The extreme environment of the polar regions has driven the evolution of unique metabolic mechanisms in microorganisms,resulting in structurally diverse and highly active secondary metabolites.These metabolites are no...The extreme environment of the polar regions has driven the evolution of unique metabolic mechanisms in microorganisms,resulting in structurally diverse and highly active secondary metabolites.These metabolites are not only crucial for microbial adaptation to extreme conditions,but also exhibit significant potential for applications in medicine,agriculture(e.g.,biocontrol),and industry.This review provides a comprehensive overview of 111 secondary metabolites derived from polar microorganisms reported between 2013 and 2025,with a focus on advances in their classification,biological activities,and biosynthetic gene cluster mining techniques.Additionally,it highlights key strategies for advancing future investigations,providing a valuable reference for continued exploration in this promising field.Notably,polar microbial secondary metabolites also hold promising applications in agriculture,particularly in biocontrol,soil health enhancement,and stress-resistant crop development.展开更多
In the world of microorganisms,the genud Streptomyces is renowned as a"natural pharmacy".This genus of bacteria is the primary source of clinical antibiotics,with approximately two-thirds of antibiotics deri...In the world of microorganisms,the genud Streptomyces is renowned as a"natural pharmacy".This genus of bacteria is the primary source of clinical antibiotics,with approximately two-thirds of antibiotics derived from it.However,industrial production faces challenges such as low yields and complex regulation.This study introduces the Streptomyces multiplexed artificial control system(SMARTS):a novel"plug-and-play"dynamic regulatory framework integrating trigger,stabilizer,and multiplexer modules.This enables the cross-species,predictable,and scalable production of secondary metabolites.Evolutionary analysis of 521 quorum-sensing receptors revealed conserved DNA-binding domains,informing the design of a universal trigger.SMARTS efficiently and robustly produced baiweimycin in a 120 m3 industrial fermenter,a process validated through a closed-loop pipeline ranging from molecular mechanisms to field applications.Implementing orthogonal control and hierarchical optimization enhances the efficiency of metabolic engineering and sheds light on the evolution of Streptomyces quorum sensing.This breakthrough offers a scalable solution for industrial production and advances synthetic biology,with significant implications for agriculture,pharmaceuticals,and global health.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to seek the appropriate utilization methods for imidacloprid pesticide in the production of Chinese wolfberry,as well as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of imidacloprid pestici...[Objective] The aim was to seek the appropriate utilization methods for imidacloprid pesticide in the production of Chinese wolfberry,as well as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of imidacloprid pesticide. [Method] The effect of different concentrations and spraying times of 10% WP of imidacloprid on the main secondary metabolites such as carotenoid and flavone,as well as the polysaccharide and total sugar content was studied in field. [Result] The effect of different concentrations of imidacloprid on the secondary metabolites and the content of polysaccharide of Chinese wolfberry was significant. After imidacloprid spraying,the contents of flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar on the 1st,7th and 14th d showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid showed decreasing trend. With the dilution times increasing,the content of the flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid decreased,in which the highest content of the secondary metabolites and polysaccharide appeared in 1 800 times. [Conclusion] The dilution ratio of 1 800 times should be selected as the appropriate dosage of 10% WP of imidacloprid.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the mechanism of endophytic fungi mediating the plant growth and promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in Camellia oleifera.[Methods]Four strains of endophytic fungi isolated f...[Objectives]To investigate the mechanism of endophytic fungi mediating the plant growth and promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in Camellia oleifera.[Methods]Four strains of endophytic fungi isolated from the rhizomes of C.oleifera were co-cultured with C.oleifera seedlings individually in sterile soil for 49 d:Didymella sp.(DS),Fusarium sp.(FS),Penicillium sp.(PS),and Clonostachys rosea(CR).[Results]The biological activities of the four fungal strains differed,but all exhibited the ability to promote quercetin accumulation while simultaneously reducing quercetin glycosides after co-culture with C.oleifera seedlings.The DS,FS and PS treatments resulted in a significant increase in the leaf area of C.oleifera,with all of the experimental groups exhibiting a weight increase of over 50%compared to the control(CON)group.[Conclusions]Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of endophytic fungi in the production of C.oleifera,highlighting their capacity to enhance both productivity and the accumulation of plant metabolites.展开更多
To investigate the effect of elevated 03 on the accumulation of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., four-year- old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient air and the air with twice ...To investigate the effect of elevated 03 on the accumulation of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., four-year- old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient air and the air with twice ambient 03 concentration in Shenyang in 2006. Elevated 03 increased the concentrations of terpenes, but decreased the concentrations of phenolics in G. biloba leaves. The results showed that secondary compounds from G. biloba leaves responded to the elevated 03 exposure in a different way when compared to previous studies which showed elevated 03 increased the concentrations of phenolics but had no effect on the terpenes in leaves of other deciduous trees. Furthermore, reduced synthesis of phenolics may decrease the resistance of G. biloba to 03 and other environmental factors. On the other hand, the induced synthesis of terpenes may enhance the antioxidant abilities in G. biloba leaves at the end of 03 fumigation.展开更多
Tujia is a national minority,inhabiting in the mountainous Wuling area in China.Since 1978,Tujia medicine has been studied,summarized and developed,leading to numerous achievements by Chinese researchers,such as the p...Tujia is a national minority,inhabiting in the mountainous Wuling area in China.Since 1978,Tujia medicine has been studied,summarized and developed,leading to numerous achievements by Chinese researchers,such as the publishing of approximately 30 monographs of Tujia medicine.These publications are focused on summarizing and improving the theory of Tujia medicine and developing clinical therapies from this system of medicine.The shortage of natural medicinal plants used in Tujia medicine has created the need to discover new resources to replace them and protect endangered natural plant species.Endophytic fungi are one of the conservation options,are considered a source of new bioactive natural products,and are a renewable and inexhaustible source of new drugs and agrochemicals.This review summarizes 260 compounds from endophytic fungi that have been previously isolated from the medicinal plants of Tujia.These compounds include steroids,terpenoids,meroterpenoids,polyketides,alkaloids,peptides,aliphatic compounds,aromatic compounds,and heterocyclic compounds.展开更多
The focus of this review is placed on the chemical structures from the species of the genus Talaromyces reported with reference to their biological activities.221 secondary metabolites,including 43 alkaloids and pepti...The focus of this review is placed on the chemical structures from the species of the genus Talaromyces reported with reference to their biological activities.221 secondary metabolites,including 43 alkaloids and peptides,88 esters,31 polyketides,19 quinones,15 steroid and terpenoids,and 25 other structure type compounds,have been included,and 66 references are cited.展开更多
Eight compounds were isolated from the fermentation cultures of rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. They were identified as ergosterol （1）, 6β-hydroxysitostenone （2）, sitostenone （3）, m-hydroxy...Eight compounds were isolated from the fermentation cultures of rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. They were identified as ergosterol （1）, 6β-hydroxysitostenone （2）, sitostenone （3）, m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid （4）, methyl m-hydroxyphenylacetate （5）, m-hydroxymethylphenyl pentanoate （6）, （Z）-3-methylpent-2-en-1,5-dioic acid （7） and 3-methoxyfuran-2-carboxylic acid （8） by means of physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis. Among them, 2, 3, 5-8 were isolated from R. solani for the first time. All the compounds were evaluated for their biological activities. 4-6 and 8 showed their inhibitory activities on the radical and germ elongation of rice seeds. 1,4 and 7 showed moderate antibacterial activity to some bacteria. 4, 7 and 8 exhibited weak inhibitory activities on spore germination of Magnaporthe oryzae. 8 showed moderate antioxidant activity with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl （DPPH） andβ-carotene-linoleic acid assays. This is the first time to reveal compounds 5, 6 and 8 from rice sheath blight pathogen R. solani to have in vitro phytotoxic activity.展开更多
The study investigated the effects of salinity on growth, antimicrobial activities and secondary metabolites of 47 marine filamentous fungi isolated from the East China Sea near the western shore of the Taiwan Straits...The study investigated the effects of salinity on growth, antimicrobial activities and secondary metabolites of 47 marine filamentous fungi isolated from the East China Sea near the western shore of the Taiwan Straits. The results indicate that NaCl promoted the growth up to 91.5% of test strains. However, only 14.9% of them showed a significant increase of antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. When incubated in different concentrations of NaCl, the colony growth, antimicrobial activities and composition of secondary metabolites of the strain Ty01b-8 of Penicillium sp. varied. Treatment with KCl also showed a similar effect. An alkaloid isolated from the fermentation broth of Ty01b-8 was identified as chrysogine, inhibition activity of which against Hela cells was 15.05% at 20μg/ml, and yield was 4.4 and 4.9 times higher in 3 percent and 6 percent NaCl treatments, respectively, compared with the non-salt culture condition. These findings prove that salinity is an important factor influencing growth and secondary metabolites of some marine fungi, which can be used to screen for new metabolites from marine fungi, and to enhance their metabolites production in industrial fermentation.展开更多
The upsurge of multiple drug resistance(MDR)bacteria substantially diminishes the effectiveness of antibiotic arsenal and therefore intensifies the rate of therapeutic failure.The major factor in MDR is efflux pump-me...The upsurge of multiple drug resistance(MDR)bacteria substantially diminishes the effectiveness of antibiotic arsenal and therefore intensifies the rate of therapeutic failure.The major factor in MDR is efflux pump-mediated resistance.A unique pump can make bacteria withstand a wide range of structurally diverse compounds.Therefore,their inhibition is a promising route to eliminate resistance phenomenon in bacteria.Phytochemicals are excellent alternatives as resistance-modifying agents.They can directly kill bacteria or interact with the crucial events of pathogenicity,thereby decreasing the ability of bacteria to develop resistance.Numerous botanicals display noteworthy efflux pumps inhibitory activities.Edible plants are of growing interest.Likewise,some plant families would be excellent sources of efflux pump inhibitors(EPIs)including Apocynaceae,Berberidaceae,Convolvulaceae,Cucurbitaceae,Fabaceae,Lamiaceae,and Zingiberaceae.Easily applicable methods for screening plant-derived EPIs include checkerboard synergy test,berberine uptake assay and ethidium bromide test.In silico highthroughput virtual detection can be evaluated as a criterion of excluding compounds with efflux substrate-like characteristics,thereby improving the selection process and extending the identification of EPIs.To ascertain the efflux activity inhibition,real-time PCR and quantitative mass spectrometry can be applied.This review emphasizes on efflux pumps and their roles in transmitting bacterial resistance and an update plant-derived EPIs and strategies for identification.展开更多
Fungal phytochemicals derived from higher fungi,particularly those from the culinary-medicinal genus Hericium,have gained significant attention in drug discovery and healthcare.This review aims to provide a comprehens...Fungal phytochemicals derived from higher fungi,particularly those from the culinary-medicinal genus Hericium,have gained significant attention in drug discovery and healthcare.This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the chemical structures,biosynthetic pathways,biological activities,and pharmacological properties of monomeric compounds isolated from Hericium species.Over the past 34 years,253 metabolites have been identified from various Hericium species,including cyathane diterpenes,alkaloids,benzofurans,chromenes,phenols,pyrones,steroids,and other miscellaneous compounds.Detailed investigations into the biosynthesis of erinacines,a type of cyathane diterpene,have led to the discovery of novel cyathane diterpenes.Extensive research has highlighted the biological activities and pharmacological properties of Hericium-derived compounds,with particular emphasis on their neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects,immunomodulatory capabilities,anti-cancer activity,antioxidant properties,and antimicrobial actions.Erinacine A,in particular,has been extensively studied.Genomic,transcriptomic,and proteomic analyses of Hericium species have facilitated the discovery of new compounds and provided insights into enzymatic reactions through genome mining.The diverse chemical structures and biological activities of Hericium compounds underpin their potential applications in medicine and as dietary supplements.This review not only advances our understanding of Hericium compounds but also encourages further research into Hericium species within the realms of medicine,health,functional foods,and agricultural microbiology.The broad spectrum of compound types and their diverse biological activities present promising opportunities for the development of new pharmaceuticals and edible products.展开更多
Soil contamination by toxic trace metal elements,like barium(Ba),may stimulate various undesirable changes in the metabolic activity of plants.The plant responses are fast and with,direct or indirect,generation of rea...Soil contamination by toxic trace metal elements,like barium(Ba),may stimulate various undesirable changes in the metabolic activity of plants.The plant responses are fast and with,direct or indirect,generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).To cope with the stress imposed by the ROS production,plants developed a dual cellular system composed of enzymatic and non-enzymatic players that convert ROS,and their by-products,into stable nontoxic molecules.To assess the Ba stress response of two Brassicaceae species(Brassica juncea,a glycophyte,and Cakile maritime,a halophyte),plants were exposure to different Ba concentrations(0,100,200,300 and 500µM).The plants response was evaluated through their morphology and development,the determination of plant leaves antioxidant enzymatic activities and by the production of plants secondary metabolites.Results indicated that the two Brassicaceae species have the ability to survive in an environment containing Ba(even at 500µM).The biomass production of C.maritima was slightly affected whereas an increase in biomass B.juncea was noticed.The stress imposed by Ba activated the antioxidant defense system in the two species,noticed by the changes in the leaves activity of catalase(CAT),ascorbate peroxidase(APX)and guaicol peroxidase(GPX),and of the secondary metabolites,through the production of total phenols and flavonoids.The enzymatic response was not similar within the two plant species:CAT and APX seem to have a more important role against the oxidative stress in C.maritima while in B.juncea is GPX.Overall,total phenols and flavonoids production was more significant in the plants aerial part than in the roots,of the both species.Although the two Brassicaceae species response was different,in both plants catalytic and non-catalytic transformation of ROS occurs,and both were able to overcome the Ba toxicity and prevent the cell damage.展开更多
A detailed chemical investigation of the secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp.isolated from the stems of Isodon sculponeatus afforded six new compounds,xylariahgins A-F(1-6),two new natur...A detailed chemical investigation of the secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp.isolated from the stems of Isodon sculponeatus afforded six new compounds,xylariahgins A-F(1-6),two new natural products(7 and 8),along with two known compounds(9 and 10)(Fig.1).The structures of all compounds were unambiguously established by analyzing their spectroscopic data or referring to pertinent literature.Compounds 1-8 were tested for their cytotoxic activity against five human tumor cell lines.展开更多
Inactivation of cyanobacterial cells and simultaneous control of secondary metabolites is of significant necessity for the treatment of cyanobacteria-laden water.Acetylacetone(AcAc)has been reported a specific algicid...Inactivation of cyanobacterial cells and simultaneous control of secondary metabolites is of significant necessity for the treatment of cyanobacteria-laden water.Acetylacetone(AcAc)has been reported a specific algicide to inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa(M.aeruginosa)and an effective light activator to degrade pollutants.This study systematically investigated the photodegradation ability of AcAc under xenon(Xe)irradiation on the secondary metabolites of M.aeruginosa,mainly algal organic matter(AOM),especially toxic microcystin-LR(MC-LR).Results showed that AcAc outperformed H_(2)O_(2)in destructing the protein-like substances,humic acid-like matters,aromatic proteins and fulvic-like substances of AOM.For MC-LR(250μg/L),0.05 mmol/L AcAc attained the same degradation efficiency(87.0%)as 0.1mmol/L H_(2)O_(2).The degradation mechanism of Xe/AcAc might involve photo-induced energy/electron transfer and formation of carbon center radicals.Alkaline conditions(pH>9.0)were detrimental to the photoactivity of AcAc,corresponding to the observed degradation rate constant(k_(1)value)of MC-LR drastically decreasing to 0.0013 min^(-1)as solution pH exceeded 9.0.The PO_(4)^(3-)and HCO_(3)^(-)ions had obvious inhibition effects,whereas NO_(3)^(-)slightly improved k_(1)value from 0.0277 min^(-1)to 0.0321 min^(-1).The presence of AOM did not significantly inhibit MC-LR degradation in Xe/AcAc system.In addition,the biological toxicity of MC-LR was greatly reduced after photoreaction.These results demonstrated that AcAc was an alternative algicidal agent to effectively inactivate algal cells and simultaneously control the secondary metabolites after cell lysis.Nevertheless,the concentration and irradiation conditions should be further optimized in practical application.展开更多
Secondary metabolites are closely related to the nutritional quality and health functions of plants.We investigated the secondary metabolites of both wild(n=23)and cultivated(n=27)pomegranate plants(Punica granatum L....Secondary metabolites are closely related to the nutritional quality and health functions of plants.We investigated the secondary metabolites of both wild(n=23)and cultivated(n=27)pomegranate plants(Punica granatum L.)growing in China.The total flavonoid(TF)and tannin(TT)contents from the peel and juice were determined and the secondary metabolites in the peel(ZLP)and juice(ZLZ)of‘Zela 4’were identified using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(LC–ESI-MS/MS).Analysis of variance(P<0.05)showed that there were significant differences in the TF content of peel(TF(P))and juice(TF(J)),and the TT content of peel(TT(P))and juice(TT(J))among different pomegranate accessions.Pearson correlation analysis showed that latitude and altitude might be the main environmental factors affecting TF and TT contents in pomegranates.In this study,279 secondary metabolites were identified in the ZLP and ZLZ.In addition,we report for the first time 227 secondary metabolites in pomegranates.Using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,90 differential metabolites were identified in ZLP and ZLZ.In addition,we screened eight specific germplasms(high-TF(P),‘Junyong 3’;low-TF(P),‘Yanzhihong’;high-TF(J),‘Zela 4’;low-TF(J),‘Yudazi’,high-TT(P),‘Junyong 4’;low-TT(P),‘Anba 1’;high-TT(J),‘Yeba 1’;and low-TT(J),‘Baihuayushizi’).The results of our study provide a reference for the development and utilization of wild pomegranate resources and pomegranate breeding in China.展开更多
Two new 2-carboxymethyl-3-hexyl-maleic anhydride derivatives,arthrianhydride A(1)and B(2),along with three known compounds 3-5,were isolated from the fermentation broth of a grasshopper-associated fungus Arthrinium sp...Two new 2-carboxymethyl-3-hexyl-maleic anhydride derivatives,arthrianhydride A(1)and B(2),along with three known compounds 3-5,were isolated from the fermentation broth of a grasshopper-associated fungus Arthrinium sp.NF2410.The structures of new compounds 1 and 2 were determined based on the analysis of the HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic data.Furthermore,compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated on inhibitory activity against the enzyme SHP2 and both of them showed moderate inhibitory activity against SHP2.展开更多
Secondary metabolites,also known as phytochemicals,natural products or plant constituents are responsible for medicinal properties of plants to which they belong.The role they play in the plant is not,to date,well kno...Secondary metabolites,also known as phytochemicals,natural products or plant constituents are responsible for medicinal properties of plants to which they belong.The role they play in the plant is not,to date,well known or understood,but it may be beyond the protection.Their classification is based on chemical structure,composition,their solubility in various solvents,or the pathway by which they are synthesized.The main classification system includes three major groups:terpenoids,alkaloids and phenolics.For each one,we find subclasses with complexity in structure.In this review,we deal with the description of second metabolites,their biosynthesis,function,and the current pharmacological findings.Natural products are an important source of drug candidates in pharmaceutical industry,more deeply we understand them,the easier it is for scientists to intervene in alleviating different kind of diseases.The recent references have been consulted for presenting updated information,but also showing the new potentialities of plant second metabolites in drug research and development.展开更多
Dear Editor： Therapeutically active metabolite contents in a med- icinal plant vary in nature, which may impact on its therapeutic efficacy. Bergenia （Saxifragaceae） is an evergreen perennial herb widely distribut...Dear Editor： Therapeutically active metabolite contents in a med- icinal plant vary in nature, which may impact on its therapeutic efficacy. Bergenia （Saxifragaceae） is an evergreen perennial herb widely distributed in Central and East Asia with about 30 species reported worldwide. It grows at a range of altitudes from the Khasia hills at 400 feet to the temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at 7,000-10,000 feet. Its distribution over a wide range of altitudinal zones makes it a good candidate for studying variations in its metabolic profiles under different climatic conditions. Bergenin （C-glycoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid） has been identified as a potent active secondary metabolite in Bergenia and other therapeutically active constituents including, among others, gallic acid （3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoic acid）, （＋） catechin, and gallicin （Fig. 1）.展开更多
The present study aims to make an evaluation of some secondary metabolites and determination of the antioxidant potential of <i>P. aquilinum</i> plant extracts obtained by means of a simple and rapid TLC m...The present study aims to make an evaluation of some secondary metabolites and determination of the antioxidant potential of <i>P. aquilinum</i> plant extracts obtained by means of a simple and rapid TLC method. The latter revealed the presence of terpenes, sterols, steroids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, sugars and amino acids. The evaluation of the potential antioxidant was assessed on phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These compounds’ dosages revealed different levels, but the highest antioxidant activity was found in the hydro-ethanol extract followed by the aqueous extract. Among the two families of evaluated antioxidants, phenolic compounds were found to be higher in the hydro-ethanolic extract (75.18 mgEAG/gM<sub>S</sub>), followed by the aqueous extract (66.78 mgEAG/gM<sub>S</sub>) and lower in the ethanolic extract (12.39 mgEAG/gM<sub>S</sub>). Whereas flavonoids, less significantly elevated, showed values of 2.58 mgECa/gM<sub>S</sub> for the hydro-ethanolic extract, 2.24 mgECa/gM<sub>S</sub> for the aqueous extract and 1.58 mgECa/gM<sub>S</sub> for the ethanolic extract. However, the antiradical activity was also evaluated. Contrary to the antioxidant activity, the most important antiradical activity was observed on the hydroethanolic extract with a rate of 3.61 mg/mL, then a weak activity on the aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively 6.18 mg/mL and 15.81 mg/mL, then less important on the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts respectively at levels of 6.18 mg/mL and 3.61 mg/mL.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to clarify the bioactivity of trans-2-hexenal,oregano oil and thyme oil against Semiaphis heraclei and the synergistic effect of orange peel essential oil and organosilicon on the aphidicidal...[Objective] The paper was to clarify the bioactivity of trans-2-hexenal,oregano oil and thyme oil against Semiaphis heraclei and the synergistic effect of orange peel essential oil and organosilicon on the aphidicidal activity of the three agents.[Method] With S.heraclei,the dominant species of aphids in Lonicera japonica thunb.,as the test insect,the bioactivity and control effect were evaluated by the method of leaf dipping and foliar spraying.[Result] The indoor toxicity of thyme oil was the highest,with the LC_(50) of 1.793 mg/L.Adding additives significantly increased the toxicity of the agents to S.heraclei.Among them,trans-2-hexenal+OSi,oregano oil+OSi and thyme oil+OSi had obvious synergistic effects,with the toxicity coefficients of 1.80,1.48 and 1.45,respectively.Field test showed that the corrected control effect of thyme oil was the highest after con-ventional spraying,and the toxicities of the three agents were higher than that of the control group at 7 d post spraying.Under the condition of 20%reduction of three agents and adding organosilicon,the control effect was increased by about 10% at 1 d post spraying,which was higher than that of the control group at 4 d post spraying,and reached over 98% at 14 d post spraying.[Conclusion] Thyme oil has the highest toxicity and control effect on S.heraclei.Three agents combined with organosilicon have the obvious effect of reducing the quantity and increasing the efficiency,which has the potential for further development.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.32130109,41761134050).
文摘The extreme environment of the polar regions has driven the evolution of unique metabolic mechanisms in microorganisms,resulting in structurally diverse and highly active secondary metabolites.These metabolites are not only crucial for microbial adaptation to extreme conditions,but also exhibit significant potential for applications in medicine,agriculture(e.g.,biocontrol),and industry.This review provides a comprehensive overview of 111 secondary metabolites derived from polar microorganisms reported between 2013 and 2025,with a focus on advances in their classification,biological activities,and biosynthetic gene cluster mining techniques.Additionally,it highlights key strategies for advancing future investigations,providing a valuable reference for continued exploration in this promising field.Notably,polar microbial secondary metabolites also hold promising applications in agriculture,particularly in biocontrol,soil health enhancement,and stress-resistant crop development.
基金the Program for the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1700204)the National Natural Science Foundation(32272580).
文摘In the world of microorganisms,the genud Streptomyces is renowned as a"natural pharmacy".This genus of bacteria is the primary source of clinical antibiotics,with approximately two-thirds of antibiotics derived from it.However,industrial production faces challenges such as low yields and complex regulation.This study introduces the Streptomyces multiplexed artificial control system(SMARTS):a novel"plug-and-play"dynamic regulatory framework integrating trigger,stabilizer,and multiplexer modules.This enables the cross-species,predictable,and scalable production of secondary metabolites.Evolutionary analysis of 521 quorum-sensing receptors revealed conserved DNA-binding domains,informing the design of a universal trigger.SMARTS efficiently and robustly produced baiweimycin in a 120 m3 industrial fermenter,a process validated through a closed-loop pipeline ranging from molecular mechanisms to field applications.Implementing orthogonal control and hierarchical optimization enhances the efficiency of metabolic engineering and sheds light on the evolution of Streptomyces quorum sensing.This breakthrough offers a scalable solution for industrial production and advances synthetic biology,with significant implications for agriculture,pharmaceuticals,and global health.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30860227)Ningxia Natural Science Foundation(NZ0603,NZ0639)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to seek the appropriate utilization methods for imidacloprid pesticide in the production of Chinese wolfberry,as well as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of imidacloprid pesticide. [Method] The effect of different concentrations and spraying times of 10% WP of imidacloprid on the main secondary metabolites such as carotenoid and flavone,as well as the polysaccharide and total sugar content was studied in field. [Result] The effect of different concentrations of imidacloprid on the secondary metabolites and the content of polysaccharide of Chinese wolfberry was significant. After imidacloprid spraying,the contents of flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar on the 1st,7th and 14th d showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid showed decreasing trend. With the dilution times increasing,the content of the flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid decreased,in which the highest content of the secondary metabolites and polysaccharide appeared in 1 800 times. [Conclusion] The dilution ratio of 1 800 times should be selected as the appropriate dosage of 10% WP of imidacloprid.
基金Supported by the Key Field Project of Guizhou Provincial Education Department(KY[2021]044)Guizhou Forestry Science Research Project(QJH KY[2021]11)Guizhou Higher Education Characteristic Key Laboratory Construction Project(QJH KY[2021]002).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the mechanism of endophytic fungi mediating the plant growth and promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in Camellia oleifera.[Methods]Four strains of endophytic fungi isolated from the rhizomes of C.oleifera were co-cultured with C.oleifera seedlings individually in sterile soil for 49 d:Didymella sp.(DS),Fusarium sp.(FS),Penicillium sp.(PS),and Clonostachys rosea(CR).[Results]The biological activities of the four fungal strains differed,but all exhibited the ability to promote quercetin accumulation while simultaneously reducing quercetin glycosides after co-culture with C.oleifera seedlings.The DS,FS and PS treatments resulted in a significant increase in the leaf area of C.oleifera,with all of the experimental groups exhibiting a weight increase of over 50%compared to the control(CON)group.[Conclusions]Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of endophytic fungi in the production of C.oleifera,highlighting their capacity to enhance both productivity and the accumulation of plant metabolites.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 90411019)the Foundation of Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chi-nese Academy of Sciences (No. kzcx3-sw-43).
文摘To investigate the effect of elevated 03 on the accumulation of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., four-year- old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient air and the air with twice ambient 03 concentration in Shenyang in 2006. Elevated 03 increased the concentrations of terpenes, but decreased the concentrations of phenolics in G. biloba leaves. The results showed that secondary compounds from G. biloba leaves responded to the elevated 03 exposure in a different way when compared to previous studies which showed elevated 03 increased the concentrations of phenolics but had no effect on the terpenes in leaves of other deciduous trees. Furthermore, reduced synthesis of phenolics may decrease the resistance of G. biloba to 03 and other environmental factors. On the other hand, the induced synthesis of terpenes may enhance the antioxidant abilities in G. biloba leaves at the end of 03 fumigation.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.32000011 and 21961142008).
文摘Tujia is a national minority,inhabiting in the mountainous Wuling area in China.Since 1978,Tujia medicine has been studied,summarized and developed,leading to numerous achievements by Chinese researchers,such as the publishing of approximately 30 monographs of Tujia medicine.These publications are focused on summarizing and improving the theory of Tujia medicine and developing clinical therapies from this system of medicine.The shortage of natural medicinal plants used in Tujia medicine has created the need to discover new resources to replace them and protect endangered natural plant species.Endophytic fungi are one of the conservation options,are considered a source of new bioactive natural products,and are a renewable and inexhaustible source of new drugs and agrochemicals.This review summarizes 260 compounds from endophytic fungi that have been previously isolated from the medicinal plants of Tujia.These compounds include steroids,terpenoids,meroterpenoids,polyketides,alkaloids,peptides,aliphatic compounds,aromatic compounds,and heterocyclic compounds.
基金Authors are thankful to financially supportingby the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21202075 and 21272103)the 111 Project,the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Students(No.45)the Scientific ResearchAbility Training of Undergraduate Students Majoring in Chemistry bythe Two Patters Based on the Tutorial System and Top Students Project(J1103307).
文摘The focus of this review is placed on the chemical structures from the species of the genus Talaromyces reported with reference to their biological activities.221 secondary metabolites,including 43 alkaloids and peptides,88 esters,31 polyketides,19 quinones,15 steroid and terpenoids,and 25 other structure type compounds,have been included,and 66 references are cited.
基金co-financed by the grants from the National Basic Resea rch Program of China (2013GB127800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271996)
文摘Eight compounds were isolated from the fermentation cultures of rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. They were identified as ergosterol （1）, 6β-hydroxysitostenone （2）, sitostenone （3）, m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid （4）, methyl m-hydroxyphenylacetate （5）, m-hydroxymethylphenyl pentanoate （6）, （Z）-3-methylpent-2-en-1,5-dioic acid （7） and 3-methoxyfuran-2-carboxylic acid （8） by means of physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis. Among them, 2, 3, 5-8 were isolated from R. solani for the first time. All the compounds were evaluated for their biological activities. 4-6 and 8 showed their inhibitory activities on the radical and germ elongation of rice seeds. 1,4 and 7 showed moderate antibacterial activity to some bacteria. 4, 7 and 8 exhibited weak inhibitory activities on spore germination of Magnaporthe oryzae. 8 showed moderate antioxidant activity with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl （DPPH） andβ-carotene-linoleic acid assays. This is the first time to reveal compounds 5, 6 and 8 from rice sheath blight pathogen R. solani to have in vitro phytotoxic activity.
基金Key Program of International Cooperation,Ministry of Science and Technology of China under contract No.2007DFA30970Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under contract No.2010121092
文摘The study investigated the effects of salinity on growth, antimicrobial activities and secondary metabolites of 47 marine filamentous fungi isolated from the East China Sea near the western shore of the Taiwan Straits. The results indicate that NaCl promoted the growth up to 91.5% of test strains. However, only 14.9% of them showed a significant increase of antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. When incubated in different concentrations of NaCl, the colony growth, antimicrobial activities and composition of secondary metabolites of the strain Ty01b-8 of Penicillium sp. varied. Treatment with KCl also showed a similar effect. An alkaloid isolated from the fermentation broth of Ty01b-8 was identified as chrysogine, inhibition activity of which against Hela cells was 15.05% at 20μg/ml, and yield was 4.4 and 4.9 times higher in 3 percent and 6 percent NaCl treatments, respectively, compared with the non-salt culture condition. These findings prove that salinity is an important factor influencing growth and secondary metabolites of some marine fungi, which can be used to screen for new metabolites from marine fungi, and to enhance their metabolites production in industrial fermentation.
基金We are grateful to Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)for jointly supports(project No.2018PB0089 to AJS and project No.2019VBA0026 to SDS)under CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(CAS-PIFI)projectsthe Major Project for Special Technology Innovation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2017AHB054 to MG).
文摘The upsurge of multiple drug resistance(MDR)bacteria substantially diminishes the effectiveness of antibiotic arsenal and therefore intensifies the rate of therapeutic failure.The major factor in MDR is efflux pump-mediated resistance.A unique pump can make bacteria withstand a wide range of structurally diverse compounds.Therefore,their inhibition is a promising route to eliminate resistance phenomenon in bacteria.Phytochemicals are excellent alternatives as resistance-modifying agents.They can directly kill bacteria or interact with the crucial events of pathogenicity,thereby decreasing the ability of bacteria to develop resistance.Numerous botanicals display noteworthy efflux pumps inhibitory activities.Edible plants are of growing interest.Likewise,some plant families would be excellent sources of efflux pump inhibitors(EPIs)including Apocynaceae,Berberidaceae,Convolvulaceae,Cucurbitaceae,Fabaceae,Lamiaceae,and Zingiberaceae.Easily applicable methods for screening plant-derived EPIs include checkerboard synergy test,berberine uptake assay and ethidium bromide test.In silico highthroughput virtual detection can be evaluated as a criterion of excluding compounds with efflux substrate-like characteristics,thereby improving the selection process and extending the identification of EPIs.To ascertain the efflux activity inhibition,real-time PCR and quantitative mass spectrometry can be applied.This review emphasizes on efflux pumps and their roles in transmitting bacterial resistance and an update plant-derived EPIs and strategies for identification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.31800031,32370069,and U22A20369)the Key R&D Projects in Shaanxi Province of China (No.2023-YBSF-164)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2019M653760).
文摘Fungal phytochemicals derived from higher fungi,particularly those from the culinary-medicinal genus Hericium,have gained significant attention in drug discovery and healthcare.This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the chemical structures,biosynthetic pathways,biological activities,and pharmacological properties of monomeric compounds isolated from Hericium species.Over the past 34 years,253 metabolites have been identified from various Hericium species,including cyathane diterpenes,alkaloids,benzofurans,chromenes,phenols,pyrones,steroids,and other miscellaneous compounds.Detailed investigations into the biosynthesis of erinacines,a type of cyathane diterpene,have led to the discovery of novel cyathane diterpenes.Extensive research has highlighted the biological activities and pharmacological properties of Hericium-derived compounds,with particular emphasis on their neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects,immunomodulatory capabilities,anti-cancer activity,antioxidant properties,and antimicrobial actions.Erinacine A,in particular,has been extensively studied.Genomic,transcriptomic,and proteomic analyses of Hericium species have facilitated the discovery of new compounds and provided insights into enzymatic reactions through genome mining.The diverse chemical structures and biological activities of Hericium compounds underpin their potential applications in medicine and as dietary supplements.This review not only advances our understanding of Hericium compounds but also encourages further research into Hericium species within the realms of medicine,health,functional foods,and agricultural microbiology.The broad spectrum of compound types and their diverse biological activities present promising opportunities for the development of new pharmaceuticals and edible products.
基金This work has been supported by LISBOA-01-0145-FERDER-031863 project,cofunded by FEDER through POR Lisboa 2020(Programa Operacional de Lisboa)from Portugal 2020 and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia(PTDC/CTA-AMB/31863/2017).The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of CERENA(strategic project FCT-UIDB/04028/2020)and MARE(strategic project FCT-UIDB/04292/2020).
文摘Soil contamination by toxic trace metal elements,like barium(Ba),may stimulate various undesirable changes in the metabolic activity of plants.The plant responses are fast and with,direct or indirect,generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).To cope with the stress imposed by the ROS production,plants developed a dual cellular system composed of enzymatic and non-enzymatic players that convert ROS,and their by-products,into stable nontoxic molecules.To assess the Ba stress response of two Brassicaceae species(Brassica juncea,a glycophyte,and Cakile maritime,a halophyte),plants were exposure to different Ba concentrations(0,100,200,300 and 500µM).The plants response was evaluated through their morphology and development,the determination of plant leaves antioxidant enzymatic activities and by the production of plants secondary metabolites.Results indicated that the two Brassicaceae species have the ability to survive in an environment containing Ba(even at 500µM).The biomass production of C.maritima was slightly affected whereas an increase in biomass B.juncea was noticed.The stress imposed by Ba activated the antioxidant defense system in the two species,noticed by the changes in the leaves activity of catalase(CAT),ascorbate peroxidase(APX)and guaicol peroxidase(GPX),and of the secondary metabolites,through the production of total phenols and flavonoids.The enzymatic response was not similar within the two plant species:CAT and APX seem to have a more important role against the oxidative stress in C.maritima while in B.juncea is GPX.Overall,total phenols and flavonoids production was more significant in the plants aerial part than in the roots,of the both species.Although the two Brassicaceae species response was different,in both plants catalytic and non-catalytic transformation of ROS occurs,and both were able to overcome the Ba toxicity and prevent the cell damage.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81673329 and 21322204).
文摘A detailed chemical investigation of the secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp.isolated from the stems of Isodon sculponeatus afforded six new compounds,xylariahgins A-F(1-6),two new natural products(7 and 8),along with two known compounds(9 and 10)(Fig.1).The structures of all compounds were unambiguously established by analyzing their spectroscopic data or referring to pertinent literature.Compounds 1-8 were tested for their cytotoxic activity against five human tumor cell lines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21906085)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No.BK20190547)the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation (No.PCRRF21046)。
文摘Inactivation of cyanobacterial cells and simultaneous control of secondary metabolites is of significant necessity for the treatment of cyanobacteria-laden water.Acetylacetone(AcAc)has been reported a specific algicide to inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa(M.aeruginosa)and an effective light activator to degrade pollutants.This study systematically investigated the photodegradation ability of AcAc under xenon(Xe)irradiation on the secondary metabolites of M.aeruginosa,mainly algal organic matter(AOM),especially toxic microcystin-LR(MC-LR).Results showed that AcAc outperformed H_(2)O_(2)in destructing the protein-like substances,humic acid-like matters,aromatic proteins and fulvic-like substances of AOM.For MC-LR(250μg/L),0.05 mmol/L AcAc attained the same degradation efficiency(87.0%)as 0.1mmol/L H_(2)O_(2).The degradation mechanism of Xe/AcAc might involve photo-induced energy/electron transfer and formation of carbon center radicals.Alkaline conditions(pH>9.0)were detrimental to the photoactivity of AcAc,corresponding to the observed degradation rate constant(k_(1)value)of MC-LR drastically decreasing to 0.0013 min^(-1)as solution pH exceeded 9.0.The PO_(4)^(3-)and HCO_(3)^(-)ions had obvious inhibition effects,whereas NO_(3)^(-)slightly improved k_(1)value from 0.0277 min^(-1)to 0.0321 min^(-1).The presence of AOM did not significantly inhibit MC-LR degradation in Xe/AcAc system.In addition,the biological toxicity of MC-LR was greatly reduced after photoreaction.These results demonstrated that AcAc was an alternative algicidal agent to effectively inactivate algal cells and simultaneously control the secondary metabolites after cell lysis.Nevertheless,the concentration and irradiation conditions should be further optimized in practical application.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Tibet Autonomous Region,China(XZ201019ZRG-153)the Initiative Project for Talents of Nanjing Forestry University,China(GXL2014070 and GXL2018032)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901341)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20180768)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu High Education Institutions,China(PAPD)。
文摘Secondary metabolites are closely related to the nutritional quality and health functions of plants.We investigated the secondary metabolites of both wild(n=23)and cultivated(n=27)pomegranate plants(Punica granatum L.)growing in China.The total flavonoid(TF)and tannin(TT)contents from the peel and juice were determined and the secondary metabolites in the peel(ZLP)and juice(ZLZ)of‘Zela 4’were identified using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(LC–ESI-MS/MS).Analysis of variance(P<0.05)showed that there were significant differences in the TF content of peel(TF(P))and juice(TF(J)),and the TT content of peel(TT(P))and juice(TT(J))among different pomegranate accessions.Pearson correlation analysis showed that latitude and altitude might be the main environmental factors affecting TF and TT contents in pomegranates.In this study,279 secondary metabolites were identified in the ZLP and ZLZ.In addition,we report for the first time 227 secondary metabolites in pomegranates.Using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,90 differential metabolites were identified in ZLP and ZLZ.In addition,we screened eight specific germplasms(high-TF(P),‘Junyong 3’;low-TF(P),‘Yanzhihong’;high-TF(J),‘Zela 4’;low-TF(J),‘Yudazi’,high-TT(P),‘Junyong 4’;low-TT(P),‘Anba 1’;high-TT(J),‘Yeba 1’;and low-TT(J),‘Baihuayushizi’).The results of our study provide a reference for the development and utilization of wild pomegranate resources and pomegranate breeding in China.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(Nos.2018YFC1706200 and 2018YFA.902000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81925033,21861142005,81773591,21761142001,81673333,21661140001,and 91853109)。
文摘Two new 2-carboxymethyl-3-hexyl-maleic anhydride derivatives,arthrianhydride A(1)and B(2),along with three known compounds 3-5,were isolated from the fermentation broth of a grasshopper-associated fungus Arthrinium sp.NF2410.The structures of new compounds 1 and 2 were determined based on the analysis of the HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic data.Furthermore,compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated on inhibitory activity against the enzyme SHP2 and both of them showed moderate inhibitory activity against SHP2.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81373890)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20121210110011),and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.12JCZDJC26100).
文摘Secondary metabolites,also known as phytochemicals,natural products or plant constituents are responsible for medicinal properties of plants to which they belong.The role they play in the plant is not,to date,well known or understood,but it may be beyond the protection.Their classification is based on chemical structure,composition,their solubility in various solvents,or the pathway by which they are synthesized.The main classification system includes three major groups:terpenoids,alkaloids and phenolics.For each one,we find subclasses with complexity in structure.In this review,we deal with the description of second metabolites,their biosynthesis,function,and the current pharmacological findings.Natural products are an important source of drug candidates in pharmaceutical industry,more deeply we understand them,the easier it is for scientists to intervene in alleviating different kind of diseases.The recent references have been consulted for presenting updated information,but also showing the new potentialities of plant second metabolites in drug research and development.
文摘Dear Editor： Therapeutically active metabolite contents in a med- icinal plant vary in nature, which may impact on its therapeutic efficacy. Bergenia （Saxifragaceae） is an evergreen perennial herb widely distributed in Central and East Asia with about 30 species reported worldwide. It grows at a range of altitudes from the Khasia hills at 400 feet to the temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at 7,000-10,000 feet. Its distribution over a wide range of altitudinal zones makes it a good candidate for studying variations in its metabolic profiles under different climatic conditions. Bergenin （C-glycoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid） has been identified as a potent active secondary metabolite in Bergenia and other therapeutically active constituents including, among others, gallic acid （3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoic acid）, （＋） catechin, and gallicin （Fig. 1）.
文摘The present study aims to make an evaluation of some secondary metabolites and determination of the antioxidant potential of <i>P. aquilinum</i> plant extracts obtained by means of a simple and rapid TLC method. The latter revealed the presence of terpenes, sterols, steroids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, sugars and amino acids. The evaluation of the potential antioxidant was assessed on phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These compounds’ dosages revealed different levels, but the highest antioxidant activity was found in the hydro-ethanol extract followed by the aqueous extract. Among the two families of evaluated antioxidants, phenolic compounds were found to be higher in the hydro-ethanolic extract (75.18 mgEAG/gM<sub>S</sub>), followed by the aqueous extract (66.78 mgEAG/gM<sub>S</sub>) and lower in the ethanolic extract (12.39 mgEAG/gM<sub>S</sub>). Whereas flavonoids, less significantly elevated, showed values of 2.58 mgECa/gM<sub>S</sub> for the hydro-ethanolic extract, 2.24 mgECa/gM<sub>S</sub> for the aqueous extract and 1.58 mgECa/gM<sub>S</sub> for the ethanolic extract. However, the antiradical activity was also evaluated. Contrary to the antioxidant activity, the most important antiradical activity was observed on the hydroethanolic extract with a rate of 3.61 mg/mL, then a weak activity on the aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively 6.18 mg/mL and 15.81 mg/mL, then less important on the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts respectively at levels of 6.18 mg/mL and 3.61 mg/mL.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1701503)Major Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province (2018CXGC0309)。
文摘[Objective] The paper was to clarify the bioactivity of trans-2-hexenal,oregano oil and thyme oil against Semiaphis heraclei and the synergistic effect of orange peel essential oil and organosilicon on the aphidicidal activity of the three agents.[Method] With S.heraclei,the dominant species of aphids in Lonicera japonica thunb.,as the test insect,the bioactivity and control effect were evaluated by the method of leaf dipping and foliar spraying.[Result] The indoor toxicity of thyme oil was the highest,with the LC_(50) of 1.793 mg/L.Adding additives significantly increased the toxicity of the agents to S.heraclei.Among them,trans-2-hexenal+OSi,oregano oil+OSi and thyme oil+OSi had obvious synergistic effects,with the toxicity coefficients of 1.80,1.48 and 1.45,respectively.Field test showed that the corrected control effect of thyme oil was the highest after con-ventional spraying,and the toxicities of the three agents were higher than that of the control group at 7 d post spraying.Under the condition of 20%reduction of three agents and adding organosilicon,the control effect was increased by about 10% at 1 d post spraying,which was higher than that of the control group at 4 d post spraying,and reached over 98% at 14 d post spraying.[Conclusion] Thyme oil has the highest toxicity and control effect on S.heraclei.Three agents combined with organosilicon have the obvious effect of reducing the quantity and increasing the efficiency,which has the potential for further development.
