As a lightweight nanomaterial,Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane(POSS)is widely applied to ablation resistance modification of Ethylene-Propylene-Dine Monomer(EPDM)insulation layer in aerospace propulsion thermal pr...As a lightweight nanomaterial,Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane(POSS)is widely applied to ablation resistance modification of Ethylene-Propylene-Dine Monomer(EPDM)insulation layer in aerospace propulsion thermal protection system.However,various structures of POSS can form different crosslinked structures within the EPDM,which can affect the insulation layer properties.Various functionality POSS,Mono-Norbornene POSS(MN-POSS)and TriNorbornene POSS(TN-POSS),were designed and synthesized to obtain crosslinked-modified EPDMs with enhanced mechanical properties and ablation resistance simultaneously,and the relationship between POSS functionality,the mechanical properties,ablation resistance,heat-shielding and thermal decomposition of EPDM/Aramid Fiber(AF)composites were explored comprehensively.MN-POSS and TN-POSS increased the tensile strength of EPDM composites by 25.3%and 75.2%respectively,reduced the linear ablation rate by 37.7%and 33.7%respectively,and reduced the back temperatures by 3.9℃ and 3.3℃ respectively.Under conditions of equal cage structure(T8),the suspended crosslinked structure caused by MN-POSS exhibited better ablation resistance and heat-shielding performance as well as thermal decomposition,and the anchored crosslinked structure caused by TN-POSS exhibited better tensile strength.The structural transformation indicates that the POSS nanocages can be transformed into a ceramic structure in cruel environments to resist the erosion of heat flow and enhance the ablation resistance of insulation layer.展开更多
An online subsection cooling method for hot rolling silicon steel was designed to achieve local adjustment of transverse roll gap.Particularly,it was able to meet the requirements of edge drop of the strip by using th...An online subsection cooling method for hot rolling silicon steel was designed to achieve local adjustment of transverse roll gap.Particularly,it was able to meet the requirements of edge drop of the strip by using the features of online thermal crown.First,after the new subsection spray beam was installed at the exit of mill,the special local cooling rules were analyzed for altering the thermal crown of roll according to rolling process parameters.Meanwhile,the dynamic impact of subsection cooling on the local thermal crown could just be obtained according to the measured data.Obviously,the heat transfer coefficient was determined by different subsection cooling curves under varied rolling conditions.Secondly,the rolling rhythm and variable conditions were important dynamic factors of transient roll temperature in practical rolling process.Therefore,real-time calculation and presetting of the thermal crown were carried out to maximize special requirements of load roll gap on local strip crown.By this new method,the transient temperature and the thermal crown of roll could be quantitatively controlled online.And the practical results showed that the predicted temperature was able to match the measured value by more than 95%.Meanwhile,the adjustable range of thermal crown increased by more than 2.5 times.Finally,the qualification rate of strip edge crown has increased from the original 30%to over 70%.展开更多
The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high c...The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high charge resolution.In this study,we present a compact readout electronic system for the SCD that is designed for the HERD heavy-ion beam test.It comprises front-end readout electronics with 200 input channels as well as data acquisition and data management electronics.The test results showed that the SCD readout system had low noise with a silicon-strip detector connected.The dynamic range could be extended from 200 to 1200 fC,and the cosmic-ray test was performed as expected.展开更多
BACKGROUND Silicone oil(SiO)migration to the central nervous system(CNS)is a rare complication of SiO tamponade after vitreo-retinal surgeries,it could masquerade hemorrhage on computed tomography neuro-imaging.Only l...BACKGROUND Silicone oil(SiO)migration to the central nervous system(CNS)is a rare complication of SiO tamponade after vitreo-retinal surgeries,it could masquerade hemorrhage on computed tomography neuro-imaging.Only limited cases were reported in the literature,certain intra-operative and post-operative ocular risk factors might contribute to the different extend of SiO migration in the CNS.AIM To study the risk factors for cerebral ventricular migration(CVM)on top of visual pathway migration(VPM).METHODS Conforming to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses guidelines,literature searches on PubMed,MEDLINE,EMBASE were performed on June 1,2024.Publications on SiO migration to CNS were included in this review.Non-English articles,and studies without neuro-imaging of the CNS were excluded.Patient demographics,SiO filled eyes'ocular characteristics and vitrectomy surgical details were extracted from included studies in this review.VPM and CVM were assigned as group 1 and group 2 respectively.Fisher's exact tests,Mann-Whitney U tests and binary logistic regression were performed.RESULTS Total 68 articles were obtained after searches,48 publications were included for analysis.Total 54 SiO filled eyes were analyzed.Post-vitrectomy intraocular pressure(IOP)was found to be significant in both Mann-Whitney U test(P=0.047)and binary logistic regression(P=0.012).Diabetic was found to be significant in binary logistic regression(P=0.037),but at borderline risk for CVM in Fisher's exact test(P=0.05).Other significant factors include longer SiO tamponade time(P=0.002 in Fisher's exact test)and visual acuity(P=0.011 in binary logistic regression).Optic nerve atrophy or disc cupping(P=1.00,P=0.790)and congenital optic disc anomalies(P=0.424)were all with P>0.05.CONCLUSION SiO migration to CNS is rare with limited case reports only.Our analysis of the existing literature demonstrated higher post-vitrectomy IOP was associated with CVM,followed by patients’diabetic status,longer SiO tamponade time and visual acuity.Optic nerve atrophy,disc cupping and congenital optic disc anomalies were not associated.Modifiable risk factors of post-vitrectomy IOP and SiO tamponade time should be closely monitored by vitreoretinal surgeons.Lower IOP target post-vitrectomy and earlier SiO removal surgeries should be arranged.展开更多
A state-of-the-art detector array with a digital data acquisition system has been developed for charged-particle decay studies,includingβ-delayed protons,αdecay,and direct proton emissions from exotic proton-rich nu...A state-of-the-art detector array with a digital data acquisition system has been developed for charged-particle decay studies,includingβ-delayed protons,αdecay,and direct proton emissions from exotic proton-rich nuclei.The digital data acquisition system enables precise synchronization and processing of complex signals from various detectors,such as plastic scintillators,silicon detectors,and germaniumγdetectors.The system's performance was evaluated using theβdecay of^(32)Ar and its neighboring nuclei,produced via projectile fragmentation at the first Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou(RIBLL1).Key measurements,including the half-life,charged-particle spectrum,andγ-ray spectrum,were obtained and compared with previous results for validation.Using the implantation–decay method,the isotopes of interest were implanted into two doublesided silicon strip detectors,where their subsequent decays were measured and correlated with preceding implantations using both position and time information.This detection system has potential for further applications,including the study ofβ-delayed charged-particle decay and direct proton emissions from even more exotic proton-rich nuclei.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of shortening the duration of silicone oil tamponade on retinal structure and function in patients undergoing silicone oil removal(SOR)after surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal de...AIM:To investigate the effects of shortening the duration of silicone oil tamponade on retinal structure and function in patients undergoing silicone oil removal(SOR)after surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD).METHODS:A total of 58 eligible patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups based on tamponade duration:the short-term group(30-45d)and the conventional group(≥90d).Comprehensive evaluations were performed before and after SOR,including slitlamp examination,best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)measurement,intraocular pressure(IOP)testing,optical coherence tomography(OCT),optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA),microperimetry,electroretinography(ERG),and visual evoked potential(VEP)assessment.RESULTS:A total of 33 patients(23 males and 10 females;33 eyes)were enrolled in the short-term SO tamponade group with mean age of 52.45±9.35y,and 25 patients(15 males and 10 females;25 eyes)were enrolled in the conventional SO tamponade group with mean age of 50.80±12.06y.Compared with the conventional group,the short-term silicone oil tamponade group had a significantly lower incidence of silicone oil emulsification and cataract progression,with no significant difference in retinal reattachment success rate.Structurally,short-term tamponade was associated with increased thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer(RGCL)in the nasal and superior macular regions and improved recovery of superficial retinal vascular density in these areas.Functionally,the shortterm group showed better BCVA and retinal sensitivity both before and 1mo after SOR;additionally,the P100 amplitude in VEP tests was significantly increased in this group.CONCLUSION:Shortening the duration of silicone oil tamponade effectively reduces damage to retinal structure and function without compromising the success rate of retinal reattachment in patients with primary RRD.展开更多
The rapid expansion of the photovoltaic industry has generated heavily oxidized waste silicon(wSi),which hinders efficient recycling owing to its small particle size and uncontrolled surface oxidation.This study intro...The rapid expansion of the photovoltaic industry has generated heavily oxidized waste silicon(wSi),which hinders efficient recycling owing to its small particle size and uncontrolled surface oxidation.This study introduces a molten salt electrochemical strategy for converting photovoltaic wSi into NiSi_(2)-silicon nanorods(NiSi_(2)-SiNRs)as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.A stable oxidized passivation layer is formed on the wSi surface via controlled oxidation,and further in situ generated highly active NiSi_(2) droplets.The molten salt electric field modulates the surface energy of silicon,while particle integration drives localized directional growth,enabling the self-assembly of NiSi_(2)-SiNRs composites.These NiSi_(2)-SiNRs anodes exhibit rapid ion transport and effective strain buffering.The high aspect ratio of SiNRs and the presence of retained NiSi_(2) facilitate both longitudinal and transverse Li^(+) diffusion.Owing to their robust structural design,the NiSi_(2)-SiNRs anode achieves an excellent initial Coulombic efficiency of 91.61%and retains 72.99%of its capacity after 800 cycles at 2 A·g^(−1).This study establishes a model system for investigating silicide/silicon interfaces in molten salt electrochemical synthesis and provides an effective strategy for upcycling photovoltaic wSi into high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes.展开更多
Silicon possesses a high theoretical capacity,making it a potential contender for lithium-ion battery(LIB)anodes.Nonetheless,its practical usage is challenged by low electrical conductivity and significant volume expa...Silicon possesses a high theoretical capacity,making it a potential contender for lithium-ion battery(LIB)anodes.Nonetheless,its practical usage is challenged by low electrical conductivity and significant volume expansion during cycling.Here,we synthesized a novel silicon/carbon(Si/C)anode doped with ZnO via a template-derived method and high-temperature carbonization.The carbon structure,originated from metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and ZnO doping,substantially enhanced the electrochemical properties of the composite material.It exhibited an initial capacity of 2100.3 mA h g^(-1)at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1)and demonstrated excellent capacity retention over successive cycles.Moreover,the composite material displayed superior rate performance at higher current densities of 2 A g^(-1)and 3 A g^(-1).To address the low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)of siliconbased materials,we adopted a direct contact prelithiation approach and optimized the lithiation process by controlling the prelithiation time.After 30 min of prelithiation,the ICE reached 97.9%,thereby reducing the initial irreversible capacity loss(ICL)and realizing stable discharge-charge in subsequent cycles.This rational design provides valuable insights for achieving high-performance silicon anode.展开更多
Wavelength division multiplexing technology has been pivotal in addressing the demand for high-capacity optical communication with silicon photonics providing a promising platform. This work presents a 16-channel wave...Wavelength division multiplexing technology has been pivotal in addressing the demand for high-capacity optical communication with silicon photonics providing a promising platform. This work presents a 16-channel wavelength division multiplexing silicon photonics receiver chip composed of an arrayed waveguide grating and Ge-on-Si photodetectors. Integrated inductors are introduced to enhance the high-speed performance of photodetectors, enabling data rates up to 112 Gbps with high responsivity and low dark current. The operating wavelength range of the arrayed wavelength grating is adjusted according to the response of the Ge-on-Si photodetector. The optical insertion loss, cross talk and central wavelength of the array waveguide grating are 2.1 to 3.7 d B,-12 to-15 d B, and 1538 nm, respectively. The proposed receiver chip offers a solution to meet the challenges of modern data transmission requirements.展开更多
The differences in the competitive reactions of hydrogarnet and quicklime when reacting with titaniumcontaining and silicon-containing minerals during the Bayer digestion process were investigated.Thermodynamic analys...The differences in the competitive reactions of hydrogarnet and quicklime when reacting with titaniumcontaining and silicon-containing minerals during the Bayer digestion process were investigated.Thermodynamic analysis,artificial mineral experiments,and an evaluation of the digestion effect of natural diasporic bauxite were conducted.The results indicate that hydrogarnet shows a preferential reaction with anatase,and this preference becomes more pronounced as the silicon saturation coefficient increases.In contrast,quicklime participates in non-selective reactions with both anatase and desilication products(DSP).The preference of hydrogarnet for anatase significantly enhances the utilization efficiency of CaO in the high-temperature Bayer digestion process.展开更多
Desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles in molten steel was observed in situ using high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy.The effects of the aluminum and silicon contents of molten steel on desulfur...Desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles in molten steel was observed in situ using high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy.The effects of the aluminum and silicon contents of molten steel on desulfurization were analyzed.When the total aluminum content in the steel increased from 6 to 1100 ppm,the CaS content in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles increased from 2.1wt%to 84.84wt%after the reaction for 90 s.Furthermore,when the silicon content in the steel increased from 0.01wt%to 2.20wt%,the CaS content in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles increased from 1.53wt%to 79.01wt%after the reaction for 90 s.This indicates that the increase in the aluminum and silicon contents of the steel promoted the desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles.A kinetic model was established to predict the CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles composition,and the diffusion coefficient of sulfur in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles was 9.375×10^(−10)m^(2)·s^(−1) at 1600℃,which provided a new method for the calculation of diffusion coefficient.展开更多
The electromagnetic wave absorption of silicon carbide nanowires is improved by their uniform and diverse cross-structures.This study introduces a sustainable and high value-added method for synthesizing silicon carbi...The electromagnetic wave absorption of silicon carbide nanowires is improved by their uniform and diverse cross-structures.This study introduces a sustainable and high value-added method for synthesizing silicon carbide nanowires using lignite and waste silicon powder as raw materials through carbothermal reduction.The staggered structure of nanowires promotes the creation of interfacial polarization,impedance matching,and multiple loss mechanisms,leading to enhanced electromagnetic absorption performance.The silicon carbide nanowires demonstrate outstanding electromagnetic absorption capabilities with the minimum reflection loss of-48.09 d B at10.08 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth(the reflection loss less than-10 d B)ranging from 8.54 to 16.68 GHz with a thickness of 2.17 mm.This research presents an innovative approach for utilizing solid waste in an environmentally friendly manner to produce broadband silicon carbide composite absorbers.展开更多
Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LE...Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LEDs are predominantly thermally cured,which is energy-and time-consuming and can adversely affect electronic components.In this study,a novel UV-curable silicone resin containing phenyl,disulfide,and acryloyl groups(SPASR)is developed from commercially available siloxanes.The resin exhibits a refractive index(n_(d))higher than 1.5,and it can be cured within 30 s under UV irradiation.After curing,it exhibits an optical transparency exceeding 92%,a lap adhesion strength of up to1.84 MPa,and good thermostability(T_(5%)>265℃).Notably,the volume shrinkage is less than 4.83%,attributed to the release of photopolymerization stress via UV-induced disulfide metathesis during UV curing.Mini-LEDs encapsulated with this resin show luminescence properties comparable to those of conventional thermally-cured sealants,and show excellent sealability wihtout visible penetration after being immersed in red ink for 12 h.Consequently,these excellent properties make the SPASR resin an ideal candidate for microelectronic encapsulation,offering a more reliable and efficient solution for the electronics industry.展开更多
Micro silicon(mSi)is a promising anode candidate for all-solid-state batteries due to its high specific capacity,low side reactions,and high tap density.However,silicon suffers from its poor electronic and ionic condu...Micro silicon(mSi)is a promising anode candidate for all-solid-state batteries due to its high specific capacity,low side reactions,and high tap density.However,silicon suffers from its poor electronic and ionic conductivity,which is particularly severe on a micro scale and in solid-state systems,leading to increased polarization and inferior electrochemical performance.Doping can broaden the transmission pathways and reduce the diffusion energy barrier for electrons and lithium ions.However,achieving effective,uniform doping in mSi is challenging due to its longer diffusion paths and higher energy barriers.Therefore,current doping research is primarily limited to nanosilicon.In this study,we successfully used a Joule-heating activated staged thermal treatment to achieve full-depth doping of germanium(Ge)in the mSi substrate.The Joule-heating process activated the mSi substrate,resulting in abundant vacancy defects that reduced the diffusion barrier of Ge into the silicon lattice and facilitated full-depth Ge doping.Surprisingly,the resulting Si-Ge anode exhibited significantly enhanced electrical conductivity(70 times).Meanwhile,the improved Li-ion conductivity in mSi and the reduced Young’s modulus enhance the electrode reaction kinetics and integrity after cycling.Ge-doped silicon anodes demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance when applied in sulfide solid-state half-cells and full-cells.This work provides substantial insights into the rational structural design of mSi alloyed anode materials,paving the way for the development of high-performance solid-state Li-ion batteries.展开更多
Unlocking the full potential of integrated photonics requires versatile,multi-functional devices that can adapt to diverse application demands.However,confronting this challenge with conventional singlefunction resona...Unlocking the full potential of integrated photonics requires versatile,multi-functional devices that can adapt to diverse application demands.However,confronting this challenge with conventional singlefunction resonators often results in cumbersome system designs.We present an elegant solution:a versatile and reconfigurable dual-polarization Si_(3)N_(4)microresonator that represents a new perspective in on-chip photonic designs.Our device can be dynamically reconfigured into three distinct topologies:a Möbius-like microcavity,a Fabry-Pérot resonator,and a microring resonator.This unprecedented functionality is enabled by a tunable balanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer that facilitates controllable mutual mode coupling of counterpropagating light using a single control knob.We experimentally demonstrate that the device not only supports polarization-diverse operation on a compact footprint but also gives rise to a wide variety of physical phenomena,including a standing wave cavity,a traveling wave cavity,free spectral range multiplication,and the photonic pinning effect.These behaviors are accurately modeled using the transfer matrix method and intuitively explained by the temporal coupled-mode theory.Our results underscore the potential for a chip-scale platform to realize reconfigurable reconstructive spectrometers and on-chip synthetic dimensions for topological physics.展开更多
This study aims to develop a novel,cost-effective method for fabricating silicone vascular phantoms(SVPs)using"chewy candy"as a dissolvable core material.The study explores the feasibility of using chewy can...This study aims to develop a novel,cost-effective method for fabricating silicone vascular phantoms(SVPs)using"chewy candy"as a dissolvable core material.The study explores the feasibility of using chewy candy to create detailed and intricate vascular models for clinical applications.The chewy candy,an amorphous material,was manually extruded to form vascular models of varying diameters.These models were embedded in a silicone mixture,which was then cured.The chewy candy was subsequently dissolved,leaving behind hollow silicone vascular channels.The SVPs were evaluated for their morphological accuracy and functionality through laser speckle contrast imaging.The SVPs successfully replicated vascular channels with consistent diameters,demonstrating minimal variation across different regions.Functional evaluation using laser speckle contrast imaging revealed distinct flow dynamics in Y-shaped and H-shaped SVPs,highlighting the potential for these phantoms to simulate realistic fluid dynamics in vascular systems.This study presents a simple,time-saving,and innovative approach to fabricating complex 3D SVPs using chewy candy.This method offers a viable alternative to traditional fabrication techniques,with potential applications in various biomedical fields.展开更多
In order to effectively prevent the contamination of carbon particle volatiles during high-purity SiC crystals are prepared using the physical vapor transport(PVT)method in ultra-high temperature environments(T³2...In order to effectively prevent the contamination of carbon particle volatiles during high-purity SiC crystals are prepared using the physical vapor transport(PVT)method in ultra-high temperature environments(T³2000℃),this study innovatively attempts to protect graphite materials with SiC reinforced pyrolytic graphite(PyG)coating.It is discovered by preparing the SiC particle layer,the degree of graphitization and stability of PyG coating can be improved.The corrosion test results demonstrated that the SiC reinforced PyG coating can maintain an intact coating with a high graphitization degree after the SiC vapour corrosion test of 2050℃-120 h.Conversely,the samples with and without PyG coating reveal porous and eroded surfaces.Furthermore,following the SiC vapour corrosion test,the PyG coating sample’s integral ratio of D-band and G-band(I_(D)/I_(G))of Raman spectrum test data,reduced by 6.5%,while the SiC reinforced PyG coating decreased by 17.2%,indicating its excellent corrosion resistance.The application of SiC reinforced pyrolytic graphite coating in preparing the SiC single crystal might received a theoretical foundation according to this work.展开更多
The failure mechanisms and structural damage of SiC MOSFETs induced by heavy ion irradiation were demonstrated.The findings reveal three degradation modes,depending on the drain voltage.At a relatively low voltage,the...The failure mechanisms and structural damage of SiC MOSFETs induced by heavy ion irradiation were demonstrated.The findings reveal three degradation modes,depending on the drain voltage.At a relatively low voltage,the damage is triggered by the formation and activation of gate latent damage(LDs),with damage concentrated in the gate oxide.The second degradation mode involves permanent leakage current degradation,with damage progressively transitioning from the oxide to the SiC material as the drain voltage escalates.Ultimately,the device undergoes catastrophic burnout above certain voltages,characterized by the lattice temperature reaching the sublimation point of SiC,resulting in surface cavity and complete structural destruction.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of SiC MOSFETs under heavy ion exposure,providing radiation resistance methods of SiC-based devices for aerospace applications.展开更多
A major challenge for n-i-p structured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells(TSCs)is the use of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMe TAD),a commonly used hole transport la...A major challenge for n-i-p structured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells(TSCs)is the use of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMe TAD),a commonly used hole transport layer,which induces significant optical losses and consequently reduces device current.Herein,we propose an ultra-thin(10 nm)vacuum thermal evaporation(VTE)-deposited spiro-OMe TAD,coupled with a 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction,to simultaneously enhance the optical and electrical properties of n-i-p perovskite/silicon TSCs.Our results demonstrate that the 10-nm-thick spiro-OMe TAD layer significantly improves optical performance,achieving a 92.2% reduction in parasitic absorption and an 18.4%decrease in reflection losses.Additionally,the incorporation of the 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction facilitates improved molecular arrangement and enhanced surface uniformity of the ultrathin spiro-OMe TAD,leading to higher tolerance to interface defects and more efficient hole extraction.Consequently,n-i-p perovskite/silicon TSCs featuring ultrathin spiro-OMe TAD exhibit remarkable efficiencies of 29.73%(0.135 cm^(2))and 28.77%(28.25% certified efficiency,1.012 cm^(2)),along with improved stability.展开更多
基金the support from the Xianyang Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Special Project—University and Research Institute“Three-Item Reform”Technology Transfer Project,China(No.D5140240003)the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University,China(No.CX2023093)。
文摘As a lightweight nanomaterial,Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane(POSS)is widely applied to ablation resistance modification of Ethylene-Propylene-Dine Monomer(EPDM)insulation layer in aerospace propulsion thermal protection system.However,various structures of POSS can form different crosslinked structures within the EPDM,which can affect the insulation layer properties.Various functionality POSS,Mono-Norbornene POSS(MN-POSS)and TriNorbornene POSS(TN-POSS),were designed and synthesized to obtain crosslinked-modified EPDMs with enhanced mechanical properties and ablation resistance simultaneously,and the relationship between POSS functionality,the mechanical properties,ablation resistance,heat-shielding and thermal decomposition of EPDM/Aramid Fiber(AF)composites were explored comprehensively.MN-POSS and TN-POSS increased the tensile strength of EPDM composites by 25.3%and 75.2%respectively,reduced the linear ablation rate by 37.7%and 33.7%respectively,and reduced the back temperatures by 3.9℃ and 3.3℃ respectively.Under conditions of equal cage structure(T8),the suspended crosslinked structure caused by MN-POSS exhibited better ablation resistance and heat-shielding performance as well as thermal decomposition,and the anchored crosslinked structure caused by TN-POSS exhibited better tensile strength.The structural transformation indicates that the POSS nanocages can be transformed into a ceramic structure in cruel environments to resist the erosion of heat flow and enhance the ablation resistance of insulation layer.
基金supported by Returned Overseas Scholar Foundation of Hebei Province(Grant No.C20210321)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Grant No.E2021203106)S&T Program of Hebei(Grant No.236Z1019G)。
文摘An online subsection cooling method for hot rolling silicon steel was designed to achieve local adjustment of transverse roll gap.Particularly,it was able to meet the requirements of edge drop of the strip by using the features of online thermal crown.First,after the new subsection spray beam was installed at the exit of mill,the special local cooling rules were analyzed for altering the thermal crown of roll according to rolling process parameters.Meanwhile,the dynamic impact of subsection cooling on the local thermal crown could just be obtained according to the measured data.Obviously,the heat transfer coefficient was determined by different subsection cooling curves under varied rolling conditions.Secondly,the rolling rhythm and variable conditions were important dynamic factors of transient roll temperature in practical rolling process.Therefore,real-time calculation and presetting of the thermal crown were carried out to maximize special requirements of load roll gap on local strip crown.By this new method,the transient temperature and the thermal crown of roll could be quantitatively controlled online.And the practical results showed that the predicted temperature was able to match the measured value by more than 95%.Meanwhile,the adjustable range of thermal crown increased by more than 2.5 times.Finally,the qualification rate of strip edge crown has increased from the original 30%to over 70%.
基金supported by the CNSA program(D050102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12061131007,12003038,42365006)Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11903037).
文摘The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high charge resolution.In this study,we present a compact readout electronic system for the SCD that is designed for the HERD heavy-ion beam test.It comprises front-end readout electronics with 200 input channels as well as data acquisition and data management electronics.The test results showed that the SCD readout system had low noise with a silicon-strip detector connected.The dynamic range could be extended from 200 to 1200 fC,and the cosmic-ray test was performed as expected.
文摘BACKGROUND Silicone oil(SiO)migration to the central nervous system(CNS)is a rare complication of SiO tamponade after vitreo-retinal surgeries,it could masquerade hemorrhage on computed tomography neuro-imaging.Only limited cases were reported in the literature,certain intra-operative and post-operative ocular risk factors might contribute to the different extend of SiO migration in the CNS.AIM To study the risk factors for cerebral ventricular migration(CVM)on top of visual pathway migration(VPM).METHODS Conforming to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses guidelines,literature searches on PubMed,MEDLINE,EMBASE were performed on June 1,2024.Publications on SiO migration to CNS were included in this review.Non-English articles,and studies without neuro-imaging of the CNS were excluded.Patient demographics,SiO filled eyes'ocular characteristics and vitrectomy surgical details were extracted from included studies in this review.VPM and CVM were assigned as group 1 and group 2 respectively.Fisher's exact tests,Mann-Whitney U tests and binary logistic regression were performed.RESULTS Total 68 articles were obtained after searches,48 publications were included for analysis.Total 54 SiO filled eyes were analyzed.Post-vitrectomy intraocular pressure(IOP)was found to be significant in both Mann-Whitney U test(P=0.047)and binary logistic regression(P=0.012).Diabetic was found to be significant in binary logistic regression(P=0.037),but at borderline risk for CVM in Fisher's exact test(P=0.05).Other significant factors include longer SiO tamponade time(P=0.002 in Fisher's exact test)and visual acuity(P=0.011 in binary logistic regression).Optic nerve atrophy or disc cupping(P=1.00,P=0.790)and congenital optic disc anomalies(P=0.424)were all with P>0.05.CONCLUSION SiO migration to CNS is rare with limited case reports only.Our analysis of the existing literature demonstrated higher post-vitrectomy IOP was associated with CVM,followed by patients’diabetic status,longer SiO tamponade time and visual acuity.Optic nerve atrophy,disc cupping and congenital optic disc anomalies were not associated.Modifiable risk factors of post-vitrectomy IOP and SiO tamponade time should be closely monitored by vitreoretinal surgeons.Lower IOP target post-vitrectomy and earlier SiO removal surgeries should be arranged.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project,China(No.2023YFA1606404)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB34010300)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12022501,12105329,12475127)the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(No.2021B0301030006)the Research Program of Heavy Ion Science and Technology Key Laboratory,Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.HIST2024KS04,HIST2024CO04)Longyuan Youth Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Project of Gansu Province(No.2024GZT04)State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology,Peking University(No.NPT2023KFY01)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Gansu Province(No.24GD13GA005)。
文摘A state-of-the-art detector array with a digital data acquisition system has been developed for charged-particle decay studies,includingβ-delayed protons,αdecay,and direct proton emissions from exotic proton-rich nuclei.The digital data acquisition system enables precise synchronization and processing of complex signals from various detectors,such as plastic scintillators,silicon detectors,and germaniumγdetectors.The system's performance was evaluated using theβdecay of^(32)Ar and its neighboring nuclei,produced via projectile fragmentation at the first Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou(RIBLL1).Key measurements,including the half-life,charged-particle spectrum,andγ-ray spectrum,were obtained and compared with previous results for validation.Using the implantation–decay method,the isotopes of interest were implanted into two doublesided silicon strip detectors,where their subsequent decays were measured and correlated with preceding implantations using both position and time information.This detection system has potential for further applications,including the study ofβ-delayed charged-particle decay and direct proton emissions from even more exotic proton-rich nuclei.
基金Supported by the Key Science&Technology Project of Guangzhou(No.202103000045)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82070972,No.82271093).
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of shortening the duration of silicone oil tamponade on retinal structure and function in patients undergoing silicone oil removal(SOR)after surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD).METHODS:A total of 58 eligible patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups based on tamponade duration:the short-term group(30-45d)and the conventional group(≥90d).Comprehensive evaluations were performed before and after SOR,including slitlamp examination,best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)measurement,intraocular pressure(IOP)testing,optical coherence tomography(OCT),optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA),microperimetry,electroretinography(ERG),and visual evoked potential(VEP)assessment.RESULTS:A total of 33 patients(23 males and 10 females;33 eyes)were enrolled in the short-term SO tamponade group with mean age of 52.45±9.35y,and 25 patients(15 males and 10 females;25 eyes)were enrolled in the conventional SO tamponade group with mean age of 50.80±12.06y.Compared with the conventional group,the short-term silicone oil tamponade group had a significantly lower incidence of silicone oil emulsification and cataract progression,with no significant difference in retinal reattachment success rate.Structurally,short-term tamponade was associated with increased thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer(RGCL)in the nasal and superior macular regions and improved recovery of superficial retinal vascular density in these areas.Functionally,the shortterm group showed better BCVA and retinal sensitivity both before and 1mo after SOR;additionally,the P100 amplitude in VEP tests was significantly increased in this group.CONCLUSION:Shortening the duration of silicone oil tamponade effectively reduces damage to retinal structure and function without compromising the success rate of retinal reattachment in patients with primary RRD.
基金supported by the Yunnan Province Basic Research General Program,China(No.202201BE070001-002)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province,China(No.202402AF 080005).
文摘The rapid expansion of the photovoltaic industry has generated heavily oxidized waste silicon(wSi),which hinders efficient recycling owing to its small particle size and uncontrolled surface oxidation.This study introduces a molten salt electrochemical strategy for converting photovoltaic wSi into NiSi_(2)-silicon nanorods(NiSi_(2)-SiNRs)as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.A stable oxidized passivation layer is formed on the wSi surface via controlled oxidation,and further in situ generated highly active NiSi_(2) droplets.The molten salt electric field modulates the surface energy of silicon,while particle integration drives localized directional growth,enabling the self-assembly of NiSi_(2)-SiNRs composites.These NiSi_(2)-SiNRs anodes exhibit rapid ion transport and effective strain buffering.The high aspect ratio of SiNRs and the presence of retained NiSi_(2) facilitate both longitudinal and transverse Li^(+) diffusion.Owing to their robust structural design,the NiSi_(2)-SiNRs anode achieves an excellent initial Coulombic efficiency of 91.61%and retains 72.99%of its capacity after 800 cycles at 2 A·g^(−1).This study establishes a model system for investigating silicide/silicon interfaces in molten salt electrochemical synthesis and provides an effective strategy for upcycling photovoltaic wSi into high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFA1504100)the Anhui Provincial Major Science and Technology Project(No.202203a05020017)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52222210,51925207,U1910210,52161145101,51972067,51902062,and 52002083)the“Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration”Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA21000000)the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory(No.KY2060000173)the Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(No.YLU-DNL Fund 2021002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.WK2060140026)。
文摘Silicon possesses a high theoretical capacity,making it a potential contender for lithium-ion battery(LIB)anodes.Nonetheless,its practical usage is challenged by low electrical conductivity and significant volume expansion during cycling.Here,we synthesized a novel silicon/carbon(Si/C)anode doped with ZnO via a template-derived method and high-temperature carbonization.The carbon structure,originated from metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and ZnO doping,substantially enhanced the electrochemical properties of the composite material.It exhibited an initial capacity of 2100.3 mA h g^(-1)at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1)and demonstrated excellent capacity retention over successive cycles.Moreover,the composite material displayed superior rate performance at higher current densities of 2 A g^(-1)and 3 A g^(-1).To address the low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)of siliconbased materials,we adopted a direct contact prelithiation approach and optimized the lithiation process by controlling the prelithiation time.After 30 min of prelithiation,the ICE reached 97.9%,thereby reducing the initial irreversible capacity loss(ICL)and realizing stable discharge-charge in subsequent cycles.This rational design provides valuable insights for achieving high-performance silicon anode.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB2802400)National Natural Science Foundation of China (62250010, 62090054, 62274160)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021111)。
文摘Wavelength division multiplexing technology has been pivotal in addressing the demand for high-capacity optical communication with silicon photonics providing a promising platform. This work presents a 16-channel wavelength division multiplexing silicon photonics receiver chip composed of an arrayed waveguide grating and Ge-on-Si photodetectors. Integrated inductors are introduced to enhance the high-speed performance of photodetectors, enabling data rates up to 112 Gbps with high responsivity and low dark current. The operating wavelength range of the arrayed wavelength grating is adjusted according to the response of the Ge-on-Si photodetector. The optical insertion loss, cross talk and central wavelength of the array waveguide grating are 2.1 to 3.7 d B,-12 to-15 d B, and 1538 nm, respectively. The proposed receiver chip offers a solution to meet the challenges of modern data transmission requirements.
基金the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(No.2022JJ40616)。
文摘The differences in the competitive reactions of hydrogarnet and quicklime when reacting with titaniumcontaining and silicon-containing minerals during the Bayer digestion process were investigated.Thermodynamic analysis,artificial mineral experiments,and an evaluation of the digestion effect of natural diasporic bauxite were conducted.The results indicate that hydrogarnet shows a preferential reaction with anatase,and this preference becomes more pronounced as the silicon saturation coefficient increases.In contrast,quicklime participates in non-selective reactions with both anatase and desilication products(DSP).The preference of hydrogarnet for anatase significantly enhances the utilization efficiency of CaO in the high-temperature Bayer digestion process.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3709900)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20171)+1 种基金the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(No.BWLCF202315)the High Steel Center(HSC)at North China University of Technology and University of Science and Technology Beijing,China.
文摘Desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles in molten steel was observed in situ using high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy.The effects of the aluminum and silicon contents of molten steel on desulfurization were analyzed.When the total aluminum content in the steel increased from 6 to 1100 ppm,the CaS content in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles increased from 2.1wt%to 84.84wt%after the reaction for 90 s.Furthermore,when the silicon content in the steel increased from 0.01wt%to 2.20wt%,the CaS content in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles increased from 1.53wt%to 79.01wt%after the reaction for 90 s.This indicates that the increase in the aluminum and silicon contents of the steel promoted the desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles.A kinetic model was established to predict the CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles composition,and the diffusion coefficient of sulfur in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles was 9.375×10^(−10)m^(2)·s^(−1) at 1600℃,which provided a new method for the calculation of diffusion coefficient.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52436008)the Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Projects,China(Nos.JMRHZX20210003 and 2023YFCY0009)+3 种基金the Huaneng Group Co Ltd.,China(No.HNKJ23-H50)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22408044)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M761877)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.SQ2024YFD2200039)。
文摘The electromagnetic wave absorption of silicon carbide nanowires is improved by their uniform and diverse cross-structures.This study introduces a sustainable and high value-added method for synthesizing silicon carbide nanowires using lignite and waste silicon powder as raw materials through carbothermal reduction.The staggered structure of nanowires promotes the creation of interfacial polarization,impedance matching,and multiple loss mechanisms,leading to enhanced electromagnetic absorption performance.The silicon carbide nanowires demonstrate outstanding electromagnetic absorption capabilities with the minimum reflection loss of-48.09 d B at10.08 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth(the reflection loss less than-10 d B)ranging from 8.54 to 16.68 GHz with a thickness of 2.17 mm.This research presents an innovative approach for utilizing solid waste in an environmentally friendly manner to produce broadband silicon carbide composite absorbers.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273104)。
文摘Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LEDs are predominantly thermally cured,which is energy-and time-consuming and can adversely affect electronic components.In this study,a novel UV-curable silicone resin containing phenyl,disulfide,and acryloyl groups(SPASR)is developed from commercially available siloxanes.The resin exhibits a refractive index(n_(d))higher than 1.5,and it can be cured within 30 s under UV irradiation.After curing,it exhibits an optical transparency exceeding 92%,a lap adhesion strength of up to1.84 MPa,and good thermostability(T_(5%)>265℃).Notably,the volume shrinkage is less than 4.83%,attributed to the release of photopolymerization stress via UV-induced disulfide metathesis during UV curing.Mini-LEDs encapsulated with this resin show luminescence properties comparable to those of conventional thermally-cured sealants,and show excellent sealability wihtout visible penetration after being immersed in red ink for 12 h.Consequently,these excellent properties make the SPASR resin an ideal candidate for microelectronic encapsulation,offering a more reliable and efficient solution for the electronics industry.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFE0127400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172040,52202041,and U23B2077)+1 种基金Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(tsqn202211086,ts202208832,tsqnz20221118)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(23CX06055A).
文摘Micro silicon(mSi)is a promising anode candidate for all-solid-state batteries due to its high specific capacity,low side reactions,and high tap density.However,silicon suffers from its poor electronic and ionic conductivity,which is particularly severe on a micro scale and in solid-state systems,leading to increased polarization and inferior electrochemical performance.Doping can broaden the transmission pathways and reduce the diffusion energy barrier for electrons and lithium ions.However,achieving effective,uniform doping in mSi is challenging due to its longer diffusion paths and higher energy barriers.Therefore,current doping research is primarily limited to nanosilicon.In this study,we successfully used a Joule-heating activated staged thermal treatment to achieve full-depth doping of germanium(Ge)in the mSi substrate.The Joule-heating process activated the mSi substrate,resulting in abundant vacancy defects that reduced the diffusion barrier of Ge into the silicon lattice and facilitated full-depth Ge doping.Surprisingly,the resulting Si-Ge anode exhibited significantly enhanced electrical conductivity(70 times).Meanwhile,the improved Li-ion conductivity in mSi and the reduced Young’s modulus enhance the electrode reaction kinetics and integrity after cycling.Ge-doped silicon anodes demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance when applied in sulfide solid-state half-cells and full-cells.This work provides substantial insights into the rational structural design of mSi alloyed anode materials,paving the way for the development of high-performance solid-state Li-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62105061,12374301,and 62225404)the Jiangsu Provincial Frontier Technology Research and Development Program(Grant No.BF2024070)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2024YFA1210500)the Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education,Ministry of China,Soochow University。
文摘Unlocking the full potential of integrated photonics requires versatile,multi-functional devices that can adapt to diverse application demands.However,confronting this challenge with conventional singlefunction resonators often results in cumbersome system designs.We present an elegant solution:a versatile and reconfigurable dual-polarization Si_(3)N_(4)microresonator that represents a new perspective in on-chip photonic designs.Our device can be dynamically reconfigured into three distinct topologies:a Möbius-like microcavity,a Fabry-Pérot resonator,and a microring resonator.This unprecedented functionality is enabled by a tunable balanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer that facilitates controllable mutual mode coupling of counterpropagating light using a single control knob.We experimentally demonstrate that the device not only supports polarization-diverse operation on a compact footprint but also gives rise to a wide variety of physical phenomena,including a standing wave cavity,a traveling wave cavity,free spectral range multiplication,and the photonic pinning effect.These behaviors are accurately modeled using the transfer matrix method and intuitively explained by the temporal coupled-mode theory.Our results underscore the potential for a chip-scale platform to realize reconfigurable reconstructive spectrometers and on-chip synthetic dimensions for topological physics.
基金supported by the Regional Innovation System&Education(RISE)program through the Gangwon RISE Center,funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE)and the Gangwon State(G.S.),Republic of Korea(2025-RISE-10-006).
文摘This study aims to develop a novel,cost-effective method for fabricating silicone vascular phantoms(SVPs)using"chewy candy"as a dissolvable core material.The study explores the feasibility of using chewy candy to create detailed and intricate vascular models for clinical applications.The chewy candy,an amorphous material,was manually extruded to form vascular models of varying diameters.These models were embedded in a silicone mixture,which was then cured.The chewy candy was subsequently dissolved,leaving behind hollow silicone vascular channels.The SVPs were evaluated for their morphological accuracy and functionality through laser speckle contrast imaging.The SVPs successfully replicated vascular channels with consistent diameters,demonstrating minimal variation across different regions.Functional evaluation using laser speckle contrast imaging revealed distinct flow dynamics in Y-shaped and H-shaped SVPs,highlighting the potential for these phantoms to simulate realistic fluid dynamics in vascular systems.This study presents a simple,time-saving,and innovative approach to fabricating complex 3D SVPs using chewy candy.This method offers a viable alternative to traditional fabrication techniques,with potential applications in various biomedical fields.
基金Project(U19A2099)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘In order to effectively prevent the contamination of carbon particle volatiles during high-purity SiC crystals are prepared using the physical vapor transport(PVT)method in ultra-high temperature environments(T³2000℃),this study innovatively attempts to protect graphite materials with SiC reinforced pyrolytic graphite(PyG)coating.It is discovered by preparing the SiC particle layer,the degree of graphitization and stability of PyG coating can be improved.The corrosion test results demonstrated that the SiC reinforced PyG coating can maintain an intact coating with a high graphitization degree after the SiC vapour corrosion test of 2050℃-120 h.Conversely,the samples with and without PyG coating reveal porous and eroded surfaces.Furthermore,following the SiC vapour corrosion test,the PyG coating sample’s integral ratio of D-band and G-band(I_(D)/I_(G))of Raman spectrum test data,reduced by 6.5%,while the SiC reinforced PyG coating decreased by 17.2%,indicating its excellent corrosion resistance.The application of SiC reinforced pyrolytic graphite coating in preparing the SiC single crystal might received a theoretical foundation according to this work.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFA1609000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2341222,U2441248,12275061,and 12075069)。
文摘The failure mechanisms and structural damage of SiC MOSFETs induced by heavy ion irradiation were demonstrated.The findings reveal three degradation modes,depending on the drain voltage.At a relatively low voltage,the damage is triggered by the formation and activation of gate latent damage(LDs),with damage concentrated in the gate oxide.The second degradation mode involves permanent leakage current degradation,with damage progressively transitioning from the oxide to the SiC material as the drain voltage escalates.Ultimately,the device undergoes catastrophic burnout above certain voltages,characterized by the lattice temperature reaching the sublimation point of SiC,resulting in surface cavity and complete structural destruction.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of SiC MOSFETs under heavy ion exposure,providing radiation resistance methods of SiC-based devices for aerospace applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFB3817304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61874177)+4 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LQN25F040009)Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2024J226)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZB20230787,2024M753344)Baima Lake Laboratory Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LBMHD24E020002)Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(Grant No.2023Z151)。
文摘A major challenge for n-i-p structured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells(TSCs)is the use of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMe TAD),a commonly used hole transport layer,which induces significant optical losses and consequently reduces device current.Herein,we propose an ultra-thin(10 nm)vacuum thermal evaporation(VTE)-deposited spiro-OMe TAD,coupled with a 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction,to simultaneously enhance the optical and electrical properties of n-i-p perovskite/silicon TSCs.Our results demonstrate that the 10-nm-thick spiro-OMe TAD layer significantly improves optical performance,achieving a 92.2% reduction in parasitic absorption and an 18.4%decrease in reflection losses.Additionally,the incorporation of the 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction facilitates improved molecular arrangement and enhanced surface uniformity of the ultrathin spiro-OMe TAD,leading to higher tolerance to interface defects and more efficient hole extraction.Consequently,n-i-p perovskite/silicon TSCs featuring ultrathin spiro-OMe TAD exhibit remarkable efficiencies of 29.73%(0.135 cm^(2))and 28.77%(28.25% certified efficiency,1.012 cm^(2)),along with improved stability.
