Most fish exhibit remarkable morphological diversity,which is often influenced by genetic variation and ecological pressures.Consequently,these are the outcomes of organisms’responses to their environment.Meanwhile,m...Most fish exhibit remarkable morphological diversity,which is often influenced by genetic variation and ecological pressures.Consequently,these are the outcomes of organisms’responses to their environment.Meanwhile,modern morphometrics can quantify shape variation within species of the same group.This study aims to determine the body shape variation of Glossogobius giuris from Lake Mainit,Agusan Del Norte,Philippines.60 adult,uniform-sized fish samples were collected and subjected to standardized laboratory procedures.Further,the samples were digitized for 16 homologous landmark points and loaded into Symmetry Asymmetry Geometric Data(SAGE)Software.Across the tested factors—individuals,sides,and individual x sides—result shows that shape variations among individuals were highly significant(F=2.1045,p<0.0001),along with among males(F=3.2711,p<0.0001).Females exhibited higher Fluctuating Asymmetry(FA)(F=18.99,p<0.0001)compared to males(F=7.0964,p<0.0001).It suggests morphological shape differences across the sexes,and the shape variation observed could be a response to environmental perturbations.Shape variations were associated with swimming,food hunting,and predator defense.Moreover,Principal Component Analysis(PCA)demonstrates higher scores of FA in females(81.96%)than in males(74.76%).It was noticed that females had a high fluctuating asymmetry.It might be due to various physiological and ecological pressures compared to males.The observed levels of directional and fluctuating asymmetry in males and females,respectively,may indicate sex-linked morphological and developmental processes,which are important to consider in ecological or evolutionary contexts.Thus,utilizing geometric morphometrics can depict subtle differences across the same populations.展开更多
Despite plenty of data in insects shape variation, papers on environmental factors effect on such variation are scarce and in ground beetles are practically absent. The aim of this research was to： （i） model the ef...Despite plenty of data in insects shape variation, papers on environmental factors effect on such variation are scarce and in ground beetles are practically absent. The aim of this research was to： （i） model the effect of the region of habitation, urbanization and habitat vegetation into the shape variation in widespread carabid species; （ii） describe sexual shape dimorphism in studied species. Samples were pitfall trapped in different regions of its area in the spectrum of anthropogenic influence （cities, suburbs, natural biotopes）. One thousand and one hundred sixty-eight specimens were analyzed for six morphometric traits and terminal points of those measurements were used as landmarks for Procrustes analysis. We used linear models to reveal which factor （region, urbanization or vegetation） and in what direction affected beetles shape. Results showed that males in C. granulatus had more convex elytra and head, and the more convex in apical-basal direction pronotum. In its area from the east to the west elytra flattened in medial-distal direction and pronotum flattened in apical-distal direction. In disturbed urban environment beetles pronotum became more convex in both sexes and males elytra became more convex too. In open habitats （meadows, lawns） beetles became more flattened.展开更多
A formula is developed to estimate the total mass loss of projectile, based on the assump- tions that the peeling of molten surface layer in projectile nose is the primary cause of mass loss, and the frictional heat i...A formula is developed to estimate the total mass loss of projectile, based on the assump- tions that the peeling of molten surface layer in projectile nose is the primary cause of mass loss, and the frictional heat is totally absorbed by the projectile. Extrapolating this formula to predict the mass loss of local area of projectile, the receding displacement on projectile surface is obtained, which is vertical to the symmetry axis of projectile. Thereby, a finite difference method model is constructed to simulate the variation of projectile shape. The shape of residual projectile, depth of penetration of projectile and its mass loss obtained by calculation are found in good consistency with respective experimental data.展开更多
It is known that size alone, which is often defined as the volume-equivalent diameter, is not sufficient to characterize many particulate products. The shape of crystalline products can be as important as size in many...It is known that size alone, which is often defined as the volume-equivalent diameter, is not sufficient to characterize many particulate products. The shape of crystalline products can be as important as size in many applications, Traditionally, particulate shape is often defined by several simple descriptors such as the maximum length and the aspect ratio. Although these descriptors are intuitive, they result in a loss of information about the original shape. This paper presents a method to use principal component analysis to derive simple latent shape descriptors from microscope images of particulate products made in batch processes, and the use of these descriptors to identify batch-to-batch variations. Data from batch runs of both a laboratory crystalliser and an industrial crystallisation reactor are analysed using the described approach. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons with the use of traditional shape descriptors that have nhwical meanings and Fourier shape descriptors are also made.展开更多
Marked variations in the 3-dimensional(3D)shape of corn leaves can be discerned as a function of various influences,including genetics,environmental factors,and the management of cultivation processes.However,the caus...Marked variations in the 3-dimensional(3D)shape of corn leaves can be discerned as a function of various influences,including genetics,environmental factors,and the management of cultivation processes.However,the causes of these variations remain unclear,primarily due to the absence of quantitative methods to describe the 3D spatial morphology of leaves.To address this issue,this study acquired 3D digitized data of ear-position leaves from 478 corn inbred lines during the grain-filling stage.We propose quantitative calculation methods for 13 3D leaf shape features,such as the leaf length,3D leaf area,leaf inclination angle,blade-included angle,blade self-twisting,blade planarity,and margin amplitude.Correlation analysis,cluster analysis,and heritability analysis were conducted among the 13 leaf traits.Leaf morphology differences among subpopulations of the inbred lines were also analyzed.The results revealed that the 3D leaf traits are capable of revealing the morphological differences among different leaf surfaces,and the genetic analysis revealed that 84.62%of the 3D phenotypic traits of ear-position leaves had a heritability greater than 0.3.However,the majority of 3D leaf shape traits were strongly affected by environmental conditions.Overall,this study quantitatively investigated 3D leaf shape in corn,providing a reliable basis for further research on the genetic regulation of corn leaf morphology and advancing the understanding of the complex interplay among crop genetics,phenotypes,and the environment.展开更多
The commensal rodent Mastomys natalensis is the natural reservoir of Lassa arenavirus(LASV),which causes hemorrhagic fever in West Africa.To study a possible effect of the virus on phenotypic and genotypic variation o...The commensal rodent Mastomys natalensis is the natural reservoir of Lassa arenavirus(LASV),which causes hemorrhagic fever in West Africa.To study a possible effect of the virus on phenotypic and genotypic variation of its persistently infected host,we compared LASV-positive and non-infected wild-caught M.natalensis.The LASV effects on the phenotypic variation were explored using standard external morphometric measurements,geometric morphometric analyses of the cranial size and shape,and brain case volume.The genetic variability of M.natalensis specimens was assessed using 9 polymorphic microsatellite markers.Independent of sex and age,LASV-infected animals had smaller external body measurements,reproductive organs,skull size and brain case volume.Cranial shape differences between the 2 groups are represented by a lateral constriction of the entire skull.The genetic variability revealed consanguinity only among the LASV-positive rodents.We hypothesize that growth impairment may result in a selective disadvantage for LASV-infected M.natalensis,leading to a preferably commensal lifestyle in areas where the LAVS is endemic and,thereby,increasing the risk of LASV transmission to humans.展开更多
文摘Most fish exhibit remarkable morphological diversity,which is often influenced by genetic variation and ecological pressures.Consequently,these are the outcomes of organisms’responses to their environment.Meanwhile,modern morphometrics can quantify shape variation within species of the same group.This study aims to determine the body shape variation of Glossogobius giuris from Lake Mainit,Agusan Del Norte,Philippines.60 adult,uniform-sized fish samples were collected and subjected to standardized laboratory procedures.Further,the samples were digitized for 16 homologous landmark points and loaded into Symmetry Asymmetry Geometric Data(SAGE)Software.Across the tested factors—individuals,sides,and individual x sides—result shows that shape variations among individuals were highly significant(F=2.1045,p<0.0001),along with among males(F=3.2711,p<0.0001).Females exhibited higher Fluctuating Asymmetry(FA)(F=18.99,p<0.0001)compared to males(F=7.0964,p<0.0001).It suggests morphological shape differences across the sexes,and the shape variation observed could be a response to environmental perturbations.Shape variations were associated with swimming,food hunting,and predator defense.Moreover,Principal Component Analysis(PCA)demonstrates higher scores of FA in females(81.96%)than in males(74.76%).It was noticed that females had a high fluctuating asymmetry.It might be due to various physiological and ecological pressures compared to males.The observed levels of directional and fluctuating asymmetry in males and females,respectively,may indicate sex-linked morphological and developmental processes,which are important to consider in ecological or evolutionary contexts.Thus,utilizing geometric morphometrics can depict subtle differences across the same populations.
文摘Despite plenty of data in insects shape variation, papers on environmental factors effect on such variation are scarce and in ground beetles are practically absent. The aim of this research was to： （i） model the effect of the region of habitation, urbanization and habitat vegetation into the shape variation in widespread carabid species; （ii） describe sexual shape dimorphism in studied species. Samples were pitfall trapped in different regions of its area in the spectrum of anthropogenic influence （cities, suburbs, natural biotopes）. One thousand and one hundred sixty-eight specimens were analyzed for six morphometric traits and terminal points of those measurements were used as landmarks for Procrustes analysis. We used linear models to reveal which factor （region, urbanization or vegetation） and in what direction affected beetles shape. Results showed that males in C. granulatus had more convex elytra and head, and the more convex in apical-basal direction pronotum. In its area from the east to the west elytra flattened in medial-distal direction and pronotum flattened in apical-distal direction. In disturbed urban environment beetles pronotum became more convex in both sexes and males elytra became more convex too. In open habitats （meadows, lawns） beetles became more flattened.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11172282)the Science Foundation of China Academy of Engineering Physics(2009A0201009)
文摘A formula is developed to estimate the total mass loss of projectile, based on the assump- tions that the peeling of molten surface layer in projectile nose is the primary cause of mass loss, and the frictional heat is totally absorbed by the projectile. Extrapolating this formula to predict the mass loss of local area of projectile, the receding displacement on projectile surface is obtained, which is vertical to the symmetry axis of projectile. Thereby, a finite difference method model is constructed to simulate the variation of projectile shape. The shape of residual projectile, depth of penetration of projectile and its mass loss obtained by calculation are found in good consistency with respective experimental data.
文摘It is known that size alone, which is often defined as the volume-equivalent diameter, is not sufficient to characterize many particulate products. The shape of crystalline products can be as important as size in many applications, Traditionally, particulate shape is often defined by several simple descriptors such as the maximum length and the aspect ratio. Although these descriptors are intuitive, they result in a loss of information about the original shape. This paper presents a method to use principal component analysis to derive simple latent shape descriptors from microscope images of particulate products made in batch processes, and the use of these descriptors to identify batch-to-batch variations. Data from batch runs of both a laboratory crystalliser and an industrial crystallisation reactor are analysed using the described approach. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons with the use of traditional shape descriptors that have nhwical meanings and Fourier shape descriptors are also made.
基金partially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1200700)the Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(KJCX20240406)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation SpecialConstruction Funded Prog-ram of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(KJCX20220401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071891)the Earmarked Fund(CARS-02 and CARS-54).
文摘Marked variations in the 3-dimensional(3D)shape of corn leaves can be discerned as a function of various influences,including genetics,environmental factors,and the management of cultivation processes.However,the causes of these variations remain unclear,primarily due to the absence of quantitative methods to describe the 3D spatial morphology of leaves.To address this issue,this study acquired 3D digitized data of ear-position leaves from 478 corn inbred lines during the grain-filling stage.We propose quantitative calculation methods for 13 3D leaf shape features,such as the leaf length,3D leaf area,leaf inclination angle,blade-included angle,blade self-twisting,blade planarity,and margin amplitude.Correlation analysis,cluster analysis,and heritability analysis were conducted among the 13 leaf traits.Leaf morphology differences among subpopulations of the inbred lines were also analyzed.The results revealed that the 3D leaf traits are capable of revealing the morphological differences among different leaf surfaces,and the genetic analysis revealed that 84.62%of the 3D phenotypic traits of ear-position leaves had a heritability greater than 0.3.However,the majority of 3D leaf shape traits were strongly affected by environmental conditions.Overall,this study quantitatively investigated 3D leaf shape in corn,providing a reliable basis for further research on the genetic regulation of corn leaf morphology and advancing the understanding of the complex interplay among crop genetics,phenotypes,and the environment.
基金Research was conducted under Permit Number(2003/PFHG/05/GUI)from the Health Ministry of Guinea.We thank the CHU Donka team(PFHG-Guinea)and E.Fichet-Calvet for field work assistance,the“Service de Systématique Moléculaire of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle(UMS 2700 OMSI MNHN,Paris,France)for use of their molecular genetics laboratory,and J.Lambourdière for lab assistance.We are grateful to Dr E.Lecompte and Dr J.ter Meulen for virological analysis and for their input to the study,and to Dr R.Leblois for his support.This study benefited from the morphometrics facility of the Paris Muséum(UMS 2700 CNRS–MNHN:“Plateforme de Morphométrie”).We also thank J.B.Langlois and J.R Huet for help with image analysis(Plateforme ANIMAGE,CREATIS-LRMN).We also thank A.Herrel,M.Joron and K.Gavrilchuk for helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.This is publication ISEM 2015-165.This study was financially supported by the European Commission(INCO-DEV grant ICA4-CT2002-10050),by a doctoral thesis grant from“Bourse Internationale de la Ville de Paris”and by the GDR CNRS 2474 Morphométrie et Evolution des Formes.
文摘The commensal rodent Mastomys natalensis is the natural reservoir of Lassa arenavirus(LASV),which causes hemorrhagic fever in West Africa.To study a possible effect of the virus on phenotypic and genotypic variation of its persistently infected host,we compared LASV-positive and non-infected wild-caught M.natalensis.The LASV effects on the phenotypic variation were explored using standard external morphometric measurements,geometric morphometric analyses of the cranial size and shape,and brain case volume.The genetic variability of M.natalensis specimens was assessed using 9 polymorphic microsatellite markers.Independent of sex and age,LASV-infected animals had smaller external body measurements,reproductive organs,skull size and brain case volume.Cranial shape differences between the 2 groups are represented by a lateral constriction of the entire skull.The genetic variability revealed consanguinity only among the LASV-positive rodents.We hypothesize that growth impairment may result in a selective disadvantage for LASV-infected M.natalensis,leading to a preferably commensal lifestyle in areas where the LAVS is endemic and,thereby,increasing the risk of LASV transmission to humans.
