Underground space in urban areas has been expanding rapidly during recent decades, and so has the incidence of fatal accidents and extensive damage to facilities resulting from underground flooding. To evaluate the sa...Underground space in urban areas has been expanding rapidly during recent decades, and so has the incidence of fatal accidents and extensive damage to facilities resulting from underground flooding. To evaluate the safe evacuation potential of individual underground spaces in flood-prone urban areas, the hydraulic effects of flood prevention measures, e.g., stacked flashboards or sandbags and elevated steps, were incorporated in a proposed formula for estimating the depth of inundation of an underground floor. A mathematical expression of the critical rainfall intensity for safe evacuation from underground space was established and then evaluated for two types of underground spaces, an underground shopping mall and a building basement. The results show that the critical rainfall intensity for any individual underground space can be determined easily using the proposed analytical or graphical solution. However, traditional underground flood prevention measures cannot improve safety if people refuse to evacuate immediately once water intrudes into the underground space.展开更多
Obstacle removal in crowd evacuation is critical to safety and the evacuation system efficiency. Recently, manyresearchers proposed game theoreticmodels to avoid and remove obstacles for crowd evacuation. Game theoret...Obstacle removal in crowd evacuation is critical to safety and the evacuation system efficiency. Recently, manyresearchers proposed game theoreticmodels to avoid and remove obstacles for crowd evacuation. Game theoreticalmodels aim to study and analyze the strategic behaviors of individuals within a crowd and their interactionsduring the evacuation. Game theoretical models have some limitations in the context of crowd evacuation. Thesemodels consider a group of individuals as homogeneous objects with the same goals, involve complex mathematicalformulation, and cannot model real-world scenarios such as panic, environmental information, crowds that movedynamically, etc. The proposed work presents a game theoretic model integrating an agent-based model to removethe obstacles from exits. The proposed model considered the parameters named: (1) obstacle size, length, andwidth, (2) removal time, (3) evacuation time, (4) crowd density, (5) obstacle identification, and (6) route selection.The proposed work conducts various experiments considering different conditions, such as obstacle types, obstacleremoval, and several obstacles. Evaluation results show the proposed model’s effectiveness compared with existingliterature in reducing the overall evacuation time, cell selection, and obstacle removal. The study is potentially usefulfor public safety situations such as emergency evacuations during disasters and calamities.展开更多
Large commercial complexes are large in scale, complex in function, and located in densely populated areas that are prone to casualties due to unfavorable evacuation. To comprehend the safety evacuation of large comme...Large commercial complexes are large in scale, complex in function, and located in densely populated areas that are prone to casualties due to unfavorable evacuation. To comprehend the safety evacuation of large commercial complex buildings in China, investigate the safety evacuation problems encountered during the evacuation process and the evacuation optimization design strategy, the paper uses Pathfinder to build a simulation model based on literature research and study to simulate the evacuation of personnel in a large commercial complex in Dalian and explore its problems during the evacuation process. The results show that the type of personnel has an effect on the large commercial complex’s evacuation simulation results;the total number of evacuees is non-linearly correlated with the time change curve;some staircases take a long time to evacuate and have a low utilization rate. To improve evacuation efficiency, optimization suggestions for safety exits, evacuation stairs, and evacuation channels are made based on the results.展开更多
As crucial nodes in railway transportation networks,railway passenger stations can suffer significant casualties and adverse societal impacts during fire accidents.A numerical simulation test was conducted on fire smo...As crucial nodes in railway transportation networks,railway passenger stations can suffer significant casualties and adverse societal impacts during fire accidents.A numerical simulation test was conducted on fire smoke spread and personnel evacuation in a rail-way passenger station.The results indicate that the structural span and floor height of the passenger terminal influence the smoke conditions at a height of 1.8 m such that the critical thresholds for smoke visibility,smoke temperature and carbon monoxide(CO)concentration are not surpassed.However,the smoke in the vicinity of a fire source can affect the surrounding environment.Notably,within each waiting hall,the spatial extent of the influence of smoke temperature is broader than that of smoke visibility and CO concentration.Moreover,the orthogonal test analysis reveals that the factors influencing personnel evacuation time,in descending order of impact,are the number of gates opened,personnel density,baggage weight and personnel ratio.The number of gates opened is the key factor affecting safe personnel evacuation,with at least three gates needing to be opened to meet safety requirements for evacuation.In addition,a nonlinear prediction equation is established to relate the personnel evacuation time to various influenc-ing factors,and its prediction accuracy is found to be more pronounced when the evacuation duration exceeds 100 s.Furthermore,regardless of the specific waiting hall where the fire originated or the effectiveness of the automatic sprinkler system,the smoke temperature has the most prominent influence on the time required for safe evacuation.展开更多
基金Project (No. 2009QNA4024) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China
文摘Underground space in urban areas has been expanding rapidly during recent decades, and so has the incidence of fatal accidents and extensive damage to facilities resulting from underground flooding. To evaluate the safe evacuation potential of individual underground spaces in flood-prone urban areas, the hydraulic effects of flood prevention measures, e.g., stacked flashboards or sandbags and elevated steps, were incorporated in a proposed formula for estimating the depth of inundation of an underground floor. A mathematical expression of the critical rainfall intensity for safe evacuation from underground space was established and then evaluated for two types of underground spaces, an underground shopping mall and a building basement. The results show that the critical rainfall intensity for any individual underground space can be determined easily using the proposed analytical or graphical solution. However, traditional underground flood prevention measures cannot improve safety if people refuse to evacuate immediately once water intrudes into the underground space.
文摘Obstacle removal in crowd evacuation is critical to safety and the evacuation system efficiency. Recently, manyresearchers proposed game theoreticmodels to avoid and remove obstacles for crowd evacuation. Game theoreticalmodels aim to study and analyze the strategic behaviors of individuals within a crowd and their interactionsduring the evacuation. Game theoretical models have some limitations in the context of crowd evacuation. Thesemodels consider a group of individuals as homogeneous objects with the same goals, involve complex mathematicalformulation, and cannot model real-world scenarios such as panic, environmental information, crowds that movedynamically, etc. The proposed work presents a game theoretic model integrating an agent-based model to removethe obstacles from exits. The proposed model considered the parameters named: (1) obstacle size, length, andwidth, (2) removal time, (3) evacuation time, (4) crowd density, (5) obstacle identification, and (6) route selection.The proposed work conducts various experiments considering different conditions, such as obstacle types, obstacleremoval, and several obstacles. Evaluation results show the proposed model’s effectiveness compared with existingliterature in reducing the overall evacuation time, cell selection, and obstacle removal. The study is potentially usefulfor public safety situations such as emergency evacuations during disasters and calamities.
文摘Large commercial complexes are large in scale, complex in function, and located in densely populated areas that are prone to casualties due to unfavorable evacuation. To comprehend the safety evacuation of large commercial complex buildings in China, investigate the safety evacuation problems encountered during the evacuation process and the evacuation optimization design strategy, the paper uses Pathfinder to build a simulation model based on literature research and study to simulate the evacuation of personnel in a large commercial complex in Dalian and explore its problems during the evacuation process. The results show that the type of personnel has an effect on the large commercial complex’s evacuation simulation results;the total number of evacuees is non-linearly correlated with the time change curve;some staircases take a long time to evacuate and have a low utilization rate. To improve evacuation efficiency, optimization suggestions for safety exits, evacuation stairs, and evacuation channels are made based on the results.
基金funded by the Project of Science and Technology Research of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province(Grant No.BJK2023109)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.24ZR1473000)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3009904 and 2024YFC3016500)the Development Program of SINOPEC(Grant No.323139).
文摘As crucial nodes in railway transportation networks,railway passenger stations can suffer significant casualties and adverse societal impacts during fire accidents.A numerical simulation test was conducted on fire smoke spread and personnel evacuation in a rail-way passenger station.The results indicate that the structural span and floor height of the passenger terminal influence the smoke conditions at a height of 1.8 m such that the critical thresholds for smoke visibility,smoke temperature and carbon monoxide(CO)concentration are not surpassed.However,the smoke in the vicinity of a fire source can affect the surrounding environment.Notably,within each waiting hall,the spatial extent of the influence of smoke temperature is broader than that of smoke visibility and CO concentration.Moreover,the orthogonal test analysis reveals that the factors influencing personnel evacuation time,in descending order of impact,are the number of gates opened,personnel density,baggage weight and personnel ratio.The number of gates opened is the key factor affecting safe personnel evacuation,with at least three gates needing to be opened to meet safety requirements for evacuation.In addition,a nonlinear prediction equation is established to relate the personnel evacuation time to various influenc-ing factors,and its prediction accuracy is found to be more pronounced when the evacuation duration exceeds 100 s.Furthermore,regardless of the specific waiting hall where the fire originated or the effectiveness of the automatic sprinkler system,the smoke temperature has the most prominent influence on the time required for safe evacuation.
