Marine heatwaves(MHWs)are extreme ocean events characterized by anomalously warm upper-ocean temperatures,posing significant threats to marine ecosystems.While various factors driving MHWs have been extensively studie...Marine heatwaves(MHWs)are extreme ocean events characterized by anomalously warm upper-ocean temperatures,posing significant threats to marine ecosystems.While various factors driving MHWs have been extensively studied,the role of ocean salinity remains poorly understood.This study investigates the influence of salinity on the major 2013-2014 MHW event in the Northeast Pacific using reanalysis data and climate model outputs.Our results show that salinity variabilities are crucial for the development of the MHW event.Notably,a significant negative correlation exists between sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)and sea surface salinity anomalies(SSSAs)during the MHW,with the SSSAs emerging simultaneously with SSTAs in the same area.Negative salinity anomalies(SAs)result in a shallower mixed layer,which suppresses vertical mixing and thus sustains the upper-ocean warming.Moreover,salinity has a greater impact on mixed layer depth anomalies than temperature.Model sensitivity experiments further demonstrate that negative SAs during MHWs amplify positive SSTAs by enhancing upper-ocean stratification,intensifying the MHW.Additionally,our analysis indicates that the SAs are predominantly driven by local freshwater flux anomalies,which are mainly induced by positive precipitation anomalies during the MHW event.展开更多
Natural surfactants that are present in complex crude oil may induce spontaneous emulsification in the oil and brine phases that co-exist in rock pores.This process is known to be affected by the salinity of brine.How...Natural surfactants that are present in complex crude oil may induce spontaneous emulsification in the oil and brine phases that co-exist in rock pores.This process is known to be affected by the salinity of brine.However,the role of salinity in water-oil micro-emulsification is not fully understood.In this paper,we report on our experimental studies of the effect of salinity on spontaneous emulsification in a“mixture”of dodecane and brine.The dodecane contains SPAN 80 surfactant and brine with different salinity values,varying from 0.2%to 20%(by weight).For our observations,we use dynamic light scattering(DLS)technique to capture nano-scale emulsion formation and pendant drop method to observe micro-scale emulsion dynamics.The DLS experiments show that small(2.2 nm)and medium-sized emulsions(100 nm)are formed at low salinities,while at higher salinities only smaller droplets are formed and emulsification is reduced.In pendant drop experiments,dodecane and heptane systems were tested over 13 h.Heptane exhibited faster emulsification at water-oil interfaces in the cases with pure water and low salinity brine(0.2%),where the changes at interfacial area occurring within two hours and significant droplet shrinkage by 13 h.Lower salinity enhances micelle activity and emulsification,while higher salinities(2%,5%,and 20%)stabilize the oil-water interface and suppress emulsion formation.Dodecane exhibits a similar trend in emulsification but forms more stable emulsions and maintains a more stable water-oil interface compared to heptane.Additionally,we present the theory of reverse micelle exclusion through a theoretical derivation,providing a deeper understanding of the emulsification mechanism.Four distinct scenarios are schematically presented to explain the influence of salinity on spontaneous emulsification,illustrating how varying salinity levels affect micelle formation and emulsion behaviour.This study provides valuable insights into optimizing salinity levels in enhanced oil recovery.展开更多
ABSTRACT In this paper, interannual variations in the barrier layer thickness （BLT） are analyzed using Argo three-dimensional temperature and salinity data, with a locus on the effects of interannually varying sali...ABSTRACT In this paper, interannual variations in the barrier layer thickness （BLT） are analyzed using Argo three-dimensional temperature and salinity data, with a locus on the effects of interannually varying salinity on the evolution of the El Nifio Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. The interannually varying BLT exhibits a zonal seesaw pattern across the equatorial Pacific during ENSO cycles. This phenomenon has been attributed to two different physical processes. During E1 Nifio （La Nifia）, the barrier layer （BL） is anomalously thin （thick） west of about 160°E, and thick （thin） to the east. In the western equatorial Pacific （the western part： 130°-160°E）, interannual variations of the BLT indicate a lead of one year relative to those of the ENSO onset. The interannual variations of the BLT can be largely attributed to the interannual temperature variability, through its dominant effect on the isothermal layer depth （ILD）. However, in the central equatorial Pacific （the eastern part： 160~E- 170~W）, interannual variations of the BL almost synchronously vary with ENSO, with a lead of about two months relative to those of the local SST. In this region, the interannual variations of the BL are significantly affected by the interannually varying salinity, mainly through its modulation effect on the mixed layer depth （MLD）. As evaluated by a onedimensional boundary layer ocean model, the BL around the dateline induced by interannual salinity anomalies can significantly affect the temperature fields in the upper ocean, indicating a positive feedback that acts to enhance ENSO.展开更多
In this paper, interannual variations of the ocean dynamic height over the tropical Pacific are diagnosed using three-dimensional temperature and salinity fields from Argo profiles, with a focus on the effects of inte...In this paper, interannual variations of the ocean dynamic height over the tropical Pacific are diagnosed using three-dimensional temperature and salinity fields from Argo profiles, with a focus on the effects of interannually varying salinity on the El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） evolutions. The diagnostic analyses clearly demonstrate a significant and large role that the salinity field plays in modulating the sea surface dynamic height （SSDH） in the western tropical Pacific. In particular, the contribution of the interannually varying salinity to the interannual variations in SSDH approximately equals to that of the interannually varying temperature. Over the western equatorial Pacific, the salinity variability was responsible for a 30% to 40% reduction in SSDH anomaly in opposition to the thermal build up in SSDH anomaly, providing an important contribution to modulating the seasonal-to-interannual evolution of the tropical Pacific Ocean and affecting the developing of ENSO events.展开更多
El Nio events in the central equatorial Pacific (CP) are gaining increased attention,due to their increasing intensity within the global warming context.Various physical processes have been identified in the climate s...El Nio events in the central equatorial Pacific (CP) are gaining increased attention,due to their increasing intensity within the global warming context.Various physical processes have been identified in the climate system that can be responsible for the modulation of El Nio,especially the effects of interannual salinity variability.In this work,a comprehensive data analysis is performed to illustrate the effects of interannual salinity variability using surface and subsurface salinity fields from the Met Office ENSEMBLES (EN3) quality controlled ocean dataset.It is demonstrated that during the developing phase of an El Nio event,a negative sea surface salinity (SSS) anomaly in the western-central basin acts to freshen the mixed layer (ML),decrease oceanic density in the upper ocean,and stabilize the upper layers.These related oceanic processes tend to reduce the vertical mixing and entrainment of subsurface water at the base of the ML,which further enhances the warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the El Nio event.However,the effects of interannually variable salinity are much more significant during the CP-El Nio than during the eastern Pacific (EP) El Nio,indicating that the salinity effect might be an important contributor to the development of CP-El Nio events.展开更多
Mussels from two sites within the Baltic mussel (Mytilus edulis × M. trossulus) hybrid zone were used in a comparative study on the effects of salinity-changing rates on filtration activity. The acute effect of v...Mussels from two sites within the Baltic mussel (Mytilus edulis × M. trossulus) hybrid zone were used in a comparative study on the effects of salinity-changing rates on filtration activity. The acute effect of varying salinity-changing rates was found to be similar in M. edulis from the brackish Great Belt and in M. trossulus from the low saline Central Baltic Sea, and the relationships could be described by linear regression lines through 0.0 indicating that the acute effect of deteriorating conditions at decreasing salinities is the opposite as for improving conditions when the salinity is subsequently increased. Further, both M. edulis and M. trossulus acclimatized to 20 psu reacted to an acute salinity change to 6.5 psu by immediately closing their valves whereupon the filtration rate gradually increased during the following days, but only M. trossulus had completely acclimatized to 6.5 psu within 5 days which may be explained by different genotypes of M. edulis and M. trossulus which probably reflected an evolutionary adaptation of the latter to survive in the stable low-salinity Baltic Sea.展开更多
The effects of salinities between 10 and 30 psu on the growth of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, were studied in laboratory feeding experiments and compared to the growth of mussels suspended in net-bags in the brackish...The effects of salinities between 10 and 30 psu on the growth of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, were studied in laboratory feeding experiments and compared to the growth of mussels suspended in net-bags in the brackish water Great Belt, Denmark. In the laboratory, 3 series of growth experiments were conducted: in Series #1, groups of mussels were exposed to 10, 15, 25 and 30 psu, in Series #2, two groups of mussels were exposed to 10 and 30 psu, respectively, for 15 days (first period) where upon the mussels were exposed to the reversed salinities for another 15 days (second period). In Series #3, two groups of mussels were initially exposed to 15 and 25 psu for 22 days whereupon the mussel groups were exposed to the reversed salinities for another 17 days. In the laboratory experiments there was a tendency towards reduced growth with decreasing salinity, reflected as reduced shell growth rate and decreasing weight specific growth rate with falling salinity. The shell growth rate was relatively low in the first feeding period compared to the second period, and mussels that were initially exposed to 10 psu, where the growth was low, exhibited fast growth when subsequently exposed to 30 psu, and reversed when 30 psu mussels were exposed to 10 psu. The study showed that mussels are able to adjust growth at changing salinities, and the observed effect of salinity could partly be explained by a temporary shell valve closure after a sudden change in salinity. The specific growth rate of mussels measured in laboratory experiments at salinities between 15 to 25 psu (4.2% to 4.8% d–1) were comparable to the growth of mussels in the field experiment (3.2% to 4.0% d–1) where the salinity varied between 24 and 13 psu during the growth period.展开更多
The effects of the temperature,salinity,and fluid type on the acoustic characteristics of turbulent flow around a circular cylinder were numerically investigated for the Reynolds numbers of 2.25×10^(4),4.5×1...The effects of the temperature,salinity,and fluid type on the acoustic characteristics of turbulent flow around a circular cylinder were numerically investigated for the Reynolds numbers of 2.25×10^(4),4.5×10^(4),and 9.0×10^(4).Various hybrid methodsReynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(BANS)with the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(FWH)model,detached-eddy simulation(DES)with FWH,and large-eddy simulation with FWH-were used for the acoustic analyses,and their performances were evaluated by comparing the predicted results with the experimental data.The DES-FWH hybrid method was found to be suitable for the aero-and hydro-acoustic analysis.The hydro-acoustic measurements were performed in a silent circulation channel for the Reynolds number of 2.25×10^(4).The results showed that the fluid temperature caused an increase in the overall sound pressure levels(OASPLs)and the maximum sound pressure levels(SPL_(T))for the air medium;however,it caused a decrease for the water medium.The salinity had smaller effects on the OASPL and SPLT compared to the temperature.Moreover,the main peak frequency increased with the air temperature but decreased with the water temperature,and it was nearly constant with the change in the salinity ratio.The SPLT and OASPL for the water medium were quite higher than those for the air medium.展开更多
To compare the early effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） expression in organs of rats with hemorrhagic shock. Rats were randomly divided into hypertonic saline resuscit...To compare the early effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） expression in organs of rats with hemorrhagic shock. Rats were randomly divided into hypertonic saline resuscitation （HTS）, normal saline resuscitation （NS） and sham groups. HO-1 mRNA, protein expression and apoptosis were evaluated in organs. In the HTS group, significant difference was noted in HO-1 protein in small intestinal mucosa and liver compared with the NS and sham groups, and in HO-1 mRNA in liver and kidney compared with the sham group. The apoptosis of small intestinal mucosa, liver, heart, and lung was significantly lower in the HTS group than that in the NS group. In this study, small volume resuscitation with HTS can efficiently up-regulate the expression level of HO-1 in small intestinal mucosa and liver, which may be one of the mechanisms alleviating organ damage.展开更多
Objective To explore protective effect of hydrogen - rich saline on liver ischemia reperfusion ( IR) in mice and possible mechanisms. Methods Twenty - four C57BL /6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham - ope...Objective To explore protective effect of hydrogen - rich saline on liver ischemia reperfusion ( IR) in mice and possible mechanisms. Methods Twenty - four C57BL /6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham - operated group,control group ( mice were injec-展开更多
In the high-level radioactive waste(HLW)deep geological repository,bentonite is compacted uniaxially,and then arranged vertically in engineered barriers.The assembly scheme induces the initial anisotropy,and with hydr...In the high-level radioactive waste(HLW)deep geological repository,bentonite is compacted uniaxially,and then arranged vertically in engineered barriers.The assembly scheme induces the initial anisotropy,and with hydration,it develops more evidently under chemical conditions.To investigate the anisotropic swelling of compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ)bentonite and the further response to saline effects,a series of constant-volume swelling pressure tests were performed.Results showed that dry density enhanced the bentonite swelling and raised the final anisotropy,whereas saline inhibited the bentonite swelling but still promoted the final anisotropy.The final anisotropy coefficient(ratio of radial to axial pressure)obeyed the Boltzmann sigmoid attenuation function,decreasing with concentration and dry density,converging to a minimum value of 0.76.The staged evolution of anisotropy coefficient was discovered,that saline inhibited the rise of the anisotropy coefficient(Dd)in the isotropic process greater than the valley(d1)in the anisotropic process,leading to the final anisotropy increasing.The isotropic stage amplified the impact of soil structure rearrangement on the macro-swelling pressure values.Thus,a new method for predicting swelling pressures of compacted bentonite was proposed,by expanding the equations of Gouy-Chapman theory with a dissipative wedge term.An evolutionary function was constructed,revealing the correlation between the occurrence time and the pressure value due to the structure rearrangement and the former crystalline swelling.Accordingly,a design reference for dry density was given,based on the chemical conditions around the pre-site in Beishan,China.The anisotropy promoted by saline would cause a greater drop of radial pressure,making the previous threshold on axial swelling fail.展开更多
Abstract Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of hypertonic saline (HS) and hypertonic saline with taurine (HST) hemorrhagic shock and hemorrhagic shock with hypernatremia rats. Methods Hypern...Abstract Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of hypertonic saline (HS) and hypertonic saline with taurine (HST) hemorrhagic shock and hemorrhagic shock with hypernatremia rats. Methods Hypernatremic dehydration and hemorrhagic shock models were produced by Trachtma's and Krausz's methods in Sprague Dawley rats. Hemorrhagic changes of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), ±dp/dtmax and heart rate (HR) were registered on polygraph. Plasma Na +, urea lactate and taurine content were assayed. Results After treatment with HS, the hemodynamic changes of hemorrhagic shock rats were significantly alleviated, and tissue fluid redistributed. When the hemorrhagic shock animals were treated with HS containing taurine (HST), in comparison with HS treatment, the hemodynamic improvement and hemodilution were more obvious. When the hemorrhagic animals complicated with hypernatremia were treated with HS, the symptoms of dehydration and shock further deteriorated, when the hemorrhage with hypernatremia animals were treated with an infusion of HST, the symptoms of dehydration and shock were significantly ameliorated. Conclusion The therapeutic effect of HS with taurine is obviously better than HS alone. So when hemorrhagic shock was complicated with hypernatremia, HS with taurine is recommended in stead of HS alone.展开更多
基金The Laoshan Laboratory under contract Nos LSKJ202202403 and LSKJ202202402the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42030410 and 42406202+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under contract No.BK20240718the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technologythe Jiangsu Innovation Research Group under contract No.JSSCTD202346the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent under contract No.2023ZB690.
文摘Marine heatwaves(MHWs)are extreme ocean events characterized by anomalously warm upper-ocean temperatures,posing significant threats to marine ecosystems.While various factors driving MHWs have been extensively studied,the role of ocean salinity remains poorly understood.This study investigates the influence of salinity on the major 2013-2014 MHW event in the Northeast Pacific using reanalysis data and climate model outputs.Our results show that salinity variabilities are crucial for the development of the MHW event.Notably,a significant negative correlation exists between sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)and sea surface salinity anomalies(SSSAs)during the MHW,with the SSSAs emerging simultaneously with SSTAs in the same area.Negative salinity anomalies(SAs)result in a shallower mixed layer,which suppresses vertical mixing and thus sustains the upper-ocean warming.Moreover,salinity has a greater impact on mixed layer depth anomalies than temperature.Model sensitivity experiments further demonstrate that negative SAs during MHWs amplify positive SSTAs by enhancing upper-ocean stratification,intensifying the MHW.Additionally,our analysis indicates that the SAs are predominantly driven by local freshwater flux anomalies,which are mainly induced by positive precipitation anomalies during the MHW event.
基金the funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52474105).
文摘Natural surfactants that are present in complex crude oil may induce spontaneous emulsification in the oil and brine phases that co-exist in rock pores.This process is known to be affected by the salinity of brine.However,the role of salinity in water-oil micro-emulsification is not fully understood.In this paper,we report on our experimental studies of the effect of salinity on spontaneous emulsification in a“mixture”of dodecane and brine.The dodecane contains SPAN 80 surfactant and brine with different salinity values,varying from 0.2%to 20%(by weight).For our observations,we use dynamic light scattering(DLS)technique to capture nano-scale emulsion formation and pendant drop method to observe micro-scale emulsion dynamics.The DLS experiments show that small(2.2 nm)and medium-sized emulsions(100 nm)are formed at low salinities,while at higher salinities only smaller droplets are formed and emulsification is reduced.In pendant drop experiments,dodecane and heptane systems were tested over 13 h.Heptane exhibited faster emulsification at water-oil interfaces in the cases with pure water and low salinity brine(0.2%),where the changes at interfacial area occurring within two hours and significant droplet shrinkage by 13 h.Lower salinity enhances micelle activity and emulsification,while higher salinities(2%,5%,and 20%)stabilize the oil-water interface and suppress emulsion formation.Dodecane exhibits a similar trend in emulsification but forms more stable emulsions and maintains a more stable water-oil interface compared to heptane.Additionally,we present the theory of reverse micelle exclusion through a theoretical derivation,providing a deeper understanding of the emulsification mechanism.Four distinct scenarios are schematically presented to explain the influence of salinity on spontaneous emulsification,illustrating how varying salinity levels affect micelle formation and emulsion behaviour.This study provides valuable insights into optimizing salinity levels in enhanced oil recovery.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2012CB955202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41176014)
文摘ABSTRACT In this paper, interannual variations in the barrier layer thickness （BLT） are analyzed using Argo three-dimensional temperature and salinity data, with a locus on the effects of interannually varying salinity on the evolution of the El Nifio Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. The interannually varying BLT exhibits a zonal seesaw pattern across the equatorial Pacific during ENSO cycles. This phenomenon has been attributed to two different physical processes. During E1 Nifio （La Nifia）, the barrier layer （BL） is anomalously thin （thick） west of about 160°E, and thick （thin） to the east. In the western equatorial Pacific （the western part： 130°-160°E）, interannual variations of the BLT indicate a lead of one year relative to those of the ENSO onset. The interannual variations of the BLT can be largely attributed to the interannual temperature variability, through its dominant effect on the isothermal layer depth （ILD）. However, in the central equatorial Pacific （the eastern part： 160~E- 170~W）, interannual variations of the BL almost synchronously vary with ENSO, with a lead of about two months relative to those of the local SST. In this region, the interannual variations of the BL are significantly affected by the interannually varying salinity, mainly through its modulation effect on the mixed layer depth （MLD）. As evaluated by a onedimensional boundary layer ocean model, the BL around the dateline induced by interannual salinity anomalies can significantly affect the temperature fields in the upper ocean, indicating a positive feedback that acts to enhance ENSO.
基金The National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionalsthe National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China under contract No.2012CB417404+1 种基金the Chinese Academy Sciences'Project"Western Pacific Ocean System:Structure,Dynamics and Consequences"(WPOS)under contract No.XDA10010405the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41176014
文摘In this paper, interannual variations of the ocean dynamic height over the tropical Pacific are diagnosed using three-dimensional temperature and salinity fields from Argo profiles, with a focus on the effects of interannually varying salinity on the El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） evolutions. The diagnostic analyses clearly demonstrate a significant and large role that the salinity field plays in modulating the sea surface dynamic height （SSDH） in the western tropical Pacific. In particular, the contribution of the interannually varying salinity to the interannual variations in SSDH approximately equals to that of the interannually varying temperature. Over the western equatorial Pacific, the salinity variability was responsible for a 30% to 40% reduction in SSDH anomaly in opposition to the thermal build up in SSDH anomaly, providing an important contribution to modulating the seasonal-to-interannual evolution of the tropical Pacific Ocean and affecting the developing of ENSO events.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2012CB955202and2012CB41740)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41075064,41176014,and41006016)
文摘El Nio events in the central equatorial Pacific (CP) are gaining increased attention,due to their increasing intensity within the global warming context.Various physical processes have been identified in the climate system that can be responsible for the modulation of El Nio,especially the effects of interannual salinity variability.In this work,a comprehensive data analysis is performed to illustrate the effects of interannual salinity variability using surface and subsurface salinity fields from the Met Office ENSEMBLES (EN3) quality controlled ocean dataset.It is demonstrated that during the developing phase of an El Nio event,a negative sea surface salinity (SSS) anomaly in the western-central basin acts to freshen the mixed layer (ML),decrease oceanic density in the upper ocean,and stabilize the upper layers.These related oceanic processes tend to reduce the vertical mixing and entrainment of subsurface water at the base of the ML,which further enhances the warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the El Nio event.However,the effects of interannually variable salinity are much more significant during the CP-El Nio than during the eastern Pacific (EP) El Nio,indicating that the salinity effect might be an important contributor to the development of CP-El Nio events.
文摘Mussels from two sites within the Baltic mussel (Mytilus edulis × M. trossulus) hybrid zone were used in a comparative study on the effects of salinity-changing rates on filtration activity. The acute effect of varying salinity-changing rates was found to be similar in M. edulis from the brackish Great Belt and in M. trossulus from the low saline Central Baltic Sea, and the relationships could be described by linear regression lines through 0.0 indicating that the acute effect of deteriorating conditions at decreasing salinities is the opposite as for improving conditions when the salinity is subsequently increased. Further, both M. edulis and M. trossulus acclimatized to 20 psu reacted to an acute salinity change to 6.5 psu by immediately closing their valves whereupon the filtration rate gradually increased during the following days, but only M. trossulus had completely acclimatized to 6.5 psu within 5 days which may be explained by different genotypes of M. edulis and M. trossulus which probably reflected an evolutionary adaptation of the latter to survive in the stable low-salinity Baltic Sea.
基金formed part of the MarBioShell project supported by the Danish Agency for Science,Technology and Innovation for the period January 2008 to December 2012.
文摘The effects of salinities between 10 and 30 psu on the growth of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, were studied in laboratory feeding experiments and compared to the growth of mussels suspended in net-bags in the brackish water Great Belt, Denmark. In the laboratory, 3 series of growth experiments were conducted: in Series #1, groups of mussels were exposed to 10, 15, 25 and 30 psu, in Series #2, two groups of mussels were exposed to 10 and 30 psu, respectively, for 15 days (first period) where upon the mussels were exposed to the reversed salinities for another 15 days (second period). In Series #3, two groups of mussels were initially exposed to 15 and 25 psu for 22 days whereupon the mussel groups were exposed to the reversed salinities for another 17 days. In the laboratory experiments there was a tendency towards reduced growth with decreasing salinity, reflected as reduced shell growth rate and decreasing weight specific growth rate with falling salinity. The shell growth rate was relatively low in the first feeding period compared to the second period, and mussels that were initially exposed to 10 psu, where the growth was low, exhibited fast growth when subsequently exposed to 30 psu, and reversed when 30 psu mussels were exposed to 10 psu. The study showed that mussels are able to adjust growth at changing salinities, and the observed effect of salinity could partly be explained by a temporary shell valve closure after a sudden change in salinity. The specific growth rate of mussels measured in laboratory experiments at salinities between 15 to 25 psu (4.2% to 4.8% d–1) were comparable to the growth of mussels in the field experiment (3.2% to 4.0% d–1) where the salinity varied between 24 and 13 psu during the growth period.
文摘The effects of the temperature,salinity,and fluid type on the acoustic characteristics of turbulent flow around a circular cylinder were numerically investigated for the Reynolds numbers of 2.25×10^(4),4.5×10^(4),and 9.0×10^(4).Various hybrid methodsReynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(BANS)with the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(FWH)model,detached-eddy simulation(DES)with FWH,and large-eddy simulation with FWH-were used for the acoustic analyses,and their performances were evaluated by comparing the predicted results with the experimental data.The DES-FWH hybrid method was found to be suitable for the aero-and hydro-acoustic analysis.The hydro-acoustic measurements were performed in a silent circulation channel for the Reynolds number of 2.25×10^(4).The results showed that the fluid temperature caused an increase in the overall sound pressure levels(OASPLs)and the maximum sound pressure levels(SPL_(T))for the air medium;however,it caused a decrease for the water medium.The salinity had smaller effects on the OASPL and SPLT compared to the temperature.Moreover,the main peak frequency increased with the air temperature but decreased with the water temperature,and it was nearly constant with the change in the salinity ratio.The SPLT and OASPL for the water medium were quite higher than those for the air medium.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.Y2100430)the Zhejiang Provincial Education and Research Foundation of China (No. Y201019154)
文摘To compare the early effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） expression in organs of rats with hemorrhagic shock. Rats were randomly divided into hypertonic saline resuscitation （HTS）, normal saline resuscitation （NS） and sham groups. HO-1 mRNA, protein expression and apoptosis were evaluated in organs. In the HTS group, significant difference was noted in HO-1 protein in small intestinal mucosa and liver compared with the NS and sham groups, and in HO-1 mRNA in liver and kidney compared with the sham group. The apoptosis of small intestinal mucosa, liver, heart, and lung was significantly lower in the HTS group than that in the NS group. In this study, small volume resuscitation with HTS can efficiently up-regulate the expression level of HO-1 in small intestinal mucosa and liver, which may be one of the mechanisms alleviating organ damage.
文摘Objective To explore protective effect of hydrogen - rich saline on liver ischemia reperfusion ( IR) in mice and possible mechanisms. Methods Twenty - four C57BL /6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham - operated group,control group ( mice were injec-
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(Grant No.42125701)Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.2023ZKZD26)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and Top Discipline Plan of Shanghai Universities-Class I.
文摘In the high-level radioactive waste(HLW)deep geological repository,bentonite is compacted uniaxially,and then arranged vertically in engineered barriers.The assembly scheme induces the initial anisotropy,and with hydration,it develops more evidently under chemical conditions.To investigate the anisotropic swelling of compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ)bentonite and the further response to saline effects,a series of constant-volume swelling pressure tests were performed.Results showed that dry density enhanced the bentonite swelling and raised the final anisotropy,whereas saline inhibited the bentonite swelling but still promoted the final anisotropy.The final anisotropy coefficient(ratio of radial to axial pressure)obeyed the Boltzmann sigmoid attenuation function,decreasing with concentration and dry density,converging to a minimum value of 0.76.The staged evolution of anisotropy coefficient was discovered,that saline inhibited the rise of the anisotropy coefficient(Dd)in the isotropic process greater than the valley(d1)in the anisotropic process,leading to the final anisotropy increasing.The isotropic stage amplified the impact of soil structure rearrangement on the macro-swelling pressure values.Thus,a new method for predicting swelling pressures of compacted bentonite was proposed,by expanding the equations of Gouy-Chapman theory with a dissipative wedge term.An evolutionary function was constructed,revealing the correlation between the occurrence time and the pressure value due to the structure rearrangement and the former crystalline swelling.Accordingly,a design reference for dry density was given,based on the chemical conditions around the pre-site in Beishan,China.The anisotropy promoted by saline would cause a greater drop of radial pressure,making the previous threshold on axial swelling fail.
文摘Abstract Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of hypertonic saline (HS) and hypertonic saline with taurine (HST) hemorrhagic shock and hemorrhagic shock with hypernatremia rats. Methods Hypernatremic dehydration and hemorrhagic shock models were produced by Trachtma's and Krausz's methods in Sprague Dawley rats. Hemorrhagic changes of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), ±dp/dtmax and heart rate (HR) were registered on polygraph. Plasma Na +, urea lactate and taurine content were assayed. Results After treatment with HS, the hemodynamic changes of hemorrhagic shock rats were significantly alleviated, and tissue fluid redistributed. When the hemorrhagic shock animals were treated with HS containing taurine (HST), in comparison with HS treatment, the hemodynamic improvement and hemodilution were more obvious. When the hemorrhagic animals complicated with hypernatremia were treated with HS, the symptoms of dehydration and shock further deteriorated, when the hemorrhage with hypernatremia animals were treated with an infusion of HST, the symptoms of dehydration and shock were significantly ameliorated. Conclusion The therapeutic effect of HS with taurine is obviously better than HS alone. So when hemorrhagic shock was complicated with hypernatremia, HS with taurine is recommended in stead of HS alone.
