Two hierarchies of new nonlinear differential-difference equations with one continuous variable and one discrete variable are constructed from the Darboux transformations of the Kaup-Newe11 hierarchy of equations. The...Two hierarchies of new nonlinear differential-difference equations with one continuous variable and one discrete variable are constructed from the Darboux transformations of the Kaup-Newe11 hierarchy of equations. Their integrable properties such as recursion operator, zero-curvature representations, and bi-Hamiltonian structures are stud- ied. In addition, the hierarchy of equations obtained by Wu and Geng is identified with the hierarchy of two-component modified Volterra lattice equations.展开更多
The impact of location services on people’s lives has grown significantly in the era of widespread smart device usage.Due to global navigation satellite system(GNSS)signal rejection,weak signal strength in indoor env...The impact of location services on people’s lives has grown significantly in the era of widespread smart device usage.Due to global navigation satellite system(GNSS)signal rejection,weak signal strength in indoor environments and radio signal interference caused by multiwall environments,which collectively lead to significant positioning errors,vision-based positioning has emerged as a crucial method in indoor positioning research.This paper introduces a scale hierarchical matching model to tackle challenges associated with large visual databases and high scene similarity,both of which will compromise matching accuracy and lead to prolonged positioning delays.The proposed model establishes an image feature database using GIST features and speeded up robust feature(SURF)in the offline stage.In the online stage,a positioning navigating algorithm is constructed based on Dijkstra’s path planning.Additionally,a corresponding Android application has been developed to facilitate visual positioning and navigation in indoor environments.Experimental results obtained in real indoor environments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances positioning accuracy compared with similar algorithms,while effectively reducing time overhead.This improvement caters to the requirements for indoor positioning and navigation,thereby meeting user needs.展开更多
For understanding the hierarchies of fermion masses and mixing,we extend the Standard Model(SM)gauge group with U(1)_(X) and Z_(2) symmetry.The field content of the SM is augmented by three heavy right-handed neutrino...For understanding the hierarchies of fermion masses and mixing,we extend the Standard Model(SM)gauge group with U(1)_(X) and Z_(2) symmetry.The field content of the SM is augmented by three heavy right-handed neutrinos,two new scalar singlets,and a scalar doublet.U(1)_(X) charges of different fields are determined after satisfying anomaly cancellation conditions.In this scenario,the fermion masses are generated through higher-dimensional effective operators with O(1)Yukawa couplings.The small neutrino masses are obtained through type-1 seesaw mechanism using the heavy right-handed neutrino fields,whose masses are generated by the new scalar fields.We discuss the flavour-changing neutral current processes that arise due to the sequential nature of U(1)_(X) symmetry.We have written effective higher-dimensional operators in terms of renormalizable dimension-four operators by introducing vector-like fermions.展开更多
Whether at the individual or national level,needs share many similarities.For a country,its language policy evolves in response to the country’s needs.From the perspective of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory,this ...Whether at the individual or national level,needs share many similarities.For a country,its language policy evolves in response to the country’s needs.From the perspective of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory,this paper explores the logic behind the evolution of Kazakhstan’s language policy.From the perspective of language policy,national needs can be divided into four levels:survival needs,development needs,integration needs,and international influence needs.This study not only offers a new explanation for the evolutionary logic of Kazakhstan’s language policy but also provides a reference for predicting a country’s language policies.展开更多
Lead-free halide perovskites provide a promising solution for efficient thermoelectric materials due to their ultralow lattice thermal conductivity(κ_(L)).However,disadvantages such as the electrically resistive natu...Lead-free halide perovskites provide a promising solution for efficient thermoelectric materials due to their ultralow lattice thermal conductivity(κ_(L)).However,disadvantages such as the electrically resistive nature strongly affect their power factor.In this work,we introduced the Te-based halide perovskites thermoelectric material Cs_(2)TeI_(6),which is already known as a promising candidate for photovoltaic applications due to its moderate band gap.Our findings reveal that Cs_(2)TeI_(6)has an exceptionally ultralow κ_(L)at room temperature,reaching as low as 0.17 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1).We found that the four-phonon scattering processes play a dominant role in suppressing the thermal transport,leading to an approximate 50% reduction in its particle-like thermal conductivity κ_(p) at 300 K.The ultralow κ_(L)can be mainly attributed to the strong discrepancy in bonding strength,which induces large anharmonicity.The flat and dense phonon dispersions result in a strong phonon scattering rate,making it easy to generate wavelike phonon tunneling.After accounting for the wavelike thermal conductivity κ_(c),a nonstandard T^(-0.30)temperature dependence was observed.Benefiting from the ultralow κ_(L),n-type Cs_(2)TeI_(6)is predicted to achieve an extraordinary ZT of 2.26 at 700 K.This work highlights a pathway for searching high-performance and low-cost thermoelectrics based on lead-free halide perovskites.展开更多
Renewable energy sources,including wind,solar,and biofuels,are essential for promoting sustainable economic development and mitigating environmental challenges.As China’s overseas investments in renewable energy expa...Renewable energy sources,including wind,solar,and biofuels,are essential for promoting sustainable economic development and mitigating environmental challenges.As China’s overseas investments in renewable energy expand,effective risk assessment and management have become critical.This study develops a comprehensive risk evaluation framework for China’s overseas renewable energy investments using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(FAHP).The framework incorporates political,economic,and project-specific risks,organized through three primary criteria,nine sub-criteria,and thirty tertiary indicators.By integrating expert judgments with fuzzy set theory,the FAHP methodology assigns accurate weights to risk factors and ensures consistency in evaluation.The findings identify political risks as the most significant,emphasizing their influence on investment strategies.These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers and investors to enhance risk management strategies and ensure the sustainability of China’s renewable energy initiatives abroad.展开更多
With the aid of multi-agent based modeling approach to complex systems, the hierarchy simulation models of carrier-based aircraft catapult launch are developed. Ocean, carrier, aircraft, and atmosphere are treated as ...With the aid of multi-agent based modeling approach to complex systems, the hierarchy simulation models of carrier-based aircraft catapult launch are developed. Ocean, carrier, aircraft, and atmosphere are treated as aggregation agents, the detailed components like catapult, landing gears, and disturbances are considered as meta-agents, which belong to their aggregation agent. Thus, the model with two layers is formed i.e. the aggregation agent layer and the meta-agent layer. The information communication among all agents is described. The meta-agents within one aggregation agent communicate with each other directly by information sharing, but the meta-agents, which belong to different aggregation agents exchange their information through the aggregation layer first, and then perceive it from the sharing environment, that is the aggregation agent. Thus, not only the hierarchy model is built, but also the environment perceived by each agent is specified. Meanwhile, the problem of balancing the independency of agent and the resource consumption brought by real-time communication within multi-agent system （MAS） is resolved. Each agent involved in carrier-based aircraft catapult launch is depicted, with considering the interaction within disturbed atmospheric environment and multiple motion bodies including carrier, aircraft, and landing gears. The models of reactive agents among them are derived based on tensors, and the perceived messages and inner frameworks of each agent are characterized. Finally, some results of a simulation instance are given. The simulation and modeling of dynamic system based on multi-agent system is of benefit to express physical concepts and logical hierarchy clearly and precisely. The system model can easily draw in kinds of other agents to achieve a precise simulation of more complex system. This modeling technique makes the complex integral dynamic equations of multibodies decompose into parallel operations of single agent, and it is convenient to expand, maintain, and reuse the program codes.展开更多
A new role hierarchy model for RBAC (role-based access control) is presented and its features are illustrated through examples. Some new concepts such as private permission, public permission and special permission ar...A new role hierarchy model for RBAC (role-based access control) is presented and its features are illustrated through examples. Some new concepts such as private permission, public permission and special permission are introduced, based on the RRA97 model. Some new role-role inheriting forms such as normal inheritance, private inheritance, public inheritance and special-without inheritance are defined. Based on the ideas mentioned, the new role hierarchy model is formulated. It is easier and more comprehensible to describe role-role relationships through the new model than through the traditional ones. The new model is closer to the real world and its mechanism is more powerful. Particularly it is more suitable when used in large-scale role hierarchies.展开更多
A min-max optimization method is proposed as a new approach to deal with the weight determination problem in the context of the analytic hierarchy process. The priority is obtained through minimizing the maximal absol...A min-max optimization method is proposed as a new approach to deal with the weight determination problem in the context of the analytic hierarchy process. The priority is obtained through minimizing the maximal absolute difference between the weight vector obtained from each column and the ideal weight vector. By transformation, the. constrained min- max optimization problem is converted to a linear programming problem, which can be solved using either the simplex method or the interior method. The Karush-Kuhn- Tucker condition is also analytically provided. These control thresholds provide a straightforward indication of inconsistency of the pairwise comparison matrix. Numerical computations for several case studies are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with three existing methods. This observation illustrates that the min-max method controls maximum deviation and gives more weight to non- dominate factors.展开更多
By analyzing the existing methods for the bridge bearing capacity assessment, an analytic hierarchy pro cess estimation model with a variable weight and fuzzy description is proposed based on the nondestructive infor ...By analyzing the existing methods for the bridge bearing capacity assessment, an analytic hierarchy pro cess estimation model with a variable weight and fuzzy description is proposed based on the nondestructive infor mation. Considering the actual strength, the bearing capacity is first calculated from its design state, and then modified based on the detection information. The modification includes the section reduction and the structure deterioration. The section reduction involves the concrete section and the steel cross-section reduction. The structure deterioration is decided by six factors, i.e. , the concrete surface damage, the actual concrete strength, the steel corrosion electric potential, the chloride ion content, the carbonization depth, and the protective layer depth. The initial weight of each factor is calculated by the expert judgment matrix using an analytic hierarchy process. The consistency approximation and the error transfer theory are used. Then, the variable weight is in- troduced to expand the influences of factors in the worse state. Finally, an actual bridge is taken as an example to verify the proposed method. Results show that the estimated capacity agrees well with that of the load test, thus the method is objective and credible展开更多
With the increased competition of modern economy and globalization,consumer creation which based on the analysis of consumer behavior was more and more attentioned and respected by business.Based on the meaning and ch...With the increased competition of modern economy and globalization,consumer creation which based on the analysis of consumer behavior was more and more attentioned and respected by business.Based on the meaning and characteristics of agricultural product consumer creation,index system of value model of agricultural product consumer creation was put forward through analytical hierarchy process（AHP）.The weights of the indicators and related indicators of impact on the value were analyzed,and value models of agricultural product consumer creation were constructed to provide ideas for development of agricultural product consumer market and research of consumer value.Consumer creation was constructed to provide ideas for development of agricultural product consumer market and research of consumer value.展开更多
Hierarchy of Needs,one of the most influential motivation theories,was developed by Abraham Maslow in 1940-50's USA.Hi erarchy of Needs theory has great significance in understanding human motivation,management tr...Hierarchy of Needs,one of the most influential motivation theories,was developed by Abraham Maslow in 1940-50's USA.Hi erarchy of Needs theory has great significance in understanding human motivation,management training and personal development.The purpose of this paper is to investigate briefly the application of the theory to educational settings so as to guide a more effective education.展开更多
Hierarchical europium oxalate Eu2（C2O4）3.10H2O micro-particles were synthesized through a simple precipitation method at room temperature in present of trisodium citrate. The products were characterized by X-ray dif...Hierarchical europium oxalate Eu2（C2O4）3.10H2O micro-particles were synthesized through a simple precipitation method at room temperature in present of trisodium citrate. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescence. The possible formation mechanism of the hierarchical europium oxalate Eu2（C2O4）3.10H2O micro-particles was discussed.展开更多
Basic attributes of landscape appreciation were summarized as interaction between appreciation subjects and objects,cultural identity and stability,symbolic meaning,preference of subjects,and unification of subjective...Basic attributes of landscape appreciation were summarized as interaction between appreciation subjects and objects,cultural identity and stability,symbolic meaning,preference of subjects,and unification of subjective and objective structures.On this basis,hierarchy and prefe-rence of tourist landscape appreciation were analyzed,classification of cultural groups and their cultural rules would promote landscape appreciation researches,while heterogeneous cultures of tourist landscapes were motives of tourist landscape appreciation,and structural optimization of tourist landscape appreciation would improve the quality of tourist landscape appreciation.Structure of tourist landscape appreciation was discussed according to aesthetic characteristics of tourist landscapes,and three dimensions were included in the structure:"space-scale","time-history" and "mechanism-function".Guided by structuralism aesthetics,planning principles of tourist landscapes were proposed from the perspectives of dimension structure and cultural preference,aesthetic standard of the public and market orientation,symbolism and cultural value.展开更多
A dynamic hierarchical description method for workflow is presented. The method provides a dynamic hierarchical way to define a workflow with non-determinate or dynamic factors. With this method, the main process defi...A dynamic hierarchical description method for workflow is presented. The method provides a dynamic hierarchical way to define a workflow with non-determinate or dynamic factors. With this method, the main process defined at build-time can be reified and extended by the principle of the sub-organizations at either the build-time or the run-time. To ensure the consistency and integrity of the description, a series of constraint rules are also discussed to realize seamless integration between a decomposed process and its original one. This approach supports the description of unpredictable uncertainties, the dynamic hierarchy of business process, and the dynamic modification of enterprise organizations, and all of these improve the flexibility and extendability of workflow management systems dramatically.展开更多
Before emancipation, most balck women worked for the whites as domestic slaves; After emancipation, most balck women, as domestic emloyees, still had to do hard domestic work for survival, though they had a little fre...Before emancipation, most balck women worked for the whites as domestic slaves; After emancipation, most balck women, as domestic emloyees, still had to do hard domestic work for survival, though they had a little freedom and property. Balck women's identities changed literally, but the social hierarchy of whites'supremacy to blacks and men's supremacy to women still unchanged.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11271168the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsInnovation Project of the Graduate Students in Jiangsu Normal University
文摘Two hierarchies of new nonlinear differential-difference equations with one continuous variable and one discrete variable are constructed from the Darboux transformations of the Kaup-Newe11 hierarchy of equations. Their integrable properties such as recursion operator, zero-curvature representations, and bi-Hamiltonian structures are stud- ied. In addition, the hierarchy of equations obtained by Wu and Geng is identified with the hierarchy of two-component modified Volterra lattice equations.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61971162,61771186)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.PL2024F025)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund of National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory in Southeast University(No.2023D07)the Fundamental Scientific Research Funds of Heilongjiang Province(No.2022-KYYWF-1050).
文摘The impact of location services on people’s lives has grown significantly in the era of widespread smart device usage.Due to global navigation satellite system(GNSS)signal rejection,weak signal strength in indoor environments and radio signal interference caused by multiwall environments,which collectively lead to significant positioning errors,vision-based positioning has emerged as a crucial method in indoor positioning research.This paper introduces a scale hierarchical matching model to tackle challenges associated with large visual databases and high scene similarity,both of which will compromise matching accuracy and lead to prolonged positioning delays.The proposed model establishes an image feature database using GIST features and speeded up robust feature(SURF)in the offline stage.In the online stage,a positioning navigating algorithm is constructed based on Dijkstra’s path planning.Additionally,a corresponding Android application has been developed to facilitate visual positioning and navigation in indoor environments.Experimental results obtained in real indoor environments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances positioning accuracy compared with similar algorithms,while effectively reducing time overhead.This improvement caters to the requirements for indoor positioning and navigation,thereby meeting user needs.
基金ARS thanks the Ministry of Minority Affairs,Government of India,for financial support through Maulana Azad National Fellowship under Grant No.F.82-27/2019(SA-Ⅲ).
文摘For understanding the hierarchies of fermion masses and mixing,we extend the Standard Model(SM)gauge group with U(1)_(X) and Z_(2) symmetry.The field content of the SM is augmented by three heavy right-handed neutrinos,two new scalar singlets,and a scalar doublet.U(1)_(X) charges of different fields are determined after satisfying anomaly cancellation conditions.In this scenario,the fermion masses are generated through higher-dimensional effective operators with O(1)Yukawa couplings.The small neutrino masses are obtained through type-1 seesaw mechanism using the heavy right-handed neutrino fields,whose masses are generated by the new scalar fields.We discuss the flavour-changing neutral current processes that arise due to the sequential nature of U(1)_(X) symmetry.We have written effective higher-dimensional operators in terms of renormalizable dimension-four operators by introducing vector-like fermions.
基金Phased Achievement of the 2023 Open Project of the Kazakhstan Research Center at YiIi Normal University,Study on National Language Education Policy in Kazakhstan Under the Belt and Road Initiative(No.2023HSKSTYJYB007).
文摘Whether at the individual or national level,needs share many similarities.For a country,its language policy evolves in response to the country’s needs.From the perspective of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory,this paper explores the logic behind the evolution of Kazakhstan’s language policy.From the perspective of language policy,national needs can be divided into four levels:survival needs,development needs,integration needs,and international influence needs.This study not only offers a new explanation for the evolutionary logic of Kazakhstan’s language policy but also provides a reference for predicting a country’s language policies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12204482 and U2330104)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(Grant No.2020L0537)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202403021221164)Higher Education Teaching Reform and Innovation Project of Shanxi Province(Grant No.J20220480)Graduate Curriculum Ideological and Political Education Project of Shanxi Normal University(Grant No.010520233013)。
文摘Lead-free halide perovskites provide a promising solution for efficient thermoelectric materials due to their ultralow lattice thermal conductivity(κ_(L)).However,disadvantages such as the electrically resistive nature strongly affect their power factor.In this work,we introduced the Te-based halide perovskites thermoelectric material Cs_(2)TeI_(6),which is already known as a promising candidate for photovoltaic applications due to its moderate band gap.Our findings reveal that Cs_(2)TeI_(6)has an exceptionally ultralow κ_(L)at room temperature,reaching as low as 0.17 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1).We found that the four-phonon scattering processes play a dominant role in suppressing the thermal transport,leading to an approximate 50% reduction in its particle-like thermal conductivity κ_(p) at 300 K.The ultralow κ_(L)can be mainly attributed to the strong discrepancy in bonding strength,which induces large anharmonicity.The flat and dense phonon dispersions result in a strong phonon scattering rate,making it easy to generate wavelike phonon tunneling.After accounting for the wavelike thermal conductivity κ_(c),a nonstandard T^(-0.30)temperature dependence was observed.Benefiting from the ultralow κ_(L),n-type Cs_(2)TeI_(6)is predicted to achieve an extraordinary ZT of 2.26 at 700 K.This work highlights a pathway for searching high-performance and low-cost thermoelectrics based on lead-free halide perovskites.
基金supported by the project VSB-TU Ostrava,SP2024/045.
文摘Renewable energy sources,including wind,solar,and biofuels,are essential for promoting sustainable economic development and mitigating environmental challenges.As China’s overseas investments in renewable energy expand,effective risk assessment and management have become critical.This study develops a comprehensive risk evaluation framework for China’s overseas renewable energy investments using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(FAHP).The framework incorporates political,economic,and project-specific risks,organized through three primary criteria,nine sub-criteria,and thirty tertiary indicators.By integrating expert judgments with fuzzy set theory,the FAHP methodology assigns accurate weights to risk factors and ensures consistency in evaluation.The findings identify political risks as the most significant,emphasizing their influence on investment strategies.These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers and investors to enhance risk management strategies and ensure the sustainability of China’s renewable energy initiatives abroad.
基金Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (2006ZA51004)
文摘With the aid of multi-agent based modeling approach to complex systems, the hierarchy simulation models of carrier-based aircraft catapult launch are developed. Ocean, carrier, aircraft, and atmosphere are treated as aggregation agents, the detailed components like catapult, landing gears, and disturbances are considered as meta-agents, which belong to their aggregation agent. Thus, the model with two layers is formed i.e. the aggregation agent layer and the meta-agent layer. The information communication among all agents is described. The meta-agents within one aggregation agent communicate with each other directly by information sharing, but the meta-agents, which belong to different aggregation agents exchange their information through the aggregation layer first, and then perceive it from the sharing environment, that is the aggregation agent. Thus, not only the hierarchy model is built, but also the environment perceived by each agent is specified. Meanwhile, the problem of balancing the independency of agent and the resource consumption brought by real-time communication within multi-agent system （MAS） is resolved. Each agent involved in carrier-based aircraft catapult launch is depicted, with considering the interaction within disturbed atmospheric environment and multiple motion bodies including carrier, aircraft, and landing gears. The models of reactive agents among them are derived based on tensors, and the perceived messages and inner frameworks of each agent are characterized. Finally, some results of a simulation instance are given. The simulation and modeling of dynamic system based on multi-agent system is of benefit to express physical concepts and logical hierarchy clearly and precisely. The system model can easily draw in kinds of other agents to achieve a precise simulation of more complex system. This modeling technique makes the complex integral dynamic equations of multibodies decompose into parallel operations of single agent, and it is convenient to expand, maintain, and reuse the program codes.
文摘A new role hierarchy model for RBAC (role-based access control) is presented and its features are illustrated through examples. Some new concepts such as private permission, public permission and special permission are introduced, based on the RRA97 model. Some new role-role inheriting forms such as normal inheritance, private inheritance, public inheritance and special-without inheritance are defined. Based on the ideas mentioned, the new role hierarchy model is formulated. It is easier and more comprehensible to describe role-role relationships through the new model than through the traditional ones. The new model is closer to the real world and its mechanism is more powerful. Particularly it is more suitable when used in large-scale role hierarchies.
基金The US National Science Foundation (No. CMMI-0408390,CMMI-0644552,BCS-0527508)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51010044,U1134206)+2 种基金the Fok YingTong Education Foundation (No. 114024)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK2009015)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. 0901005C)
文摘A min-max optimization method is proposed as a new approach to deal with the weight determination problem in the context of the analytic hierarchy process. The priority is obtained through minimizing the maximal absolute difference between the weight vector obtained from each column and the ideal weight vector. By transformation, the. constrained min- max optimization problem is converted to a linear programming problem, which can be solved using either the simplex method or the interior method. The Karush-Kuhn- Tucker condition is also analytically provided. These control thresholds provide a straightforward indication of inconsistency of the pairwise comparison matrix. Numerical computations for several case studies are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with three existing methods. This observation illustrates that the min-max method controls maximum deviation and gives more weight to non- dominate factors.
基金Supported by the Jiangshu Province Communication Scientific Research Project(06Y21)Zhejiang Province Road Scientific Research Project(2007-013-11L)~~
文摘By analyzing the existing methods for the bridge bearing capacity assessment, an analytic hierarchy pro cess estimation model with a variable weight and fuzzy description is proposed based on the nondestructive infor mation. Considering the actual strength, the bearing capacity is first calculated from its design state, and then modified based on the detection information. The modification includes the section reduction and the structure deterioration. The section reduction involves the concrete section and the steel cross-section reduction. The structure deterioration is decided by six factors, i.e. , the concrete surface damage, the actual concrete strength, the steel corrosion electric potential, the chloride ion content, the carbonization depth, and the protective layer depth. The initial weight of each factor is calculated by the expert judgment matrix using an analytic hierarchy process. The consistency approximation and the error transfer theory are used. Then, the variable weight is in- troduced to expand the influences of factors in the worse state. Finally, an actual bridge is taken as an example to verify the proposed method. Results show that the estimated capacity agrees well with that of the load test, thus the method is objective and credible
基金Supported by Rural Development Research Center in Sichuan(2009CR2110921)~~
文摘With the increased competition of modern economy and globalization,consumer creation which based on the analysis of consumer behavior was more and more attentioned and respected by business.Based on the meaning and characteristics of agricultural product consumer creation,index system of value model of agricultural product consumer creation was put forward through analytical hierarchy process（AHP）.The weights of the indicators and related indicators of impact on the value were analyzed,and value models of agricultural product consumer creation were constructed to provide ideas for development of agricultural product consumer market and research of consumer value.Consumer creation was constructed to provide ideas for development of agricultural product consumer market and research of consumer value.
文摘Hierarchy of Needs,one of the most influential motivation theories,was developed by Abraham Maslow in 1940-50's USA.Hi erarchy of Needs theory has great significance in understanding human motivation,management training and personal development.The purpose of this paper is to investigate briefly the application of the theory to educational settings so as to guide a more effective education.
文摘Hierarchical europium oxalate Eu2（C2O4）3.10H2O micro-particles were synthesized through a simple precipitation method at room temperature in present of trisodium citrate. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescence. The possible formation mechanism of the hierarchical europium oxalate Eu2（C2O4）3.10H2O micro-particles was discussed.
基金Supported by Research Program of Humanity and Social Science ofthe Ministry of Education 10YJCZH246Philosophy and Social Science Foundation Program of Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province 2011SJD630067Philosophy and Social Science Foundation Program of Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province 2011S JB850002~~
文摘Basic attributes of landscape appreciation were summarized as interaction between appreciation subjects and objects,cultural identity and stability,symbolic meaning,preference of subjects,and unification of subjective and objective structures.On this basis,hierarchy and prefe-rence of tourist landscape appreciation were analyzed,classification of cultural groups and their cultural rules would promote landscape appreciation researches,while heterogeneous cultures of tourist landscapes were motives of tourist landscape appreciation,and structural optimization of tourist landscape appreciation would improve the quality of tourist landscape appreciation.Structure of tourist landscape appreciation was discussed according to aesthetic characteristics of tourist landscapes,and three dimensions were included in the structure:"space-scale","time-history" and "mechanism-function".Guided by structuralism aesthetics,planning principles of tourist landscapes were proposed from the perspectives of dimension structure and cultural preference,aesthetic standard of the public and market orientation,symbolism and cultural value.
文摘A dynamic hierarchical description method for workflow is presented. The method provides a dynamic hierarchical way to define a workflow with non-determinate or dynamic factors. With this method, the main process defined at build-time can be reified and extended by the principle of the sub-organizations at either the build-time or the run-time. To ensure the consistency and integrity of the description, a series of constraint rules are also discussed to realize seamless integration between a decomposed process and its original one. This approach supports the description of unpredictable uncertainties, the dynamic hierarchy of business process, and the dynamic modification of enterprise organizations, and all of these improve the flexibility and extendability of workflow management systems dramatically.
文摘Before emancipation, most balck women worked for the whites as domestic slaves; After emancipation, most balck women, as domestic emloyees, still had to do hard domestic work for survival, though they had a little freedom and property. Balck women's identities changed literally, but the social hierarchy of whites'supremacy to blacks and men's supremacy to women still unchanged.
