[Objective] The experiment aimed to study an efficient method of Nuclei extraction of cotton and provided technical support for constructing large-insert genomic library and sequencing complete genome. [Method] The co...[Objective] The experiment aimed to study an efficient method of Nuclei extraction of cotton and provided technical support for constructing large-insert genomic library and sequencing complete genome. [Method] The cotton cotyledons germinated in dark moisture chamber for one week were chopped with a sharp sterile scalpel in a Petri dish which contained ice-cold nucleus isolation buffer (10 mmol/L MgSO4, 5 mmol/L KCl, 0.5 mmol/L HEPES, 1 mg/ml DTT, 0.25% Triton X-100 and 2% PVP40), then the nuclei were collected after selected through 100, 50 and 30 μm nylon meshes and centrifugation. Meanwhile, the tender leaves and cotyledons with different germination time in dark were treated by grinding method and sharp scalpel method. [Result] The chopping with a sharp scalpel method was very simple and rapid, which did not need grind and mercaptoethanol treatment and the successful extraction rate was 100%.[Conclusion] An efficient method of nuclei extraction of cotton with simple, high efficiency, rapid reaction and poison free were established.展开更多
The salt intrusion phenomenon is caused by </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">overexploitation</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of aquifer...The salt intrusion phenomenon is caused by </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">overexploitation</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of aquifers in coastal areas. This physical phenomenon has been the subject of numerous </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">studies and numerous methods have been proposed, with the aim of protecting the quality of the water in these aquifers. This work proposes a two-dimensional</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> saline intrusion model using the sharp interface approach and the level set method. It consists of a parabolic equation modeling the underground flow and a hyperbolic Equation (the level set equation) which makes it possible to track the evolution of the interface. High</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">order numerical schemes such as the space scheme </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">WENO5</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the third</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">order time scheme </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">TVD</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">RK</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were used for the numerical resolution of the hyperbolic equation. To limit the tightening of the contour curves of the level set function, the </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">redistanciation</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> or </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">reinitialization</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> algorithm proposed by </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sussma </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">et al.</span></i></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (1994) was used. To ensure the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method, two tests relating to the standard Henry problem and the modified Henry problem were performed. Recall that Henry’s problem uses the variable density modeling approach in a confined and homogeneous aquifer. By comparing the results obtained by the level set method with </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">reinitialization</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (</span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">LSMR</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and those obtained by Henry (1964), and by Simpson and Clement (2004), we see in the two test cases that the level set method reproduces well the toe, the tip and the </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">behaviour</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of the interface. These results correspond to the results obtained by </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Abarca</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for Henry’s problem with constant dispersion coefficients. The results obtained with </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">LSMR</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, reproduced the interface with a slight spacing compared to those obtained by Henry. According to </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Abarca</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (2006), this spacing is due to the absence of the longitudinal and </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">transversal</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> dispersion coefficients in the model.展开更多
The effects of non-physical mixing on interface development are still not reasonably evaluated when diffuse interface methods(DIMs)are employed to treat the two-medium flows with immiscible interfaces,especially for c...The effects of non-physical mixing on interface development are still not reasonably evaluated when diffuse interface methods(DIMs)are employed to treat the two-medium flows with immiscible interfaces,especially for compressible multimedium flows with geometrical source terms.In this work,we simulate radially symmetric multi-medium flows employing the sharp interface methods(SIMs)and DIMs to evaluate their performance such as pressure dislocations,mass conservation,and convergence.The g-based model and the five-equation transport model are two common DIMs,which are extended to equations with geometrical source terms combined with discontinuous Galerkin(DG)methods.For the SIMs,we employ the classical modified ghost fluid method(MGFM)and its second-order extension(2nd-MGFM)developed recently.Numerical results exhibit that the 2nd-MGFM is more effective in maintaining the interfacial pressure equilibrium relative to the MGFM.The DIMs can always maintain the pressure continuity naturally and total mass conservation,which is not available for SIMs.Further,under the premise of immiscible interfaces defined artificially,the DIMs cannot provide satisfactory single medium mass conservation,while the SIMs have a smaller mass error.In addition,compared to the other three methods,the 2nd-MGFM has higher confidence for radially symmetric flows,matching the exact solution in sparser grids.展开更多
Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have prevailed as differentiable simulators to investigate flow in porous media.Despite recent progress PINNs have achieved,practical geotechnical scenarios cannot be readily sim...Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have prevailed as differentiable simulators to investigate flow in porous media.Despite recent progress PINNs have achieved,practical geotechnical scenarios cannot be readily simulated because conventional PINNs fail in discontinuous heterogeneous porous media or multi-layer strata when labeled data are missing.This work aims to develop a universal network structure to encode the mass continuity equation and Darcy’s law without labeled data.The finite element approximation,which can decompose a complex heterogeneous domain into simpler ones,is adopted to build the differentiable network.Without conventional DNNs,physics-encoded finite element network(PEFEN)can avoid spectral bias and learn high-frequency functions with sharp/steep gradients.PEFEN rigorously encodes Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions without training.Benefiting from its discretized formulation,the discontinuous heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity is readily embedded into the network.Three typical cases are reproduced to corroborate PEFEN’s superior performance over conventional PINNs and the PINN with mixed formulation.PEFEN is sparse and demonstrated to be capable of dealing with heterogeneity with much fewer training iterations(less than 1/30)than the improved PINN with mixed formulation.Thus,PEFEN saves energy and contributes to low-carbon AI for science.The last two cases focus on common geotechnical settings of impermeable sheet pile in singlelayer and multi-layer strata.PEFEN solves these cases with high accuracy,circumventing costly labeled data,extra computational burden,and additional treatment.Thus,this study warrants the further development and application of PEFEN as a novel differentiable network in porous flow of practical geotechnical engineering.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30170501)the State of New Varieties of GMO Cultivation Major Projects (No.2008ZX08005-003)the National High-tech Research Development Plan (No.2003AA207051)~~
文摘[Objective] The experiment aimed to study an efficient method of Nuclei extraction of cotton and provided technical support for constructing large-insert genomic library and sequencing complete genome. [Method] The cotton cotyledons germinated in dark moisture chamber for one week were chopped with a sharp sterile scalpel in a Petri dish which contained ice-cold nucleus isolation buffer (10 mmol/L MgSO4, 5 mmol/L KCl, 0.5 mmol/L HEPES, 1 mg/ml DTT, 0.25% Triton X-100 and 2% PVP40), then the nuclei were collected after selected through 100, 50 and 30 μm nylon meshes and centrifugation. Meanwhile, the tender leaves and cotyledons with different germination time in dark were treated by grinding method and sharp scalpel method. [Result] The chopping with a sharp scalpel method was very simple and rapid, which did not need grind and mercaptoethanol treatment and the successful extraction rate was 100%.[Conclusion] An efficient method of nuclei extraction of cotton with simple, high efficiency, rapid reaction and poison free were established.
文摘The salt intrusion phenomenon is caused by </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">overexploitation</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of aquifers in coastal areas. This physical phenomenon has been the subject of numerous </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">studies and numerous methods have been proposed, with the aim of protecting the quality of the water in these aquifers. This work proposes a two-dimensional</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> saline intrusion model using the sharp interface approach and the level set method. It consists of a parabolic equation modeling the underground flow and a hyperbolic Equation (the level set equation) which makes it possible to track the evolution of the interface. High</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">order numerical schemes such as the space scheme </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">WENO5</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the third</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">order time scheme </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">TVD</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">RK</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were used for the numerical resolution of the hyperbolic equation. To limit the tightening of the contour curves of the level set function, the </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">redistanciation</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> or </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">reinitialization</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> algorithm proposed by </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sussma </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">et al.</span></i></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (1994) was used. To ensure the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method, two tests relating to the standard Henry problem and the modified Henry problem were performed. Recall that Henry’s problem uses the variable density modeling approach in a confined and homogeneous aquifer. By comparing the results obtained by the level set method with </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">reinitialization</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (</span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">LSMR</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and those obtained by Henry (1964), and by Simpson and Clement (2004), we see in the two test cases that the level set method reproduces well the toe, the tip and the </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">behaviour</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of the interface. These results correspond to the results obtained by </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Abarca</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for Henry’s problem with constant dispersion coefficients. The results obtained with </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">LSMR</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, reproduced the interface with a slight spacing compared to those obtained by Henry. According to </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Abarca</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (2006), this spacing is due to the absence of the longitudinal and </span><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;">transversal</span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> dispersion coefficients in the model.
基金supported under the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12101029)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant(No.GZC20233380).
文摘The effects of non-physical mixing on interface development are still not reasonably evaluated when diffuse interface methods(DIMs)are employed to treat the two-medium flows with immiscible interfaces,especially for compressible multimedium flows with geometrical source terms.In this work,we simulate radially symmetric multi-medium flows employing the sharp interface methods(SIMs)and DIMs to evaluate their performance such as pressure dislocations,mass conservation,and convergence.The g-based model and the five-equation transport model are two common DIMs,which are extended to equations with geometrical source terms combined with discontinuous Galerkin(DG)methods.For the SIMs,we employ the classical modified ghost fluid method(MGFM)and its second-order extension(2nd-MGFM)developed recently.Numerical results exhibit that the 2nd-MGFM is more effective in maintaining the interfacial pressure equilibrium relative to the MGFM.The DIMs can always maintain the pressure continuity naturally and total mass conservation,which is not available for SIMs.Further,under the premise of immiscible interfaces defined artificially,the DIMs cannot provide satisfactory single medium mass conservation,while the SIMs have a smaller mass error.In addition,compared to the other three methods,the 2nd-MGFM has higher confidence for radially symmetric flows,matching the exact solution in sparser grids.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42272338 and 41827807)Department of Transportation of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.202213).
文摘Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have prevailed as differentiable simulators to investigate flow in porous media.Despite recent progress PINNs have achieved,practical geotechnical scenarios cannot be readily simulated because conventional PINNs fail in discontinuous heterogeneous porous media or multi-layer strata when labeled data are missing.This work aims to develop a universal network structure to encode the mass continuity equation and Darcy’s law without labeled data.The finite element approximation,which can decompose a complex heterogeneous domain into simpler ones,is adopted to build the differentiable network.Without conventional DNNs,physics-encoded finite element network(PEFEN)can avoid spectral bias and learn high-frequency functions with sharp/steep gradients.PEFEN rigorously encodes Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions without training.Benefiting from its discretized formulation,the discontinuous heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity is readily embedded into the network.Three typical cases are reproduced to corroborate PEFEN’s superior performance over conventional PINNs and the PINN with mixed formulation.PEFEN is sparse and demonstrated to be capable of dealing with heterogeneity with much fewer training iterations(less than 1/30)than the improved PINN with mixed formulation.Thus,PEFEN saves energy and contributes to low-carbon AI for science.The last two cases focus on common geotechnical settings of impermeable sheet pile in singlelayer and multi-layer strata.PEFEN solves these cases with high accuracy,circumventing costly labeled data,extra computational burden,and additional treatment.Thus,this study warrants the further development and application of PEFEN as a novel differentiable network in porous flow of practical geotechnical engineering.
