Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.Based on their distinct functions,fi ne roots are either absorptive fi ne roots(AFRs)or transport fi ne roots(TFRs).However,the function-bas...Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.Based on their distinct functions,fi ne roots are either absorptive fi ne roots(AFRs)or transport fi ne roots(TFRs).However,the function-based fi ne root dynamics of trees and their responses to forest stand properties remain unclear.Here,we studied the dynamics of AFRs and TFRs and their responses to stand conditions and root density in a subtropical montane mixed forest based on a 2-a root window experiment.Mean(±SE)annual production,mortality,and turnover rate of AFRs were 7.87±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),8.13±0.20 m m^(−2)a^(−1)and 2.96±0.24 a^(−1),respectively,compared with 7.09±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),4.59±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),and 2.01±0.22 a^(−1),respectively,for TFRs.The production and mortality of fi ne roots were signifi cantly higher in high root-density sites than in low-root density sites,whereas the turnover of fi ne roots was faster in the low root-density sites.Furthermore,root density had a larger positive eff ect than other environmental factors on TFR production but had no obvious impact on AFR production.Tree species diversity had an apparent positive eff ect on AFR production and was the crucial driver of AFR production,probably due to a complementary eff ect,but had no evident impact on TFR.Both tree density and tree species diversity were positively correlated with the mortality of AFRs and negatively related to the turnover of TFRs,suggesting that higher root density caused stronger competition for rooting space and that plants tend to reduce maintenance costs by decreasing TFR turnover.These fi ndings illustrated the importance of root functional groups in understanding root dynamics and their responses to changes in environmental conditions.展开更多
In this paper, using the Brzdek's fixed point theorem [9,Theorem 1] in non-Archimedean(2,β)-Banach spaces, we prove some stability and hyperstability results for an p-th root functional equation ■where p∈{1, …...In this paper, using the Brzdek's fixed point theorem [9,Theorem 1] in non-Archimedean(2,β)-Banach spaces, we prove some stability and hyperstability results for an p-th root functional equation ■where p∈{1, …, 5}, a_1,…, a_k are fixed nonzero reals when p ∈ {1,3,5} and are fixed positive reals when p ∈{2,4}.展开更多
Plants adapt to the limitation of soil phosphorus(P)induced by nitrogen(N)deposition through a complex interaction of various root and leaf functional traits.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to explore the...Plants adapt to the limitation of soil phosphorus(P)induced by nitrogen(N)deposition through a complex interaction of various root and leaf functional traits.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different levels of N addition(control,low N[LN]:25 kg N ha^(-1) yr^(-1),high N[HN]:50 kg N ha^(-1) yr^(-1))on tree growth,leaf nutrient content,foliar P fractions and root characteristics of two dominant tree species,the pioneer species Salix rehderiana Schneid and the climax species Abies fabri(Mast.)Craib,in a subalpine forest in southwestern China.The results demonstrated that LN addition had a minimal impact on leaf N and P contents.Conversely,HN addition significantly decreased the leaf P content in both species.Salix rehderiana exhibited more pronounced increases in specific root length and specific root area under P deficiency triggered by HN addition when compared with A.fabri.In contrast,A.fabri showed weaker morphological responses to N addition but had a higher proportion of foliar P to metabolic P,as well as higher root exudates rate and root phosphatase activity in response to HN addition.Abies fabri employs a synergistic approach by allocating a greater amount of leaf P to metabolite P and extracting P from the soil through P-mobilizing exudates and root phosphatase activity,while S.rehderiana exhibits higher flexibility in modifying its root morphology in response to P limitation induced by HN addition.This study provides insights into subalpine tree species adaptation to N-induced P limitation,emphasizing its significance for guiding forest management and conservation in the context of global climate change.展开更多
Roots play a critical role in acquisition and utilization of nitrogen in wheat,influencing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and ultimately determining yield.However,the detailed responses of root tips to fluctuations in n...Roots play a critical role in acquisition and utilization of nitrogen in wheat,influencing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and ultimately determining yield.However,the detailed responses of root tips to fluctuations in nitrogen availability and the underlying regulatory mechanisms enabling adaptation to nitrogenlimited conditions,remain elusive.In this study,we used single-cell nuclear transcriptomics of the highnitrogen utilization variety(HNV)Zhengmai 1860(ZM1860)to construct a comprehensive map of root tip cells under both controlled and nitrogen starvation(N-starv)conditions.Identification of various cell types and their associated genes highlighted the diversity of cellular processes.Using single-nucleus consensus weighted gene co-expression network analysis(hdWGCNA),we identified key modules central to nitrogen metabolism.These identified the prominent role of epidermal cells(EC).The gene TaGS1.2,which is involved in glutamine synthesis,exhibited increased expression under nitrogen-deficient conditions,validating its functional significance in nutrient acquisition.Serving as a key functional gene that adapts to nitrogen-deficient conditions this gene also positively regulated root development.Analysis of the transcriptional regulatory network in EC further revealed the pivotal role of TaG S1.2 in the nitrogen metabolism network.We also uncovered mechanisms that enhance cell-to-cell communication in nitrogen-deficient environments by identifying specific receptors.Single-cell nuclear transcriptome mapping offers valuable insights into the complex responses of root tip cells to nitrogen scarcity and guides future breeding strategies aimed at developing more nitrogen-efficient wheat varieties.展开更多
The significant role of square root mapping in probability,statistics,physics,architecture and engineering motivates us to emphasize on a new radical functional equation arising from a square root and reciprocal squar...The significant role of square root mapping in probability,statistics,physics,architecture and engineering motivates us to emphasize on a new radical functional equation arising from a square root and reciprocal square root mappings.The interesting attribute of this equation is that it has both a square root mapping and a reciprocal square root mapping as solutions.We establish that the hyperstabilities of this equation exist using a fixed point alternative theorem.It is also demonstrated with an example that the stability may fail in special cases.展开更多
Many results are given for iterative roots of PM functions, a class of non-monotonic continuous functions, when the characteristic interval exists. In this paper we discuss iterative roots in the opposite case and par...Many results are given for iterative roots of PM functions, a class of non-monotonic continuous functions, when the characteristic interval exists. In this paper we discuss iterative roots in the opposite case and partly answer the Open Problem 1 proposed in [Ann. Polon. Math., 1997, 65（2）： 119-128].展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To sum up the treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion and the progress in functional reconstruction and rehabilitation following brachial plexus root avulsion. DATA SOURCES： A search of Medline was per...OBJECTIVE： To sum up the treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion and the progress in functional reconstruction and rehabilitation following brachial plexus root avulsion. DATA SOURCES： A search of Medline was performed to select functional reconstruction and rehabilitation following brachial plexus injury-related English articles published between January 1990 and July 2006, with key words of ＂brachial plexus injury, reconstruction and rehabilitation＂. Meanwhile, a computer-based search of CBM was carried out to select the similar Chinese articles published between January 1998 and July 2006, with key words of ＂brachial plexus injury, reconstruction and rehabilitation＂. STUDY SELECTION： The materials were checked primarily, and the literatures of functional reconstruction and rehabilitation of brachial plexus injury were selected and the full texts were retrieved. Inclusive criteria： ①Functional reconstruction following brachial plexus injury. ②Rehabilitation method of brachial plexus injury. Exclusive criteria： Reviews, repetitive study, and Meta analytical papers. DATA EXTRACTION： Forty-six literatures about functional reconstruction following brachial plexus injury were collected, and 36 of them met the inclusive criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS： Brachial plexus injury causes the complete or incomplete palsy of muscle of upper extremity. The treatment of brachial plexus is to displace not very important nerves to the distal end of very important nerve, called nerve transfer, which is an important method to treat brachial plexus injury. Postoperative rehabilitations consist of sensory training and motor functional training. It is very important to keep the initiativeness of exercise. Besides recovering peripheral nerve continuity by operation, combined treatment and accelerating neural regeneration, active motors of cerebral cortex is also the important factor to reconstruct peripheral nerve function. CONCLUSION： Consciously and actively strengthening functional exercise after operation is helpful to form cerebral plasticity and produce voluntary movements, can re-educate re-dominated muscle, obviously improves postoperative therapeutic effect and promote functional reconstruction.展开更多
Aims: Plant roots show various functional strategies in soil phosphorus(P) acquisition. Under limited soil phosphatase activity, P deficiency is the main concern, and roots either invest carbon(C) to produce higher le...Aims: Plant roots show various functional strategies in soil phosphorus(P) acquisition. Under limited soil phosphatase activity, P deficiency is the main concern, and roots either invest carbon(C) to produce higher levels of phosphatase or establish more symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi. However, these strategies and their interactions are not clear. Furthermore, few studies have investigated trade-offs of functional traits in woody species associated with different types of mycorrhizal partners.Methods: Here we examined the abilities to release acid phosphatase(AP) and the colonization ratio by arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi for fine roots of 15 woody species growing in a tropical common garden in Xishuangbanna, China. We also measured acid phosphatase activities of bulk soils under the canopy of target trees.Results: Soil and root AP activities exhibited a positive correlation, indicating that roots actively produced AP to acquire P even bulk soil AP was increasing. We found a significantly negative correlation(P=0.02) between mycorrhizal colonization ratio and root-released AP activity across target species, reflecting a trade-off between these two P acquisition strategies.Conclusions: Our findings suggest a trade-off of resource allocation between these two strategies at both species and individual levels, and provide information on the overall mechanism of P acquisition by fine roots that they either ‘do it by themselves’ or ‘rely on mycorrhizal partners’. These two strategies might be integrated into the collaboration gradient of the root economics space.展开更多
The humid agroclimatic conditions of Kerala,India permit the cultivation of an array of bamboo species of which Dendrocalamus strictus Roxb.(Nees.) is an important one on account of its high growth rate and multiple u...The humid agroclimatic conditions of Kerala,India permit the cultivation of an array of bamboo species of which Dendrocalamus strictus Roxb.(Nees.) is an important one on account of its high growth rate and multiple uses. Stand density, a potential tool in controlling the productivity of woody ecosystems, its effect on growth and root distribution patterns may provide a better understanding of productivity optimization especially when bamboo-based intercropping options are considered.Growth attributes of 7-year-old bamboo(D. strictus) stands managed at variable spacing(4×4 m, 6×6 m, 8×8 m,10×10 m, 12×12 m) were studied. Functional root activity among bamboo clumps were also studied using a radio tracer soil injection method in which the radio isotopeP was applied to soil at varying depths and lateral distances from the clump. Results indicate that spacing exerts a profound influence on growth of bamboo. Widely spaced bamboo exhibited higher clump diameters and crown widths while clump heights were better under closer spacing. Clump height was 30% lower and DBH 52%higher at the widest spacing(12×12 m) compared to the closest spacing(4×4 m). With increasing soil depth and lateral distance, root activity decreased significantly. Root activity near the clump base was highest(809 counts per minute, cpm; 50 cm depth and 50 cm lateral distance) at 4×4 m. Tracer study further showed wider distribution of root activity with increase in clump spacing. It may be concluded that the intensive foraging zone of bamboo is within a 50-cm radius around the clump irrespective of spacing. N, P and K content in the upper 20 cm was 2197,21, and 203 kg/ha respectively for the closely spaced bamboo(4×4 m) which were significantly higher than corresponding nutrient content at wider spacings. About 50% of N, P and K were present within the 0–20 cm soil layer, which decreased drastically beyond the 20 cm depth.The results suggest that stand management practices through planting density regulation can modify the resource acquisition patterns of D. strictus which in turn can change growth and productivity considerably. Such information on root activities, spatial and temporal strategies of resource sharing will be helpful in deciding the effective nutrition zone for D. strictus. Further, the study throws light on the spatial distribution of non-competitive zones for productivity optimization yields, especially when intercropping practices are considered.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.3217159931870465).
文摘Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.Based on their distinct functions,fi ne roots are either absorptive fi ne roots(AFRs)or transport fi ne roots(TFRs).However,the function-based fi ne root dynamics of trees and their responses to forest stand properties remain unclear.Here,we studied the dynamics of AFRs and TFRs and their responses to stand conditions and root density in a subtropical montane mixed forest based on a 2-a root window experiment.Mean(±SE)annual production,mortality,and turnover rate of AFRs were 7.87±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),8.13±0.20 m m^(−2)a^(−1)and 2.96±0.24 a^(−1),respectively,compared with 7.09±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),4.59±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),and 2.01±0.22 a^(−1),respectively,for TFRs.The production and mortality of fi ne roots were signifi cantly higher in high root-density sites than in low-root density sites,whereas the turnover of fi ne roots was faster in the low root-density sites.Furthermore,root density had a larger positive eff ect than other environmental factors on TFR production but had no obvious impact on AFR production.Tree species diversity had an apparent positive eff ect on AFR production and was the crucial driver of AFR production,probably due to a complementary eff ect,but had no evident impact on TFR.Both tree density and tree species diversity were positively correlated with the mortality of AFRs and negatively related to the turnover of TFRs,suggesting that higher root density caused stronger competition for rooting space and that plants tend to reduce maintenance costs by decreasing TFR turnover.These fi ndings illustrated the importance of root functional groups in understanding root dynamics and their responses to changes in environmental conditions.
文摘In this paper, using the Brzdek's fixed point theorem [9,Theorem 1] in non-Archimedean(2,β)-Banach spaces, we prove some stability and hyperstability results for an p-th root functional equation ■where p∈{1, …, 5}, a_1,…, a_k are fixed nonzero reals when p ∈ {1,3,5} and are fixed positive reals when p ∈{2,4}.
基金supported by Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Natural Resource Coupling Process and Effects(2023KFKTA005,2023KFKTB012)by the Science and Technology Research Program of Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IMHE-ZDRW-06).
文摘Plants adapt to the limitation of soil phosphorus(P)induced by nitrogen(N)deposition through a complex interaction of various root and leaf functional traits.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different levels of N addition(control,low N[LN]:25 kg N ha^(-1) yr^(-1),high N[HN]:50 kg N ha^(-1) yr^(-1))on tree growth,leaf nutrient content,foliar P fractions and root characteristics of two dominant tree species,the pioneer species Salix rehderiana Schneid and the climax species Abies fabri(Mast.)Craib,in a subalpine forest in southwestern China.The results demonstrated that LN addition had a minimal impact on leaf N and P contents.Conversely,HN addition significantly decreased the leaf P content in both species.Salix rehderiana exhibited more pronounced increases in specific root length and specific root area under P deficiency triggered by HN addition when compared with A.fabri.In contrast,A.fabri showed weaker morphological responses to N addition but had a higher proportion of foliar P to metabolic P,as well as higher root exudates rate and root phosphatase activity in response to HN addition.Abies fabri employs a synergistic approach by allocating a greater amount of leaf P to metabolite P and extracting P from the soil through P-mobilizing exudates and root phosphatase activity,while S.rehderiana exhibits higher flexibility in modifying its root morphology in response to P limitation induced by HN addition.This study provides insights into subalpine tree species adaptation to N-induced P limitation,emphasizing its significance for guiding forest management and conservation in the context of global climate change.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFD1200204)the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research and Development Program Joint Fund(222301420025)the Fund of Shennong Laboratory(SN01-2022-01)。
文摘Roots play a critical role in acquisition and utilization of nitrogen in wheat,influencing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and ultimately determining yield.However,the detailed responses of root tips to fluctuations in nitrogen availability and the underlying regulatory mechanisms enabling adaptation to nitrogenlimited conditions,remain elusive.In this study,we used single-cell nuclear transcriptomics of the highnitrogen utilization variety(HNV)Zhengmai 1860(ZM1860)to construct a comprehensive map of root tip cells under both controlled and nitrogen starvation(N-starv)conditions.Identification of various cell types and their associated genes highlighted the diversity of cellular processes.Using single-nucleus consensus weighted gene co-expression network analysis(hdWGCNA),we identified key modules central to nitrogen metabolism.These identified the prominent role of epidermal cells(EC).The gene TaGS1.2,which is involved in glutamine synthesis,exhibited increased expression under nitrogen-deficient conditions,validating its functional significance in nutrient acquisition.Serving as a key functional gene that adapts to nitrogen-deficient conditions this gene also positively regulated root development.Analysis of the transcriptional regulatory network in EC further revealed the pivotal role of TaG S1.2 in the nitrogen metabolism network.We also uncovered mechanisms that enhance cell-to-cell communication in nitrogen-deficient environments by identifying specific receptors.Single-cell nuclear transcriptome mapping offers valuable insights into the complex responses of root tip cells to nitrogen scarcity and guides future breeding strategies aimed at developing more nitrogen-efficient wheat varieties.
基金Supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),India(MTR/2020/000534).
文摘The significant role of square root mapping in probability,statistics,physics,architecture and engineering motivates us to emphasize on a new radical functional equation arising from a square root and reciprocal square root mappings.The interesting attribute of this equation is that it has both a square root mapping and a reciprocal square root mapping as solutions.We establish that the hyperstabilities of this equation exist using a fixed point alternative theorem.It is also demonstrated with an example that the stability may fail in special cases.
基金Supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(Grant No.11201184)the Scientific Research Fundof Sichuan Provincial Education Department(Grant No.11ZA160)
文摘Many results are given for iterative roots of PM functions, a class of non-monotonic continuous functions, when the characteristic interval exists. In this paper we discuss iterative roots in the opposite case and partly answer the Open Problem 1 proposed in [Ann. Polon. Math., 1997, 65（2）： 119-128].
文摘OBJECTIVE： To sum up the treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion and the progress in functional reconstruction and rehabilitation following brachial plexus root avulsion. DATA SOURCES： A search of Medline was performed to select functional reconstruction and rehabilitation following brachial plexus injury-related English articles published between January 1990 and July 2006, with key words of ＂brachial plexus injury, reconstruction and rehabilitation＂. Meanwhile, a computer-based search of CBM was carried out to select the similar Chinese articles published between January 1998 and July 2006, with key words of ＂brachial plexus injury, reconstruction and rehabilitation＂. STUDY SELECTION： The materials were checked primarily, and the literatures of functional reconstruction and rehabilitation of brachial plexus injury were selected and the full texts were retrieved. Inclusive criteria： ①Functional reconstruction following brachial plexus injury. ②Rehabilitation method of brachial plexus injury. Exclusive criteria： Reviews, repetitive study, and Meta analytical papers. DATA EXTRACTION： Forty-six literatures about functional reconstruction following brachial plexus injury were collected, and 36 of them met the inclusive criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS： Brachial plexus injury causes the complete or incomplete palsy of muscle of upper extremity. The treatment of brachial plexus is to displace not very important nerves to the distal end of very important nerve, called nerve transfer, which is an important method to treat brachial plexus injury. Postoperative rehabilitations consist of sensory training and motor functional training. It is very important to keep the initiativeness of exercise. Besides recovering peripheral nerve continuity by operation, combined treatment and accelerating neural regeneration, active motors of cerebral cortex is also the important factor to reconstruct peripheral nerve function. CONCLUSION： Consciously and actively strengthening functional exercise after operation is helpful to form cerebral plasticity and produce voluntary movements, can re-educate re-dominated muscle, obviously improves postoperative therapeutic effect and promote functional reconstruction.
基金supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32001218,42141006 and 31988102).
文摘Aims: Plant roots show various functional strategies in soil phosphorus(P) acquisition. Under limited soil phosphatase activity, P deficiency is the main concern, and roots either invest carbon(C) to produce higher levels of phosphatase or establish more symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi. However, these strategies and their interactions are not clear. Furthermore, few studies have investigated trade-offs of functional traits in woody species associated with different types of mycorrhizal partners.Methods: Here we examined the abilities to release acid phosphatase(AP) and the colonization ratio by arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi for fine roots of 15 woody species growing in a tropical common garden in Xishuangbanna, China. We also measured acid phosphatase activities of bulk soils under the canopy of target trees.Results: Soil and root AP activities exhibited a positive correlation, indicating that roots actively produced AP to acquire P even bulk soil AP was increasing. We found a significantly negative correlation(P=0.02) between mycorrhizal colonization ratio and root-released AP activity across target species, reflecting a trade-off between these two P acquisition strategies.Conclusions: Our findings suggest a trade-off of resource allocation between these two strategies at both species and individual levels, and provide information on the overall mechanism of P acquisition by fine roots that they either ‘do it by themselves’ or ‘rely on mycorrhizal partners’. These two strategies might be integrated into the collaboration gradient of the root economics space.
基金financially supported by the Kerala Agricultural University
文摘The humid agroclimatic conditions of Kerala,India permit the cultivation of an array of bamboo species of which Dendrocalamus strictus Roxb.(Nees.) is an important one on account of its high growth rate and multiple uses. Stand density, a potential tool in controlling the productivity of woody ecosystems, its effect on growth and root distribution patterns may provide a better understanding of productivity optimization especially when bamboo-based intercropping options are considered.Growth attributes of 7-year-old bamboo(D. strictus) stands managed at variable spacing(4×4 m, 6×6 m, 8×8 m,10×10 m, 12×12 m) were studied. Functional root activity among bamboo clumps were also studied using a radio tracer soil injection method in which the radio isotopeP was applied to soil at varying depths and lateral distances from the clump. Results indicate that spacing exerts a profound influence on growth of bamboo. Widely spaced bamboo exhibited higher clump diameters and crown widths while clump heights were better under closer spacing. Clump height was 30% lower and DBH 52%higher at the widest spacing(12×12 m) compared to the closest spacing(4×4 m). With increasing soil depth and lateral distance, root activity decreased significantly. Root activity near the clump base was highest(809 counts per minute, cpm; 50 cm depth and 50 cm lateral distance) at 4×4 m. Tracer study further showed wider distribution of root activity with increase in clump spacing. It may be concluded that the intensive foraging zone of bamboo is within a 50-cm radius around the clump irrespective of spacing. N, P and K content in the upper 20 cm was 2197,21, and 203 kg/ha respectively for the closely spaced bamboo(4×4 m) which were significantly higher than corresponding nutrient content at wider spacings. About 50% of N, P and K were present within the 0–20 cm soil layer, which decreased drastically beyond the 20 cm depth.The results suggest that stand management practices through planting density regulation can modify the resource acquisition patterns of D. strictus which in turn can change growth and productivity considerably. Such information on root activities, spatial and temporal strategies of resource sharing will be helpful in deciding the effective nutrition zone for D. strictus. Further, the study throws light on the spatial distribution of non-competitive zones for productivity optimization yields, especially when intercropping practices are considered.
