncovered in this rapidly developing field of medicine,and they will predict the prognosis of cancer patients and guide the rational design of immunotherapies for success in cancer eradication.
基金funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute,National Institutes of Health,under contract HHSN261201500003I.
文摘Aggressive tumors pose ultra-challenges to drug resistance.Anti-cancer treatments are often unsuccessful,and single-cell technologies to rein drug resistance mechanisms are still fruitless.The National Cancer Institute defines aggressive cancers at the tissue level,describing them as those that spread rapidly,despite severe treatment.At the molecular,foundational level,the quantitative biophysics discipline defines aggressive cancers as harboring a large number of(overexpressed,or mutated)crucial signaling proteins in major proliferation pathways populating their active conformations,primed for their signal transduction roles.This comprehensive review explores highly aggressive cancers on the foundational and cell signaling levels,focusing on the differences between highly aggressive cancers and the more treatable ones.It showcases aggressive tumors as harboring massive,cancer-promoting,catalysis-primed oncogenic proteins,especially through certain overexpression scenarios,as predisposed aggressive tumor candidates.Our examples narrate strong activation of ERK1/2,and other oncogenic proteins,through malfunctioning chromatin and crosslinked signaling,and how they activate multiple proliferation pathways.They show the increased cancer heterogeneity,plasticity,and drug resistance.Our review formulates the principles underlying cancer aggressiveness on the molecular level,discusses scenarios,and describes drug regimen(single drugs and drug combinations)for PDAC,NSCLC,CRC,HCC,breast and prostate cancers,glioblastoma,neuroblastoma,and leukemia as examples.All show overexpression scenarios of master transcription factors,transcription factors with gene fusions,copy number alterations,dysregulation of the epigenetic codes and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in aggressive tumors,as well as high mutation loads of vital upstream signaling regulators,such as EGFR,c-MET,and K-Ras,befitting these principles.
文摘The gut microbiota of Mongolian hosts has distinctive characteristics due to their meat- and dairyoriented daily diets and unique genotype.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of switching from the typical high protein and fat Mongolian diets to carbohydrate-rich meals composed principally of wheat,rice and naked oats on the host gut microbiota within 3 weeks.Our study took the advantage of the long sequence reads produced by the Pac Bio single molecule real-time sequencing technology to enable the profiling of subjects' gut microbiota communities along the diet intervention to the species precision.We found that the bacterial richness and diversity decreased apparently along the diet intervention.During the diet intervention,the gut microbiota composition displayed no significant difference at phylum level(with major phyla of Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Tenericutes and Proteobacteria).The relative abundances of some genera such as Bacteroidetes,Faecalibacterium,Roseburia,Alistipes,Streptococcus,and Oscillospira were significantly altered after the diet switching started.Notably,significant changes were also observed in the proportions of the species Bacteroides dorei,Bacteroides fragilis,Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,Ruminococcus albus,Ruminococcus faecis,Roseburia faecis and Eubacterium ventriosum.These results have demonstrated that diet and host gut microbiota is closely linked.
文摘Allele specific expression is essential for cellular programming and development and the diversity of cellular phenotypes. Traditional analysis methods utilize RNA and depend on single nucleotide polymorphisms,thus to suffer from limited amount of materials for analysis. The rapid development of next-generation sequencing technologies provides more comprehensive and powerful approaches to analyze the genomic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic data, and further to detect and measure allele specific expressions. It will potentially enhance the understanding of the allele specific expressions, their complexities, and the effect on biological processes. In this paper, we extensively review the state-of-art enabling technologies and tools to analyze, detect, and measure allele specific expressions, compare their features, and point out the future trend of the methods.
