Arbitration is a key non-litigation commercial mechanism for the resolution of disputes, and the quality and credibility of its awards depend largely on the competency of the arbitrators. However, the selection and ev...Arbitration is a key non-litigation commercial mechanism for the resolution of disputes, and the quality and credibility of its awards depend largely on the competency of the arbitrators. However, the selection and evaluation systems for arbitrators in China have long faced challenges such as the vague criteria for competency and an unclear professionalization path for arbitrators. To address these issues, this study is grounded in the context of actual Chinese arbitration practice and based on the competency iceberg model. Through a methodological approach encompassing literature reviews, behavioral event interviews, expert revisions, and questionnaire surveys, a Chinese Arbitrator Competency Scale was developed and validated in this study. Examination of the findings indicated that the scale needed to consist of five dimensions—communication and coordination, cognitive skills, ethical conduct, work motivation, and personality traits—and possess a total of 28 specific indicators. Confirmatory analysis of the factors demonstrates a good fit for the five-dimensional model, with each of the dimensions exhibiting high reliability and validity. This scale is innovative in integrating the competency elements with Chinese characteristics, such as commercial acumen, crosscultural mediation skills, and adaptability to the local rule of law. This research not only enriches the competency theory in regard to the field of human resource management but also provides a scientific framework of standards and measurement tools for the selection, training, and evaluation of arbitrators. It thus has significant practical value for enhancing the professionalism and international competitiveness of China's arbitration system.展开更多
The spatial optimization of best management practices(BMPs) plays a critical role in precise watershed pollution control. However, the effectiveness of BMPs exhibits a complex nonlinear dependence on both configuratio...The spatial optimization of best management practices(BMPs) plays a critical role in precise watershed pollution control. However, the effectiveness of BMPs exhibits a complex nonlinear dependence on both configuration unit scale and rainfall intensity, often leading to widespread spatiotemporal mismatches during implementation. To fill this gap, this study proposes a new framework:(a) delineating configuration units based on the implementation scale differences between structural and nonstructural BMPs;(b) incorporating BMP reduction thresholds to enable dynamic adjustment of design scales according to inflow loads;and(c) developing a staged allocation strategy tailored to varying rainfall scenarios. The framework is exemplified by an agricultural catchment in the southeastern Liaohe watershed, China. The results showed that the framework could improve the assessment accuracy and cost-effectiveness of pollution control. Specifically, neglecting BMP reduction thresholds resulted in a 51.35% underestimation of treatment costs. Incorporating these thresholds and dynamically adjusting BMP design scales reduced treatment costs by 62.70%. Furthermore, the framework facilitated more precise localization of structural BMPs(1 km^(2)) and improved optimization efficiency by 95.91%. The proposed staged allocation strategy ensured water quality compliance under varying rainfall intensities. Structural BMPs primarily addressed pollution from light to moderate rainfall in the initial stage, while nonstructural BMPs targeted heavy rainfall pollution in the subsequent stage. The proposed framework may enhance the spatiotemporal adaptability of BMP configuration to respond to the threats posed by climate change and human activities. It can also be extended to other agriculture-dominated watersheds.展开更多
Data center industries have been facing huge energy challenges due to escalating power consumption and associated carbon emissions.In the context of carbon neutrality,the integration of data centers with renewable ene...Data center industries have been facing huge energy challenges due to escalating power consumption and associated carbon emissions.In the context of carbon neutrality,the integration of data centers with renewable energy has become a prevailing trend.To advance the renewable energy integration in data centers,it is imperative to thoroughly explore the data centers’operational flexibility.Computing workloads and refrigeration systems are recognized as two promising flexible resources for power regulationwithin data centermicro-grids.This paper identifies and categorizes delay-tolerant computing workloads into three types(long-running non-interruptible,long-running interruptible,and short-running)and develops mathematical time-shifting models for each.Additionally,this paper examines the thermal dynamics of the computer room and derives a time-varying temperature model coupled to refrigeration power.Building on these models,this paper proposes a two-stage,multi-time scale optimization scheduling framework that jointly coordinates computing workloads time-shift in day-ahead scheduling and refrigeration power control in intra-day dispatch to mitigate renewable variability.A case study demonstrates that the framework effectively enhances the renewable-energy utilization,improves the operational economy of the data center microgrid,and mitigates the impact of renewable power uncertainty.The results highlight the potential of coordinated computing workloads and thermal system flexibility to support greener,more cost-effective data center operation.展开更多
Owing to intensified globalization and informatization,the structures of the urban scale hierarchy and urban networks between cities have become increasingly intertwined,resulting in different spatial effects.Therefor...Owing to intensified globalization and informatization,the structures of the urban scale hierarchy and urban networks between cities have become increasingly intertwined,resulting in different spatial effects.Therefore,this paper analyzes the spatial interaction between urban scale hierarchy and urban networks in China from 2019 to 2023,drawing on Baidu migration data and employing a spatial simultaneous equation model.The results reveal a significant positive spatial correlation between cities with higher hierarchy and those with greater network centrality.Within a static framework,we identify a positive interaction between urban scale hierarchy and urban network centrality,while their spatial cross-effects manifest as negative neighborhood interactions based on geographical distance and positive cross-scale interactions shaped by network connections.Within a dynamic framework,changes in urban scale hierarchy and urban networks are mutually reinforcing,thereby widening disparities within the urban hierarchy.Furthermore,an increase in a city’s network centrality had a dampening effect on the population growth of neighboring cities and network-connected cities.This study enhances understanding of the spatial organisation of urban systems and offers insights for coordinated regional development.展开更多
Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of thr...Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of three actions:fast(errorcorrection),medium(negative feedback for expanded proportional band)and slow(reset for zero steady-state error).The focus of the paper is on the reset action,generated from a positive feedback loop,and its underlying principles with profound implications to our understanding and practice of automatic control,both basic and advanced.For example,we note that reset control and integral control,contrary to common belief,differ fundamentally in design principle and in practicality.Such difference comes to a head in the event of integrator windup:while reset windup is a problem of actuator saturation,the integrator windup is a runaway situation due to controller instability.In fact,there is no advantage gained in replacing MR with an integrator.In other words,one should not integrate the error directly as in standard PID,since doing so makes the closed-loop system internally unstable.With MR-based control formulated in this paper,there is no such threat of instability and,therefore,no need for any anti-windup mechanisms.Furthermore,the integral control is made scalable in this framework as a tradeoff between the steady-state accuracy and the controller stability.This leads to a novel MR-based control design,scalable in gain and in time to accommodate various process characteristics and design specifications.Simple in construction and transparent in principle,this MR-based control,as a basic framework of design,is readily deployable in scale.展开更多
Background The patient-reported Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale(DARS)has been adapted into Chinese,so there is a need to evaluate its measurement properties in a Chinese population.Aims To evaluate the reliability ...Background The patient-reported Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale(DARS)has been adapted into Chinese,so there is a need to evaluate its measurement properties in a Chinese population.Aims To evaluate the reliability and validity of the DARS among Chinese individuals with major depressive disorder(MDD)and its treatment sensitivity in a prospective clinical study.Methods Data were from a multicentre,prospective clinical study(NCT03294525),which recruited both patients with MDD,who were followed for 8 weeks,and healthy controls(HCs),assessed at baseline only.The analysis included confirmatory factor analysis,validity and sensitivity to change.Results Patients’mean(standard deviation(SD))age was 34.8(11.0)years,with 68.7%being female.75.2%of patients with MDD had melancholic features,followed by 63.8%with anxious distress.Patients had experienced MDD for a mean(SD)of 9.2(18)months.DARS scores covered the full range of severity with no major floor or ceiling effects.Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate fit statistics(comparative fit index 0.976,goodness-of-fit index 0.935 and root mean square error of approximation 0.055).Convergent validity with anhedonia-related measures was confirmed.While the correlation between the DARS and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was not strong(r=0.31,baseline),the DARS was found to differentiate between levels of depression.Greater improvements in DARS scores were seen with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression responder group(effect size 1.16)compared with the non-responder group(effect size 0.46).Conclusions This study comprehensively evaluated the measurement properties of the DARS using a Chinese population with MDD.Overall,the Chinese version of DARS demonstrates good psychometric properties and has been found to be responsive to change during antidepressant treatment.The DARS is a suitable scale for assessing patient-reported anhedonia in future clinical trials.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate possible associations between physical function assessment scales,such as Short Physical Performance Battery(SPPB)and Berg Balance Scale(BBS),with all-cause mortality in acute decompensated he...OBJECTIVE To investigate possible associations between physical function assessment scales,such as Short Physical Performance Battery(SPPB)and Berg Balance Scale(BBS),with all-cause mortality in acute decompensated heart failure(ADHF)patients.METHODS A total of 108 ADHF patients were analyzed from October 2020 to October 2022,and followed up to May 2023.The association between baseline clinical characteristics and all-cause mortality was analyzed by univariate Cox regression analysis,while for SPPB and BBS,univariate Cox regression analysis was followed by receiver operating characteristic curves,in which the area under the curve represented their predictive accuracy for all-cause mortality.Incremental predictive values for both physical function assessments were measured by calculating net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement scores.Optimal cutoff value for BBS was then identified using restricted cubic spline plots,and survival differences below and above that cut-off were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test.The clinical utility of BBS was measured using decision curve analysis.RESULTS For baseline characteristics,age,female,blood urea nitrogen,as well as statins,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,angiotensin II receptor blockers,or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors,were predictive for all-cause mortality for ADHF patients.With respect to SPPB and BBS,higher scores were associated with lower all-cause mortality rates for both assessments;similar area under the curves were measured for both(0.774 for SPPB and 0.776 for BBS).Furthermore,BBS≤36.5 was associated with significantly higher mortality,which was still applicable even adjusting for confounding factors;BBS was also found to have great clinical utility under decision curve analysis.CONCLUSIONS BBS or SPPB could be used as tools to assess physical function in ageing ADHF patients,as well as prognosticate on all-cause mortality.Moreover,prioritizing the improvement of balance capabilities of ADHF patients in cardiac rehabilitation regimens could aid in lowering mortality risk.展开更多
Loneliness is a complex and usually unpleasant emotional response to isolation,which has been considered the latest global health epidemic exacerbated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,affecting nearly twothird...Loneliness is a complex and usually unpleasant emotional response to isolation,which has been considered the latest global health epidemic exacerbated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,affecting nearly twothirds of older adults.Some profound health implications carried by loneliness include depression,cognitive impairment,hypertension and frailty.Across the world,there is no consensus definition of loneliness,and its measure is based on the phenomenological perspective of the individual.The 20-item University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale version 3(UCLA-20)is the most common measure.This scale demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties but is too long and complex for a phone interview.This paper addresses the increasing need to shorten this scale by adopting classical item response theory and network psychometrics to advance scale development.Through an item reduction analysis,we trimmed the original scale into an effective short form,which is as valid as the original one.With respondents’time at a premium in most research nowadays,this shortform scale is an efficient and practical alternative to the original UCLA-20.展开更多
Background The effectiveness of life skills-based prevention programs to prevent substance addiction has been underexplored in Türkiye,likely in part due to the lack of validated measurement tools developed speci...Background The effectiveness of life skills-based prevention programs to prevent substance addiction has been underexplored in Türkiye,likely in part due to the lack of validated measurement tools developed specifically for that purpose.Therefore,the aim of this study is to develop a tool to measure life skills for middle school students.The present study aims to test the factorial structure,reliability,convergent and discriminant validity,and measurement invariance across gender and age groups of the Green Crescent Life Skills(GCLS)Scale.Methods The study was conducted in Istanbul with two different sample groups.The first sample consisted of 566 and the second sample consisted of 885 middle school students.In the study,exploratory factor analysis(EFA)was applied to the first sample,and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)was applied to the second sample to test the factorial structure of the scale.Convergent and discriminant validity were examined to provide evidence for construct-based validity.The reliability of the scale was assessed with Cronbach’sα,composite reliability,McDonald’sω,and test-retest.Results The EFA results showed that the scale consisted of four factors(self-awareness,coping with negative emotions,thinking skills,and peer relations).CFA results also confirmed this structure.The results revealed a significant positive correlation(r=0.52,p<0.01)between life skills and avoidance self-efficacy scores,as well as a significant negative correlation(r=−0.53,p<0.01)between life skills and attitude toward drug use scores.Additionally,it was found that measurement invariances based on gender and age groups were provided.It was determined that all sub-dimensions had sufficient reliability levels.Conclusion The findings of this validation study show that the GCLS Scale,which assesses four skills in a self-reported format,is a valid and reliable scale with considerable potential utility in monitoring life skills in Turkish adolescent populations.展开更多
We propose a hierarchical multi-scale attention mechanism-based model in response to the low accuracy and inefficient manual classification of existing oceanic biological image classification methods. Firstly, the hie...We propose a hierarchical multi-scale attention mechanism-based model in response to the low accuracy and inefficient manual classification of existing oceanic biological image classification methods. Firstly, the hierarchical efficient multi-scale attention(H-EMA) module is designed for lightweight feature extraction, achieving outstanding performance at a relatively low cost. Secondly, an improved EfficientNetV2 block is used to integrate information from different scales better and enhance inter-layer message passing. Furthermore, introducing the convolutional block attention module(CBAM) enhances the model's perception of critical features, optimizing its generalization ability. Lastly, Focal Loss is introduced to adjust the weights of complex samples to address the issue of imbalanced categories in the dataset, further improving the model's performance. The model achieved 96.11% accuracy on the intertidal marine organism dataset of Nanji Islands and 84.78% accuracy on the CIFAR-100 dataset, demonstrating its strong generalization ability to meet the demands of oceanic biological image classification.展开更多
BACKGROUND Excessive oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of diabetic complications,including impaired ulcer healing.Previous studies have shown that fish scale ointment can promote wound healing.AIM T...BACKGROUND Excessive oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of diabetic complications,including impaired ulcer healing.Previous studies have shown that fish scale ointment can promote wound healing.AIM To preliminarily investigate the effect of fish scale ointment on wound healing in a diabetic foot ulcer(DFU)rat model by examining its regulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)pathway and induction of ferroptosis.METHODS Fish scale ointment(collagen product)was prepared from 500 g of silver carp scales.A diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat and high-sugar feeding combined with intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections.For the DFU rat model,ulcer wounds were created by removing dorsal foot hair and cutting the skin to the fascia.The diabetic rats were randomized into five groups:Model,fish scale collagen(FSC),control+liproxstatin-1(Lip-1),model+Lip-1,and FSC+Lip-1.In each group,treatments were administered once daily by topical application and intraperitoneal injection for 14 days.Wound healing was evaluated on days 7 and 14 after treatment.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess wound injury and capillary formation.Basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)and CD31 levels in wound tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry.Additionally,malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH),ferroptosis-associated genes,and iron ion concentrations were quantified using assay kits.Protein levels of Nrf2,heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)were determined using Western blotting.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the model group showed slower wound healing,reduced angiogenesis,decreased bFGF and CD31 levels,increased iron ion concentration and MDA levels,reduced GSH levels,and decreased Nrf2,HO-1,and GPX4 protein expression(all P<0.05).The FSC,model+Lip-1,and FSC+Lip-1 groups showed increased wound healing and angiogenesis,elevated bFGF and CD31 expression,lowered iron ion concentration and MDA levels,increased GSH levels,and enhanced Nrf2,HO-1,and GPX4 protein levels compared with the model group(P<0.05).Improvements were more pronounced in the FSC+Lip-1 group compared with the FSC group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Fish scale ointment promotes angiogenesis and wound healing in DFU rat models by inhibiting ferroptosis,possibly through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.展开更多
Scale effects and evaluation models are crucial to the accuracy of landscape ecological risk evaluation.However,most studies conduct these evaluations at a single scale or with a single model,ignoring potential scale ...Scale effects and evaluation models are crucial to the accuracy of landscape ecological risk evaluation.However,most studies conduct these evaluations at a single scale or with a single model,ignoring potential scale effects and changes in landscape patterns.To address this,we took the Leshan City in Sichuan Province of China as a study case.We determined that the optimal spatial granularity for the study area is 150 m by analyzing the sensitivities of eight landscape pattern indices such as landscape fragmentation,landscape spreading,and Shannon's diversity at different spatial granularities,and employing the inflection point identification method.Building on this,we constructed a landscape pattern index model(ERI model)and a landscape pattern index model coupled with the ecological process of soil erosion(SI-ERI model)by incorporating the natural geographic factors of the study area.We used the ERI and SI-ERI models to evaluate the landscape ecological risk of Leshan City across multiple scales,including ecological,administrative,and sample scales.After conducting overlay and spatial autocorrelation analyses of the multi-scale evaluation results,we determined that the administrative scale is optimal for evaluating landscape ecological risk in the study area.At this scale,we verified the accuracy and reliability of the two models'evaluation results against the actual ecological environment in typical areas within the study area.The findings indicated that the SI-ERI model provided more precise and accurate spatial characterization,effectively reflecting the actual landscape ecological risk of Leshan City.According to the SI-ERI model's evaluation results at the administrative scale,Leshan City's overall risk level is relatively low,with good ecological environmental quality.Low-risk areas constitute 56.16%and medium-low-risk areas make up 23.81%,aligning closely with the city's actual situation.This study thus offers a scientific basis and theoretical reference for managing ecological risks and planning urban development in Leshan City.展开更多
The application of ecosystem services(ES)theories in land consolidation is a confusing issue that has long plagued scholars and government officials.As the upgraded version of traditional land consolidation,comprehens...The application of ecosystem services(ES)theories in land consolidation is a confusing issue that has long plagued scholars and government officials.As the upgraded version of traditional land consolidation,comprehensive land consolidation(CLC)emphasizes ecological benefits,but it does not achieve the expected effect during the pilot phase.This study first proposed a theoretical analysis framework based on ES knowledge to answer the three key questions of why,where,and how to implement CLC better.Taking mountainous counties as the study area,we found that ES trade-offs/synergies,bundles,and drivers were significantly affected by scale effects.ES knowledge can play a crucial role in designing multi-scale CLC strategies regarding the objective,zoning,intensity,and mode.Specifically,mitigating the significant trade-offs between recreational opportunities,food production,and other ES is the top priority of CLC.Land consolidation zoning based on the ES bundles analysis is more rational and can provide the scientific premise for designing locally adapted CLC measures.Land consolidation can be classified into high-intensity direct intervention and low-intensity indirect intervention modes,based on the major drivers of ES.These findings help narrow the gap between ES and CLC practices.展开更多
Correctly tracking the evolution of spatial heterogeneity of local degree of saturation(Sr)in unsaturated soils is essential to explain the seepage phenomenon,which is crucial to assessing slope stability.Several meth...Correctly tracking the evolution of spatial heterogeneity of local degree of saturation(Sr)in unsaturated soils is essential to explain the seepage phenomenon,which is crucial to assessing slope stability.Several methods exist for quantifying the heterogeneity of local S_(r).However,a comprehensive comparison of these methods in terms of accuracy,relative advantages,and disadvantages is currently lacking.This paper presents a comparative analysis of local Sr obtained at multiple scales,ranging from the element scale to the slice,representative element volume(REV),pore,and voxel scales.The spatial heterogeneity of Sr in an unsaturated glass beads specimen at different matric suctions was visualised and quantified by multiscale X-ray micro-focus computed tomography image-based analysis methods.Local Sr obtained at different scales displayed a comparable trend along the sample depth,yet the REV-scale method showed a much scattered and discontinuous distribution.In contrast,the pore-scale method detected a distinct two-clustered,bimodal distribution of S_(r).The pore-scale method has the highest integrated resolution,as it has the highest spatial resolution(i.e.number of data points)and provides more information(i.e.number of extractable physical parameters).This method thus provides a more effective approach for tracking the spatial heterogeneity of S_(r).Based on this method,pore-scale water retention curves were determined,offering new quantitative means to characterise pore water heterogeneity and explainwater drainage processes such as hysteresis at the pore scale.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid population growth and the accelerated urbanization process,the contradiction between the demand for expanding ground space and the limited available land scale is becoming increasingly ...0 INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid population growth and the accelerated urbanization process,the contradiction between the demand for expanding ground space and the limited available land scale is becoming increasingly prominent.China has implemented and completed several largescale land infilling and excavation projects(Figure 1),which have become the main way to increase land resources and expand construction land.展开更多
基金Research on Problems and Countermeasures in Building the Capacity of the Grassroots International Chambers of Commerce in the Context of High-Quality Development (W2024H03841)a key research project of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in 2025。
文摘Arbitration is a key non-litigation commercial mechanism for the resolution of disputes, and the quality and credibility of its awards depend largely on the competency of the arbitrators. However, the selection and evaluation systems for arbitrators in China have long faced challenges such as the vague criteria for competency and an unclear professionalization path for arbitrators. To address these issues, this study is grounded in the context of actual Chinese arbitration practice and based on the competency iceberg model. Through a methodological approach encompassing literature reviews, behavioral event interviews, expert revisions, and questionnaire surveys, a Chinese Arbitrator Competency Scale was developed and validated in this study. Examination of the findings indicated that the scale needed to consist of five dimensions—communication and coordination, cognitive skills, ethical conduct, work motivation, and personality traits—and possess a total of 28 specific indicators. Confirmatory analysis of the factors demonstrates a good fit for the five-dimensional model, with each of the dimensions exhibiting high reliability and validity. This scale is innovative in integrating the competency elements with Chinese characteristics, such as commercial acumen, crosscultural mediation skills, and adaptability to the local rule of law. This research not only enriches the competency theory in regard to the field of human resource management but also provides a scientific framework of standards and measurement tools for the selection, training, and evaluation of arbitrators. It thus has significant practical value for enhancing the professionalism and international competitiveness of China's arbitration system.
基金supported by the Fund for Innovative Research Group of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52221003)。
文摘The spatial optimization of best management practices(BMPs) plays a critical role in precise watershed pollution control. However, the effectiveness of BMPs exhibits a complex nonlinear dependence on both configuration unit scale and rainfall intensity, often leading to widespread spatiotemporal mismatches during implementation. To fill this gap, this study proposes a new framework:(a) delineating configuration units based on the implementation scale differences between structural and nonstructural BMPs;(b) incorporating BMP reduction thresholds to enable dynamic adjustment of design scales according to inflow loads;and(c) developing a staged allocation strategy tailored to varying rainfall scenarios. The framework is exemplified by an agricultural catchment in the southeastern Liaohe watershed, China. The results showed that the framework could improve the assessment accuracy and cost-effectiveness of pollution control. Specifically, neglecting BMP reduction thresholds resulted in a 51.35% underestimation of treatment costs. Incorporating these thresholds and dynamically adjusting BMP design scales reduced treatment costs by 62.70%. Furthermore, the framework facilitated more precise localization of structural BMPs(1 km^(2)) and improved optimization efficiency by 95.91%. The proposed staged allocation strategy ensured water quality compliance under varying rainfall intensities. Structural BMPs primarily addressed pollution from light to moderate rainfall in the initial stage, while nonstructural BMPs targeted heavy rainfall pollution in the subsequent stage. The proposed framework may enhance the spatiotemporal adaptability of BMP configuration to respond to the threats posed by climate change and human activities. It can also be extended to other agriculture-dominated watersheds.
基金supported by Science and Technology Standard Project of Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute(ER11301W,ER11811W).
文摘Data center industries have been facing huge energy challenges due to escalating power consumption and associated carbon emissions.In the context of carbon neutrality,the integration of data centers with renewable energy has become a prevailing trend.To advance the renewable energy integration in data centers,it is imperative to thoroughly explore the data centers’operational flexibility.Computing workloads and refrigeration systems are recognized as two promising flexible resources for power regulationwithin data centermicro-grids.This paper identifies and categorizes delay-tolerant computing workloads into three types(long-running non-interruptible,long-running interruptible,and short-running)and develops mathematical time-shifting models for each.Additionally,this paper examines the thermal dynamics of the computer room and derives a time-varying temperature model coupled to refrigeration power.Building on these models,this paper proposes a two-stage,multi-time scale optimization scheduling framework that jointly coordinates computing workloads time-shift in day-ahead scheduling and refrigeration power control in intra-day dispatch to mitigate renewable variability.A case study demonstrates that the framework effectively enhances the renewable-energy utilization,improves the operational economy of the data center microgrid,and mitigates the impact of renewable power uncertainty.The results highlight the potential of coordinated computing workloads and thermal system flexibility to support greener,more cost-effective data center operation.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42371222,41971167)Fundamental Scientific Research Funds of Central China Normal University(No.CCNU24ZZ120)。
文摘Owing to intensified globalization and informatization,the structures of the urban scale hierarchy and urban networks between cities have become increasingly intertwined,resulting in different spatial effects.Therefore,this paper analyzes the spatial interaction between urban scale hierarchy and urban networks in China from 2019 to 2023,drawing on Baidu migration data and employing a spatial simultaneous equation model.The results reveal a significant positive spatial correlation between cities with higher hierarchy and those with greater network centrality.Within a static framework,we identify a positive interaction between urban scale hierarchy and urban network centrality,while their spatial cross-effects manifest as negative neighborhood interactions based on geographical distance and positive cross-scale interactions shaped by network connections.Within a dynamic framework,changes in urban scale hierarchy and urban networks are mutually reinforcing,thereby widening disparities within the urban hierarchy.Furthermore,an increase in a city’s network centrality had a dampening effect on the population growth of neighboring cities and network-connected cities.This study enhances understanding of the spatial organisation of urban systems and offers insights for coordinated regional development.
文摘Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of three actions:fast(errorcorrection),medium(negative feedback for expanded proportional band)and slow(reset for zero steady-state error).The focus of the paper is on the reset action,generated from a positive feedback loop,and its underlying principles with profound implications to our understanding and practice of automatic control,both basic and advanced.For example,we note that reset control and integral control,contrary to common belief,differ fundamentally in design principle and in practicality.Such difference comes to a head in the event of integrator windup:while reset windup is a problem of actuator saturation,the integrator windup is a runaway situation due to controller instability.In fact,there is no advantage gained in replacing MR with an integrator.In other words,one should not integrate the error directly as in standard PID,since doing so makes the closed-loop system internally unstable.With MR-based control formulated in this paper,there is no such threat of instability and,therefore,no need for any anti-windup mechanisms.Furthermore,the integral control is made scalable in this framework as a tradeoff between the steady-state accuracy and the controller stability.This leads to a novel MR-based control design,scalable in gain and in time to accommodate various process characteristics and design specifications.Simple in construction and transparent in principle,this MR-based control,as a basic framework of design,is readily deployable in scale.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82371530,82171529)the Capital Health Development Special Research Project(2022-1-4111)the National Key Technology R and D Program(No.2015BAI13B01).
文摘Background The patient-reported Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale(DARS)has been adapted into Chinese,so there is a need to evaluate its measurement properties in a Chinese population.Aims To evaluate the reliability and validity of the DARS among Chinese individuals with major depressive disorder(MDD)and its treatment sensitivity in a prospective clinical study.Methods Data were from a multicentre,prospective clinical study(NCT03294525),which recruited both patients with MDD,who were followed for 8 weeks,and healthy controls(HCs),assessed at baseline only.The analysis included confirmatory factor analysis,validity and sensitivity to change.Results Patients’mean(standard deviation(SD))age was 34.8(11.0)years,with 68.7%being female.75.2%of patients with MDD had melancholic features,followed by 63.8%with anxious distress.Patients had experienced MDD for a mean(SD)of 9.2(18)months.DARS scores covered the full range of severity with no major floor or ceiling effects.Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate fit statistics(comparative fit index 0.976,goodness-of-fit index 0.935 and root mean square error of approximation 0.055).Convergent validity with anhedonia-related measures was confirmed.While the correlation between the DARS and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was not strong(r=0.31,baseline),the DARS was found to differentiate between levels of depression.Greater improvements in DARS scores were seen with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression responder group(effect size 1.16)compared with the non-responder group(effect size 0.46).Conclusions This study comprehensively evaluated the measurement properties of the DARS using a Chinese population with MDD.Overall,the Chinese version of DARS demonstrates good psychometric properties and has been found to be responsive to change during antidepressant treatment.The DARS is a suitable scale for assessing patient-reported anhedonia in future clinical trials.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Special Project of the Autonomous Region(No.2022B03023-3)the Key Supported Discipline of Health System in Shanghai(No.2023ZDFC0302)。
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate possible associations between physical function assessment scales,such as Short Physical Performance Battery(SPPB)and Berg Balance Scale(BBS),with all-cause mortality in acute decompensated heart failure(ADHF)patients.METHODS A total of 108 ADHF patients were analyzed from October 2020 to October 2022,and followed up to May 2023.The association between baseline clinical characteristics and all-cause mortality was analyzed by univariate Cox regression analysis,while for SPPB and BBS,univariate Cox regression analysis was followed by receiver operating characteristic curves,in which the area under the curve represented their predictive accuracy for all-cause mortality.Incremental predictive values for both physical function assessments were measured by calculating net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement scores.Optimal cutoff value for BBS was then identified using restricted cubic spline plots,and survival differences below and above that cut-off were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test.The clinical utility of BBS was measured using decision curve analysis.RESULTS For baseline characteristics,age,female,blood urea nitrogen,as well as statins,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,angiotensin II receptor blockers,or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors,were predictive for all-cause mortality for ADHF patients.With respect to SPPB and BBS,higher scores were associated with lower all-cause mortality rates for both assessments;similar area under the curves were measured for both(0.774 for SPPB and 0.776 for BBS).Furthermore,BBS≤36.5 was associated with significantly higher mortality,which was still applicable even adjusting for confounding factors;BBS was also found to have great clinical utility under decision curve analysis.CONCLUSIONS BBS or SPPB could be used as tools to assess physical function in ageing ADHF patients,as well as prognosticate on all-cause mortality.Moreover,prioritizing the improvement of balance capabilities of ADHF patients in cardiac rehabilitation regimens could aid in lowering mortality risk.
文摘Loneliness is a complex and usually unpleasant emotional response to isolation,which has been considered the latest global health epidemic exacerbated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,affecting nearly twothirds of older adults.Some profound health implications carried by loneliness include depression,cognitive impairment,hypertension and frailty.Across the world,there is no consensus definition of loneliness,and its measure is based on the phenomenological perspective of the individual.The 20-item University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale version 3(UCLA-20)is the most common measure.This scale demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties but is too long and complex for a phone interview.This paper addresses the increasing need to shorten this scale by adopting classical item response theory and network psychometrics to advance scale development.Through an item reduction analysis,we trimmed the original scale into an effective short form,which is as valid as the original one.With respondents’time at a premium in most research nowadays,this shortform scale is an efficient and practical alternative to the original UCLA-20.
基金supported by the Turkish Green Crescent Society under Grant[41402653-160-6/333].
文摘Background The effectiveness of life skills-based prevention programs to prevent substance addiction has been underexplored in Türkiye,likely in part due to the lack of validated measurement tools developed specifically for that purpose.Therefore,the aim of this study is to develop a tool to measure life skills for middle school students.The present study aims to test the factorial structure,reliability,convergent and discriminant validity,and measurement invariance across gender and age groups of the Green Crescent Life Skills(GCLS)Scale.Methods The study was conducted in Istanbul with two different sample groups.The first sample consisted of 566 and the second sample consisted of 885 middle school students.In the study,exploratory factor analysis(EFA)was applied to the first sample,and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)was applied to the second sample to test the factorial structure of the scale.Convergent and discriminant validity were examined to provide evidence for construct-based validity.The reliability of the scale was assessed with Cronbach’sα,composite reliability,McDonald’sω,and test-retest.Results The EFA results showed that the scale consisted of four factors(self-awareness,coping with negative emotions,thinking skills,and peer relations).CFA results also confirmed this structure.The results revealed a significant positive correlation(r=0.52,p<0.01)between life skills and avoidance self-efficacy scores,as well as a significant negative correlation(r=−0.53,p<0.01)between life skills and attitude toward drug use scores.Additionally,it was found that measurement invariances based on gender and age groups were provided.It was determined that all sub-dimensions had sufficient reliability levels.Conclusion The findings of this validation study show that the GCLS Scale,which assesses four skills in a self-reported format,is a valid and reliable scale with considerable potential utility in monitoring life skills in Turkish adolescent populations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.61806107 and 61702135)。
文摘We propose a hierarchical multi-scale attention mechanism-based model in response to the low accuracy and inefficient manual classification of existing oceanic biological image classification methods. Firstly, the hierarchical efficient multi-scale attention(H-EMA) module is designed for lightweight feature extraction, achieving outstanding performance at a relatively low cost. Secondly, an improved EfficientNetV2 block is used to integrate information from different scales better and enhance inter-layer message passing. Furthermore, introducing the convolutional block attention module(CBAM) enhances the model's perception of critical features, optimizing its generalization ability. Lastly, Focal Loss is introduced to adjust the weights of complex samples to address the issue of imbalanced categories in the dataset, further improving the model's performance. The model achieved 96.11% accuracy on the intertidal marine organism dataset of Nanji Islands and 84.78% accuracy on the CIFAR-100 dataset, demonstrating its strong generalization ability to meet the demands of oceanic biological image classification.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82172095Qingdao Municipal Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project,No.2022-zyym03.
文摘BACKGROUND Excessive oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of diabetic complications,including impaired ulcer healing.Previous studies have shown that fish scale ointment can promote wound healing.AIM To preliminarily investigate the effect of fish scale ointment on wound healing in a diabetic foot ulcer(DFU)rat model by examining its regulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)pathway and induction of ferroptosis.METHODS Fish scale ointment(collagen product)was prepared from 500 g of silver carp scales.A diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat and high-sugar feeding combined with intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections.For the DFU rat model,ulcer wounds were created by removing dorsal foot hair and cutting the skin to the fascia.The diabetic rats were randomized into five groups:Model,fish scale collagen(FSC),control+liproxstatin-1(Lip-1),model+Lip-1,and FSC+Lip-1.In each group,treatments were administered once daily by topical application and intraperitoneal injection for 14 days.Wound healing was evaluated on days 7 and 14 after treatment.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess wound injury and capillary formation.Basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)and CD31 levels in wound tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry.Additionally,malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH),ferroptosis-associated genes,and iron ion concentrations were quantified using assay kits.Protein levels of Nrf2,heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)were determined using Western blotting.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the model group showed slower wound healing,reduced angiogenesis,decreased bFGF and CD31 levels,increased iron ion concentration and MDA levels,reduced GSH levels,and decreased Nrf2,HO-1,and GPX4 protein expression(all P<0.05).The FSC,model+Lip-1,and FSC+Lip-1 groups showed increased wound healing and angiogenesis,elevated bFGF and CD31 expression,lowered iron ion concentration and MDA levels,increased GSH levels,and enhanced Nrf2,HO-1,and GPX4 protein levels compared with the model group(P<0.05).Improvements were more pronounced in the FSC+Lip-1 group compared with the FSC group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Fish scale ointment promotes angiogenesis and wound healing in DFU rat models by inhibiting ferroptosis,possibly through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(Grant Nos.2019YFC1803500,2019YFC1803504)the Key R&D Projects of Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Department(Grant Nos.2018SZ0298,2023YFS0390)+1 种基金the Bureau of Science and Technology Aba Qiang Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture(Grant Nos.R22YYJSYJ0004,R23YYJSYJ0010)Southwest University of Science and Technology Doctoral Program(23zx7175)。
文摘Scale effects and evaluation models are crucial to the accuracy of landscape ecological risk evaluation.However,most studies conduct these evaluations at a single scale or with a single model,ignoring potential scale effects and changes in landscape patterns.To address this,we took the Leshan City in Sichuan Province of China as a study case.We determined that the optimal spatial granularity for the study area is 150 m by analyzing the sensitivities of eight landscape pattern indices such as landscape fragmentation,landscape spreading,and Shannon's diversity at different spatial granularities,and employing the inflection point identification method.Building on this,we constructed a landscape pattern index model(ERI model)and a landscape pattern index model coupled with the ecological process of soil erosion(SI-ERI model)by incorporating the natural geographic factors of the study area.We used the ERI and SI-ERI models to evaluate the landscape ecological risk of Leshan City across multiple scales,including ecological,administrative,and sample scales.After conducting overlay and spatial autocorrelation analyses of the multi-scale evaluation results,we determined that the administrative scale is optimal for evaluating landscape ecological risk in the study area.At this scale,we verified the accuracy and reliability of the two models'evaluation results against the actual ecological environment in typical areas within the study area.The findings indicated that the SI-ERI model provided more precise and accurate spatial characterization,effectively reflecting the actual landscape ecological risk of Leshan City.According to the SI-ERI model's evaluation results at the administrative scale,Leshan City's overall risk level is relatively low,with good ecological environmental quality.Low-risk areas constitute 56.16%and medium-low-risk areas make up 23.81%,aligning closely with the city's actual situation.This study thus offers a scientific basis and theoretical reference for managing ecological risks and planning urban development in Leshan City.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42171255,No.41971216。
文摘The application of ecosystem services(ES)theories in land consolidation is a confusing issue that has long plagued scholars and government officials.As the upgraded version of traditional land consolidation,comprehensive land consolidation(CLC)emphasizes ecological benefits,but it does not achieve the expected effect during the pilot phase.This study first proposed a theoretical analysis framework based on ES knowledge to answer the three key questions of why,where,and how to implement CLC better.Taking mountainous counties as the study area,we found that ES trade-offs/synergies,bundles,and drivers were significantly affected by scale effects.ES knowledge can play a crucial role in designing multi-scale CLC strategies regarding the objective,zoning,intensity,and mode.Specifically,mitigating the significant trade-offs between recreational opportunities,food production,and other ES is the top priority of CLC.Land consolidation zoning based on the ES bundles analysis is more rational and can provide the scientific premise for designing locally adapted CLC measures.Land consolidation can be classified into high-intensity direct intervention and low-intensity indirect intervention modes,based on the major drivers of ES.These findings help narrow the gap between ES and CLC practices.
基金support provided by the research funds from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Grant Nos.16206623,N_HKUST603/22,and C6006-20G).
文摘Correctly tracking the evolution of spatial heterogeneity of local degree of saturation(Sr)in unsaturated soils is essential to explain the seepage phenomenon,which is crucial to assessing slope stability.Several methods exist for quantifying the heterogeneity of local S_(r).However,a comprehensive comparison of these methods in terms of accuracy,relative advantages,and disadvantages is currently lacking.This paper presents a comparative analysis of local Sr obtained at multiple scales,ranging from the element scale to the slice,representative element volume(REV),pore,and voxel scales.The spatial heterogeneity of Sr in an unsaturated glass beads specimen at different matric suctions was visualised and quantified by multiscale X-ray micro-focus computed tomography image-based analysis methods.Local Sr obtained at different scales displayed a comparable trend along the sample depth,yet the REV-scale method showed a much scattered and discontinuous distribution.In contrast,the pore-scale method detected a distinct two-clustered,bimodal distribution of S_(r).The pore-scale method has the highest integrated resolution,as it has the highest spatial resolution(i.e.number of data points)and provides more information(i.e.number of extractable physical parameters).This method thus provides a more effective approach for tracking the spatial heterogeneity of S_(r).Based on this method,pore-scale water retention curves were determined,offering new quantitative means to characterise pore water heterogeneity and explainwater drainage processes such as hysteresis at the pore scale.
基金funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2024SFYBXM-669)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42271078)。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid population growth and the accelerated urbanization process,the contradiction between the demand for expanding ground space and the limited available land scale is becoming increasingly prominent.China has implemented and completed several largescale land infilling and excavation projects(Figure 1),which have become the main way to increase land resources and expand construction land.
