Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG),as the central nodes of primary sensory afferents,possess a distinctive T-junction that is not merely a morphological peculiarity but also performs complex roles ...Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG),as the central nodes of primary sensory afferents,possess a distinctive T-junction that is not merely a morphological peculiarity but also performs complex roles in rapid,multiplexed shunting and regulation of sensory signals.This specialized geometry enables separation,filtering,and feedback regulation of neuronal signals,thereby coordinating peripheral and central responses at multiple levels.Recent advances,including spatial transcriptomics,single-cell sequencing,super-resolution microscopy,organoid models,and novel electrophysiological methods,have permitted more precise dissection of the T-junction's molecular composition,ion-channel distribution,and electrophysiological properties.Here,we review current knowledge of the T-junction's developmental regulation and multilayered molecular networks,and we detail its functional alterations in both physiological signaling and pathological pain states,with particular emphasis on ion-channel modulation,signal attenuation,and selective transmission mechanisms.Finally,we discuss contemporary pain-intervention approaches and prospects for precision-targeted therapies,aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for future studies in pain physiology and clinical translation.展开更多
The shift from seedling transplanting to direct-seeding cultivation in rice demands robust root systems for early seedling establishment and yield stability.While the pleiotropic gene OsSP3(also designated TAC4 or SG2...The shift from seedling transplanting to direct-seeding cultivation in rice demands robust root systems for early seedling establishment and yield stability.While the pleiotropic gene OsSP3(also designated TAC4 or SG2)is known to regulate aboveground traits,including tiller angle,grain size,and panicle development,its function in root morphogenesis remains uncharacterized.展开更多
Soil compaction often imposes stress on root development and plant survival.However,root anatomical responses that enable persistent root growth and functioning under soil compaction remain unclear.We grew 10 herbaceo...Soil compaction often imposes stress on root development and plant survival.However,root anatomical responses that enable persistent root growth and functioning under soil compaction remain unclear.We grew 10 herbaceous species differing substantially in lateral root diameter,in soils with low(1.0 g cm^(-3))and high(1.4 g cm^(-3))bulk density,and assessed root traits including root biomass,anatomical structures,and respiration rates.Greater root thickening upon soil compaction was found in species with thicker first-order lateral roots,mainly due to larger cortical cell size.Both xylem vessel diameter and wall thickness increased more in compacted soils in these species.Despite these anatomical shifts,root respiration rate responded little to soil compaction across most species,likely due to the opposite investment in cortical cells and xylem vessels.Notably,root biomass,independent of root respiration rate and anatomical structures,determined whole-plant growth under soil compaction.Our study reveals two independent strategies of root response to soil compaction:anatomical remodeling for mechanical and metabolic maintenance,and root biomass investment for resource acquisition.These findings offer new insights for breeding and selecting species tolerant to soil compaction and highlight multidimensional strategies of plant adaptation to physical stress.展开更多
Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as ...Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as maize-green manure intercropping,to find possible pathways for enhancing soil P utilization.A maize-green manure intercropping experiment was started in 2009 to investigate the effects and mechanisms for enhancing P uptake and yield in maize.Three species of green manures(hairy vetch(HV),needle leaf pea(NP),sweet pea(SP))and a sole maize treatment(CK)were used,resulting in four treatments(CK,HVT,NPT,and SPT)in the experiment.During 2020-2023,the intercropping treatments enhanced maize yields in 2020 and 2021,particularly in HVT with increases of 13.7%(1.96 t ha^(-1))and 13.0%(2.13 t ha^(-1))compared with CK,respectively.Grain P accumulation of maize was significantly higher in the intercropping treatments than CK in 2020,2021,and 2023,and with an average increase of 10.6%over the four years(5.2% for NPT,10.8% for SPT and 15.9% for HVT)compared with CK.Intercropping promoted maize growth with a greater root length density and a higher organic acid release rate.HVT changed the soil properties more dramatically than the other treatments,with increases in the acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities of 29.8 and 38.5%,respectively,in the topsoil(0-15 cm),while the soil p H was reduced by 0.37 units compared to CK(p H=8.44).Intercropping treatments facilitated the conversion of non-labile P to mod-labile P and stimulated the growth of soil bacteria in the topsoil.Compared with CK,the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota,known for accumulating polyphosphate,and Actinobacteriota,a prominent source of bioactive compounds,increased significantly in the intercropping treatments,especially in HVT and SPT.A PLS-PM analysis showed that intercropping promoted soil P mobilization and the enrichment of beneficial bacteria by regulating maize root morphology and physiology.Our results highlight that maize-green manure intercropping optimizes root traits,soil properties and bacterial composition,which contribute to greater maize P uptake and yield,providing an effective strategy for sustainable crop production.展开更多
Root-zone temperature(RZT)strongly affects plant growth,nutrient uptake and tolerance to environmental stress,making its regulation a key challenge in greenhouse cultivation in cold climates.This study aimed to assess...Root-zone temperature(RZT)strongly affects plant growth,nutrient uptake and tolerance to environmental stress,making its regulation a key challenge in greenhouse cultivation in cold climates.This study aimed to assess the potential of passive techniques,namely black polyethylene mulch and row covers,for modifying RZT dynamics in lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.)production and to evaluate the predictive performance of the eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)algorithm.Experiments were conducted in Iğdır,Türkiye,over a 61-day period,with soil temperature continuously monitored at depths of 1-30 cm under mulched and non-mulched conditions,alongside measurements of greenhouse air temperature both with and without row covers.The application of row covers increased internal air temperature by 5.8℃,while mulching raised RZT by 0.6-1.3℃,with effects diminishing at deeper layers.XGBoost modeling achieved high predictive accuracy,with RMSE values of 0.150-0.189◦C and R^(2)values above 0.99,and feature-importance analysis indicated that neighboring soil depths were the strongest predictors of RZT.These findings show that integrating row covers and mulching can stabilize the root-zone microclimate without active heating.The XGBoost model provides a robust tool for forecasting soil temperature and supports sustainable greenhouse production in cold regions.展开更多
Cellular asymmetry,which represents a fundamental characteristic of cell polarity,is prominently illustrated by the apical-basal localization of PINFORMED(PIN)auxin efflux carriers in Arabidopsis thaliana.Although the...Cellular asymmetry,which represents a fundamental characteristic of cell polarity,is prominently illustrated by the apical-basal localization of PINFORMED(PIN)auxin efflux carriers in Arabidopsis thaliana.Although the maintenance of PIN polarity at the plasma membrane(PM)relies on endomembrane trafficking,the pivotal factors responsible for recruiting PIN proteins to the PM remain largely unknown.In this study,we discover that EXO70G1displays a polarized distribution at the PM in root cells.Acting as a putative subunit of the exocyst complex,which mediates the tethering of exocytic vesicles to the PM,EXO70G1 exhibits continuous recycling foci at the PM,and its dynamic behavior is akin to that of SEC6 and SEC8.Disruption of EXO70G1 and its homolog EXO70G2 in Arabidopsis reduces auxin accumulation and primary root length.Importantly,the recycling of PIN2 from the brefeldin A(BFA)compartment to the PM is compromised,and the abundance of PIN2 at the PM is reduced in the exo70G1 exo70G2 backgrounds.Interestingly,live-cell imaging reveals that the polarity of EXO70G1 is established during cytokinesis,prior to that of PIN2,and is maintained throughout the subsequent phases of cell elongation and differentiation.When the lipid raft was disturbed,the accumulation of EXO70G1 at the PM decreased.Our findings highlight the crucial role of EXO70G1 in root development by providing positional cues that facilitate the recycling efficiency of PIN2 to the PM.展开更多
In order to address the evolving emission characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs),it is essential to develop adsorbent materials specifically designed for the efficient adsorption of OVOCs with...In order to address the evolving emission characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs),it is essential to develop adsorbent materials specifically designed for the efficient adsorption of OVOCs with large kinetic diameters.In this study,we used co-pyrolysis to prepare a series of graded porous carbon materials with well-developed micropores by adjusting the doping ratios of root nodules and pretreated cellulose.The material with root nodule to cellulose mass ratio of 1:1(TCC-RN-1)exhibited the highest saturated adsorption capacity for butyl acetate(834 mg/g).This can be attributed to enhanced pore size distribution from nodule doping,which facilitates the development of a micropore-graded structure.Additionally,the nodules acted as auxiliary activating agents that enhanced the KOH micropore regulation effect during the activation stage,resulting in the highest micropore volume(0.863 cm^(3)/g).The doping of root nodules facilitated the formation of additional defects on the surface of the porous carbon material,leading to a more disordered arrangement that improved pollutant adsorption.Furthermore,TCC-RN-1 demonstrated good thermal stability in an air atmosphere,main-taining a butyl acetate adsorption capacity exceeding 95%after five adsorption-desorption cycles.This indicates its favorable potential for industrial applications.展开更多
The combination of Daphnes Cortex(DC)and Liquorice Root(LR),two traditional Chinese medicinal herbs,has shown significant therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but its synergistic mechanism of action remains...The combination of Daphnes Cortex(DC)and Liquorice Root(LR),two traditional Chinese medicinal herbs,has shown significant therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but its synergistic mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.Employing a network pharmacology and molecular docking approach,this study systematically investigated the synergistic mechanism of the herb pair DC and LR in RA treatment.Active components and their corresponding targets were retrieved from the TCMSP database and relevant literature,and RA-related targets were collected from established disease databases.A total of 73 overlapping targets between DC-LR and RA were identified,among which core targets such as AKT1,TNF,and CASP3 were highlighted.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these targets are involved in biological processes such as oxidative stress response and cell migration,and are significantly enriched in key pathways including HIF-1,TNF,and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.Compatibility analysis further revealed that the combination of DC and LR may enhance therapeutic effects through synergistic regulation of shared targets and complementary modulation of upstream and downstream pathway components.Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between core active components and key targets.This study provides a multi-dimensional“component-target-pathway”perspective on the potential synergistic anti-RA mechanism of the DC-LR herb pair,offering a theoretical basis for further experimental validation and clinical application.展开更多
Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as s...Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as single embryo and easy rooting.However,Citron C-05 was found to be highly susceptible to root rot during cultivation,with the specific pathogens previously unknown.In this study,four candidate fungal species were isolated from Citron C-05 roots.Sequence analysis of ITS,EF-1a,RPB1,and RPB2 identified two Fusarium solani strains,Rr-2 and Rr-4,as the candidates causing root rot in Citron C-05.Resistance tests showed these two pathogens increased root damage rate from 10.30%to 35.69%in Citron C-05,sour orange(Citrus aurantium),sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)and pummelo(Citrus grandis).F.solani exhibited the weak pathogenicity towards trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata).DAB staining revealed none of reddish-brown precipitation in the four susceptible citrus germplasm after infection with F.solani,while trifoliate orange exhibited significant H2O2 accumulation.Trypan blue staining indicated increased cell death in the four susceptible citrus germplasm following infection with these two pathogens but not in trifoliate orange.These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of citrus root rot and support future research on the mechanisms of root rot resistance in citrus.展开更多
Objective:To identify the root causes of typical adverse drug events through the lens of patient experiences proposing novel strategies to mitigate preventable harm.Methods:A qualitative case study leveraging in-depth...Objective:To identify the root causes of typical adverse drug events through the lens of patient experiences proposing novel strategies to mitigate preventable harm.Methods:A qualitative case study leveraging in-depth interviews with patients and families,anchored by Interactive Patient Par ticipation Theory,to analyze 4 high-severity adverse drug events(ADE)cases.Cases were purposively sampled from 8 communities in China's National Adverse Event Monitor Center(2018-2023).Semi-structured interviews explored patient perspectives,with data analyzed via thematic coding and triangulation against clinical records.Results:Five interconnected themes emerged:(1)erosion of trust,(2)communication breakdowns,(3)information asymmetry,(4)environmental inadequacies,and(5)technological alienation.Notably,75% of participants had≤high school education,and 50% used≥7 medications daily,compounding ADE risks.Conclusions:We considered elements mentioned by theory,exploring trust,communication,information,and suppor t as the root causes.In addition,we added“adaptability to new technology”as an impor tant and necessary component.It is impor tant and necessary to analyze typical adverse drug events from the perspectives of patients.展开更多
Few studies have investigated alterations in the immune cell microenvironment of the dorsal root ganglia following spinal cord injury and whether these modifications facilitate axonal regeneration.In this study,we use...Few studies have investigated alterations in the immune cell microenvironment of the dorsal root ganglia following spinal cord injury and whether these modifications facilitate axonal regeneration.In this study,we used a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset to create a comprehensive profile of the diverse cell types in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of a mid-thoracic contusion injury model in cynomolgus monkeys.Cell communication analysis indicated that specific signaling events among various dorsal root ganglia cell types occur in response to spinal cord injury.Single-cell analysis using dimensionality reduction clustering identified distinct molecular signatures for nine cell types,including macrophage subpopulations,and differential gene expression profiles between dorsal root ganglia cells and spinal cord cells following spinal cord injury.The macrophage subpopulations were categorized into 11 clusters(MC0-MC10)based on differentially expressed genes,with the top 10 genes being ABCA6,RBMS3,EBF1,LAMA4,ANTXR2,LAMA2,SOX5,FOXP2,GHR,and APOD.MC0,MC1,and MC2 constituted the predominant macrophage populations.MC4,MC6,and MC9 were nearly absent in the spinal cord,but exhibited significant increases in the dorsal root ganglia post-spinal cord injury.Notably,these subpopulations possess a strong capacity for regulating axonal regeneration.The developmental progression of dorsal root ganglia macrophages after spinal cord injury was elucidated using cell trajectory and pseudo-time analyses.Genes such as EBF1(MC6 and MC9 marker),RBMS3(MC6 and MC9 marker),and ABCA6(MC6 marker)showed high expression levels in the critical pathways of macrophage function.Through ligand-receptor pair analysis,we determined that the effects of macrophages on microglia are predominantly mediated through interaction pairs(e.g.,SPP1-CD44,LAMC1-CD44,and FN1-CD44),potentially facilitating specific cellular communications within the immune microenvironment.The single-cell RNA sequencing dataset used in this study represents the first comprehensive transcriptional analysis of the dorsal root ganglia after spinal cord injury in cynomolgus monkeys,encompassing nearly all cell types within the dorsal root ganglia region.Using this dataset,we evaluated diverse subtypes of macrophages in the post-spinal cord injury dorsal root ganglia area and examined the signaling pathways that facilitate interactions among immune response-related macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia.Findings from this study provide a theoretical basis for understanding how the immune microenvironment influences the regenerative capacity of dorsal root ganglia neurons after spinal cord injury and offer novel insights into the complex processes underlying the pathobiology of spinal cord injury.展开更多
Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene express...Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene expression patterns in the dorsal root ganglias of young adult and aged animals following sciatic nerve injury.In young adult animals,two transforming growth factor beta-related factors,activin A and angiopoietin 2,were found to be upregulated post nerve injury.Treatment of isolated dorsal root ganglia explants and cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons of neonatal and young adult rats with recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein stimulated neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation.The administration of recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein to sciatic nerve crush-injured dorsal root ganglias also supported the growth of sensory neurons and facilitated nerve regeneration in both young adult and aged rats.Using RNA sequencing,we characterized genetic changes in dorsal root ganglia neurons following recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 treatment,revealing the unique mechanisms of these transforming growth factor beta-related factors.Recombinant activin A elicited changes in the gene expression of cytoskeleton-related Gper1 and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling,while angiopoietin 2 increased the expression of the transcription factor gene E2f2.Our identification of activin A and angiopoietin 2 as crucial promotional factors of axonal regeneration may guide future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of nerve injury.展开更多
Instrument separation is a critical complication during root canal therapy,impacting treatment success and long-term tooth preservation.The etiology of instrument separation is multifactorial,involving the intricate a...Instrument separation is a critical complication during root canal therapy,impacting treatment success and long-term tooth preservation.The etiology of instrument separation is multifactorial,involving the intricate anatomy of the root canal system,instrument-related factors,and instrumentation techniques.Instrument separation can hinder thorough cleaning,shaping,and obturation of the root canal,posing challenges to successful treatment outcomes.Although retrieval of separated instrument is often feasible,it carries risks including perforation,excessive removal of tooth structure and root fractures.Effective management of separated instruments requires a comprehensive understanding of the contributing factors,meticulous preoperative assessment,and precise evaluation of the retrieval difficulty.The application of appropriate retrieval techniques is essential to minimize complications and optimize clinical outcomes.The current manuscript provides a framework for understanding the causes,risk factors,and clinical management principles of instrument separation.By integrating effective strategies,endodontists can enhance decision-making,improve endodontic treatment success and ensure the preservation of natural dentition.展开更多
Although class A auxin response factors(ARFs)are known to regulate adventitious root(AR)development through the canonical SCFTIR1-Aux/IAA-ARF signaling pathway,the regulatory role of class B ARFs in AR development rem...Although class A auxin response factors(ARFs)are known to regulate adventitious root(AR)development through the canonical SCFTIR1-Aux/IAA-ARF signaling pathway,the regulatory role of class B ARFs in AR development remains largely unclear.Therefore,this research focused on the role of class B ARF transcription factors in peach(Prunus persica‘Shengli')adventitious root formation.Here,we report the role of a class B ARF gene Pp ARF4 in adventitious root formation in peach.Comparative transcriptome and q RT-PCR analyses showed that the transcription of Pp ARF4 was significantly up-regulated in auxin-treated stem explants.Y2H assay showed that Pp ARF4 had no interaction with Pp IAAs(AUXIN/INDOLE ACETIC ACIDs).Pp ARF4 could bind the promoters of lateral root development gene Pp LBD16 and auxin transport gene Pp PIN1 to activate their transcription.Ectopic overexpression of Pp ARF4 and Pp LBD16 in Arabidopsis promoted AR development.Additionally,Pp ARF4 could act as a negative regulator of flavone synthesis and thus prevent the explants from browning.The results not only provide novel insights into the functions of ARFs in regulating plant growth and development,but will also be useful for fulfilling asexual propagation by stem cuttings in peach.展开更多
The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use e...The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.展开更多
The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growt...The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growth remains unclear.In this study,we obtained potato dro2 mutant lines by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-Associated 9(CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genome editing system.The mutant lines were generated from a splicing defect of the StDRO2 intron 1,which causes a nonsense mutation in StDRO2.Furthermore,the secondary structure of StDRO2 mRNA analyzed with RNAfold Web Server was altered in the dro2 mutant.Mutation of StDRO2 conveys potato adaptation through changing the RSA via alteration of auxin transport under drought stress.The potato dro2 lines showed higher plant height,longer root length,smaller root growth angle and increased tuber weight than the wild-type.The alteration of RSA was associated with a disturbance of IAA distribution in the dro2 mutant,and the levels of StPIN7 and StPIN10 detected by using real-time PCR were up-regulated in the roots of potato dro2 lines grown under drought stress.Moreover,the microRNAs(miRNAs)PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 targeted the StDRO2 gene,and auxin positively and negatively regulated the expression of StDRO2 and the miRNAs PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486,respectively,in the potato roots.Our data shows that a regulatory network involving auxin,StDRO2,PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 can control RSA to convey potato fitness under drought stress.展开更多
Various chemical irrigants and drugs have been employed for intra-canal disinfection in root canal therapy(RCT).However,due to the complexity of root canal anatomy,many drugs still exhibit poor penetrability and antib...Various chemical irrigants and drugs have been employed for intra-canal disinfection in root canal therapy(RCT).However,due to the complexity of root canal anatomy,many drugs still exhibit poor penetrability and antibiotic resistance,leading to suboptimal treatment outcomes.Thus,it is challenging to remove the organic biofilms from root canals.In recent years,light-responsive therapy,with deeper tissue penetration than traditional treatments,has emerged as an effective RCT modality.Herein,this review summarizes the recent development of light-responsive nanomaterials for biofilm removal in RCT.The light-responsive nanomaterials and the corresponding therapeutic methods in RCT,including photodynamic therapy(PDT),photothermal therapy(PTT),and laser-activated therapy,are highlighted.Finally,the challenges that light-responsive nanomaterials and treatment modalities will encounter to conquer the biofilm in future RCT are discussed.This review is believed to significantly accelerate the future development of light-responsive nanomaterials for RCT from bench to bedside.展开更多
Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping...Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping is mainly attributed to the large amount of purchased resources such as water and fertilizer,plastic film,and mechanical power.These lead to a decline in cultivated land quality and exacerbate intercrops'premature root and canopy senescence.So,the application of traditional intercropping faces major challenges in crop production.This paper analyzes the manifestations,occurrence mechanisms,and agronomic regulatory pathways of crop senescence.The physiological and ecological characteristics of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are reviewed in this paper.The main agronomic regulatory pathways of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are based on above-and blow-ground interactions,including collocation of crop varieties,spatial arrangement,water and fertilizer management,and tillage and mulch practices.Future research fields of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence should focus on the aspects of selecting and breeding special varieties,application of molecular biology techniques,and developing or applying models to predict and evaluate the root and canopy senescence process of intercrops.Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of different research results could provide a basis for enhancing intercropping delay root and canopy senescence through adopting innovative technologies for regulating the physio-ecological characteristics of intercrops.This would support developing and adopting high-yield,efficient,and sustainable intercropping systems in arid and semi-arid areas with high population density,limited land,and abundant light and heat resources.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced live...Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro,using a human hepatoma cell line G2(HepG2)cell model.Methods:HepG2 cells were cultured in medium containing 4%ethanol to establish a model of alcoholic liver damage.The cells were then treated with the combined extract obtained via cryogenic extraction.Biochemical assays and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the levels of oxidative stress markers,antioxidant enzymes,and inflammatory cytokines.In addition,activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)pathway was examined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of the extract.Results:Treatment with the extract contributed to a significant reduction in the release of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the ethanol-treated HepG2 cells;promoted the elevated expression of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses;and showed strong free radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.In addition,by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway,treatment promoted increases in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream targets,subsequently inhibiting apoptosis.Moreover.inflammatory responses were mitigated,as indicated by reductions in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6,and we detected reduction in the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase,thereby indicating hepatoprotective effects.Conclusion:The combined P.lobata root and H.dulcis extract was established to have notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties,effectively alleviating ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro.These findings highlight the potential applicability of this extract as a candidate for treating alcoholic liver disease.展开更多
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herb...Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.展开更多
基金supported by grant from the National Key Technology Support Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2021ZD0203204)。
文摘Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG),as the central nodes of primary sensory afferents,possess a distinctive T-junction that is not merely a morphological peculiarity but also performs complex roles in rapid,multiplexed shunting and regulation of sensory signals.This specialized geometry enables separation,filtering,and feedback regulation of neuronal signals,thereby coordinating peripheral and central responses at multiple levels.Recent advances,including spatial transcriptomics,single-cell sequencing,super-resolution microscopy,organoid models,and novel electrophysiological methods,have permitted more precise dissection of the T-junction's molecular composition,ion-channel distribution,and electrophysiological properties.Here,we review current knowledge of the T-junction's developmental regulation and multilayered molecular networks,and we detail its functional alterations in both physiological signaling and pathological pain states,with particular emphasis on ion-channel modulation,signal attenuation,and selective transmission mechanisms.Finally,we discuss contemporary pain-intervention approaches and prospects for precision-targeted therapies,aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for future studies in pain physiology and clinical translation.
基金funded by the Major Science and Technology Projects of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2021C02063-5)the Key Research and Development Projects of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.ZDYF2023XDNY086)+2 种基金the State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Hazard Factors and Risk Prevention and Control of Agricultural Products Jointly Constructed by the Ministry and the Province,China(Grant No.2010DS700124)the Zhejiang Province Vanguard Leading Goose Project,China(Grant Nos.2023C02055 and 2022C02034)the Jiaxing Nanhu District Science and Technology Plan Project,China(Grant No.2023017).
文摘The shift from seedling transplanting to direct-seeding cultivation in rice demands robust root systems for early seedling establishment and yield stability.While the pleiotropic gene OsSP3(also designated TAC4 or SG2)is known to regulate aboveground traits,including tiller angle,grain size,and panicle development,its function in root morphogenesis remains uncharacterized.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471824,32171746,31870522,42477227,and 32560282)the leading talents of basic research in Henan Province(24XM0375)+6 种基金Excellent Youth Creative Research Group Project in Henan Province(252300421002)Foreign Scientists Studio in Henan Province(GZS2025011)MOHRSS National Foreign Expert Individual Projectsand(110000264820258001)Natural Science Foundation of Henan(242300420604)supported by the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control(2023B1212060002)the High-level University Special Fund(G03050K001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M690922).
文摘Soil compaction often imposes stress on root development and plant survival.However,root anatomical responses that enable persistent root growth and functioning under soil compaction remain unclear.We grew 10 herbaceous species differing substantially in lateral root diameter,in soils with low(1.0 g cm^(-3))and high(1.4 g cm^(-3))bulk density,and assessed root traits including root biomass,anatomical structures,and respiration rates.Greater root thickening upon soil compaction was found in species with thicker first-order lateral roots,mainly due to larger cortical cell size.Both xylem vessel diameter and wall thickness increased more in compacted soils in these species.Despite these anatomical shifts,root respiration rate responded little to soil compaction across most species,likely due to the opposite investment in cortical cells and xylem vessels.Notably,root biomass,independent of root respiration rate and anatomical structures,determined whole-plant growth under soil compaction.Our study reveals two independent strategies of root response to soil compaction:anatomical remodeling for mechanical and metabolic maintenance,and root biomass investment for resource acquisition.These findings offer new insights for breeding and selecting species tolerant to soil compaction and highlight multidimensional strategies of plant adaptation to physical stress.
基金supported financially by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2021YFD1700200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32402686)+3 种基金the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-22)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution,China(1610132022013)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciencesthe China National Crop Germplasm Resources Platform for Green Manure(NICGR-2024-19)。
文摘Green manuring is essential for improving soil quality and nutrient uptake.With the gradual depletion of phosphorus(P)resources,more attention is being paid to the role of green manures in cultivation systems,such as maize-green manure intercropping,to find possible pathways for enhancing soil P utilization.A maize-green manure intercropping experiment was started in 2009 to investigate the effects and mechanisms for enhancing P uptake and yield in maize.Three species of green manures(hairy vetch(HV),needle leaf pea(NP),sweet pea(SP))and a sole maize treatment(CK)were used,resulting in four treatments(CK,HVT,NPT,and SPT)in the experiment.During 2020-2023,the intercropping treatments enhanced maize yields in 2020 and 2021,particularly in HVT with increases of 13.7%(1.96 t ha^(-1))and 13.0%(2.13 t ha^(-1))compared with CK,respectively.Grain P accumulation of maize was significantly higher in the intercropping treatments than CK in 2020,2021,and 2023,and with an average increase of 10.6%over the four years(5.2% for NPT,10.8% for SPT and 15.9% for HVT)compared with CK.Intercropping promoted maize growth with a greater root length density and a higher organic acid release rate.HVT changed the soil properties more dramatically than the other treatments,with increases in the acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities of 29.8 and 38.5%,respectively,in the topsoil(0-15 cm),while the soil p H was reduced by 0.37 units compared to CK(p H=8.44).Intercropping treatments facilitated the conversion of non-labile P to mod-labile P and stimulated the growth of soil bacteria in the topsoil.Compared with CK,the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota,known for accumulating polyphosphate,and Actinobacteriota,a prominent source of bioactive compounds,increased significantly in the intercropping treatments,especially in HVT and SPT.A PLS-PM analysis showed that intercropping promoted soil P mobilization and the enrichment of beneficial bacteria by regulating maize root morphology and physiology.Our results highlight that maize-green manure intercropping optimizes root traits,soil properties and bacterial composition,which contribute to greater maize P uptake and yield,providing an effective strategy for sustainable crop production.
文摘Root-zone temperature(RZT)strongly affects plant growth,nutrient uptake and tolerance to environmental stress,making its regulation a key challenge in greenhouse cultivation in cold climates.This study aimed to assess the potential of passive techniques,namely black polyethylene mulch and row covers,for modifying RZT dynamics in lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.)production and to evaluate the predictive performance of the eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)algorithm.Experiments were conducted in Iğdır,Türkiye,over a 61-day period,with soil temperature continuously monitored at depths of 1-30 cm under mulched and non-mulched conditions,alongside measurements of greenhouse air temperature both with and without row covers.The application of row covers increased internal air temperature by 5.8℃,while mulching raised RZT by 0.6-1.3℃,with effects diminishing at deeper layers.XGBoost modeling achieved high predictive accuracy,with RMSE values of 0.150-0.189◦C and R^(2)values above 0.99,and feature-importance analysis indicated that neighboring soil depths were the strongest predictors of RZT.These findings show that integrating row covers and mulching can stabilize the root-zone microclimate without active heating.The XGBoost model provides a robust tool for forecasting soil temperature and supports sustainable greenhouse production in cold regions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571467)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021MC141)。
文摘Cellular asymmetry,which represents a fundamental characteristic of cell polarity,is prominently illustrated by the apical-basal localization of PINFORMED(PIN)auxin efflux carriers in Arabidopsis thaliana.Although the maintenance of PIN polarity at the plasma membrane(PM)relies on endomembrane trafficking,the pivotal factors responsible for recruiting PIN proteins to the PM remain largely unknown.In this study,we discover that EXO70G1displays a polarized distribution at the PM in root cells.Acting as a putative subunit of the exocyst complex,which mediates the tethering of exocytic vesicles to the PM,EXO70G1 exhibits continuous recycling foci at the PM,and its dynamic behavior is akin to that of SEC6 and SEC8.Disruption of EXO70G1 and its homolog EXO70G2 in Arabidopsis reduces auxin accumulation and primary root length.Importantly,the recycling of PIN2 from the brefeldin A(BFA)compartment to the PM is compromised,and the abundance of PIN2 at the PM is reduced in the exo70G1 exo70G2 backgrounds.Interestingly,live-cell imaging reveals that the polarity of EXO70G1 is established during cytokinesis,prior to that of PIN2,and is maintained throughout the subsequent phases of cell elongation and differentiation.When the lipid raft was disturbed,the accumulation of EXO70G1 at the PM decreased.Our findings highlight the crucial role of EXO70G1 in root development by providing positional cues that facilitate the recycling efficiency of PIN2 to the PM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52370112).
文摘In order to address the evolving emission characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs),it is essential to develop adsorbent materials specifically designed for the efficient adsorption of OVOCs with large kinetic diameters.In this study,we used co-pyrolysis to prepare a series of graded porous carbon materials with well-developed micropores by adjusting the doping ratios of root nodules and pretreated cellulose.The material with root nodule to cellulose mass ratio of 1:1(TCC-RN-1)exhibited the highest saturated adsorption capacity for butyl acetate(834 mg/g).This can be attributed to enhanced pore size distribution from nodule doping,which facilitates the development of a micropore-graded structure.Additionally,the nodules acted as auxiliary activating agents that enhanced the KOH micropore regulation effect during the activation stage,resulting in the highest micropore volume(0.863 cm^(3)/g).The doping of root nodules facilitated the formation of additional defects on the surface of the porous carbon material,leading to a more disordered arrangement that improved pollutant adsorption.Furthermore,TCC-RN-1 demonstrated good thermal stability in an air atmosphere,main-taining a butyl acetate adsorption capacity exceeding 95%after five adsorption-desorption cycles.This indicates its favorable potential for industrial applications.
基金supported by National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates(202510163044).
文摘The combination of Daphnes Cortex(DC)and Liquorice Root(LR),two traditional Chinese medicinal herbs,has shown significant therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but its synergistic mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.Employing a network pharmacology and molecular docking approach,this study systematically investigated the synergistic mechanism of the herb pair DC and LR in RA treatment.Active components and their corresponding targets were retrieved from the TCMSP database and relevant literature,and RA-related targets were collected from established disease databases.A total of 73 overlapping targets between DC-LR and RA were identified,among which core targets such as AKT1,TNF,and CASP3 were highlighted.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these targets are involved in biological processes such as oxidative stress response and cell migration,and are significantly enriched in key pathways including HIF-1,TNF,and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.Compatibility analysis further revealed that the combination of DC and LR may enhance therapeutic effects through synergistic regulation of shared targets and complementary modulation of upstream and downstream pathway components.Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between core active components and key targets.This study provides a multi-dimensional“component-target-pathway”perspective on the potential synergistic anti-RA mechanism of the DC-LR herb pair,offering a theoretical basis for further experimental validation and clinical application.
基金supported by Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A20228).
文摘Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as single embryo and easy rooting.However,Citron C-05 was found to be highly susceptible to root rot during cultivation,with the specific pathogens previously unknown.In this study,four candidate fungal species were isolated from Citron C-05 roots.Sequence analysis of ITS,EF-1a,RPB1,and RPB2 identified two Fusarium solani strains,Rr-2 and Rr-4,as the candidates causing root rot in Citron C-05.Resistance tests showed these two pathogens increased root damage rate from 10.30%to 35.69%in Citron C-05,sour orange(Citrus aurantium),sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)and pummelo(Citrus grandis).F.solani exhibited the weak pathogenicity towards trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata).DAB staining revealed none of reddish-brown precipitation in the four susceptible citrus germplasm after infection with F.solani,while trifoliate orange exhibited significant H2O2 accumulation.Trypan blue staining indicated increased cell death in the four susceptible citrus germplasm following infection with these two pathogens but not in trifoliate orange.These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of citrus root rot and support future research on the mechanisms of root rot resistance in citrus.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Fund Project of Guizhou Health Commission(gzwkj2025-163)。
文摘Objective:To identify the root causes of typical adverse drug events through the lens of patient experiences proposing novel strategies to mitigate preventable harm.Methods:A qualitative case study leveraging in-depth interviews with patients and families,anchored by Interactive Patient Par ticipation Theory,to analyze 4 high-severity adverse drug events(ADE)cases.Cases were purposively sampled from 8 communities in China's National Adverse Event Monitor Center(2018-2023).Semi-structured interviews explored patient perspectives,with data analyzed via thematic coding and triangulation against clinical records.Results:Five interconnected themes emerged:(1)erosion of trust,(2)communication breakdowns,(3)information asymmetry,(4)environmental inadequacies,and(5)technological alienation.Notably,75% of participants had≤high school education,and 50% used≥7 medications daily,compounding ADE risks.Conclusions:We considered elements mentioned by theory,exploring trust,communication,information,and suppor t as the root causes.In addition,we added“adaptability to new technology”as an impor tant and necessary component.It is impor tant and necessary to analyze typical adverse drug events from the perspectives of patients.
基金supported by the Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty)Construct Project,No.TJYXZDXK-027A(to SF)the National Key Research andDevelopment Project of Stem Cell and Transformation Research,No.2019YFA0112100(to SF)+2 种基金Tianjin Natural Science Foundation’s Youth Project for DiverseInvestments,No.21JCQNJC01300(to BF)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Youth Program),No.82102563(to BF)Tianjin Major Science andTechnology Special Projects and Engineering Projects,No.21ZXJBSY00080(to YR).
文摘Few studies have investigated alterations in the immune cell microenvironment of the dorsal root ganglia following spinal cord injury and whether these modifications facilitate axonal regeneration.In this study,we used a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset to create a comprehensive profile of the diverse cell types in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of a mid-thoracic contusion injury model in cynomolgus monkeys.Cell communication analysis indicated that specific signaling events among various dorsal root ganglia cell types occur in response to spinal cord injury.Single-cell analysis using dimensionality reduction clustering identified distinct molecular signatures for nine cell types,including macrophage subpopulations,and differential gene expression profiles between dorsal root ganglia cells and spinal cord cells following spinal cord injury.The macrophage subpopulations were categorized into 11 clusters(MC0-MC10)based on differentially expressed genes,with the top 10 genes being ABCA6,RBMS3,EBF1,LAMA4,ANTXR2,LAMA2,SOX5,FOXP2,GHR,and APOD.MC0,MC1,and MC2 constituted the predominant macrophage populations.MC4,MC6,and MC9 were nearly absent in the spinal cord,but exhibited significant increases in the dorsal root ganglia post-spinal cord injury.Notably,these subpopulations possess a strong capacity for regulating axonal regeneration.The developmental progression of dorsal root ganglia macrophages after spinal cord injury was elucidated using cell trajectory and pseudo-time analyses.Genes such as EBF1(MC6 and MC9 marker),RBMS3(MC6 and MC9 marker),and ABCA6(MC6 marker)showed high expression levels in the critical pathways of macrophage function.Through ligand-receptor pair analysis,we determined that the effects of macrophages on microglia are predominantly mediated through interaction pairs(e.g.,SPP1-CD44,LAMC1-CD44,and FN1-CD44),potentially facilitating specific cellular communications within the immune microenvironment.The single-cell RNA sequencing dataset used in this study represents the first comprehensive transcriptional analysis of the dorsal root ganglia after spinal cord injury in cynomolgus monkeys,encompassing nearly all cell types within the dorsal root ganglia region.Using this dataset,we evaluated diverse subtypes of macrophages in the post-spinal cord injury dorsal root ganglia area and examined the signaling pathways that facilitate interactions among immune response-related macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia.Findings from this study provide a theoretical basis for understanding how the immune microenvironment influences the regenerative capacity of dorsal root ganglia neurons after spinal cord injury and offer novel insights into the complex processes underlying the pathobiology of spinal cord injury.
基金supported by Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.92368207Frontier Leading Technology BasicResearch Major Project of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20232023(both to XG).
文摘Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene expression patterns in the dorsal root ganglias of young adult and aged animals following sciatic nerve injury.In young adult animals,two transforming growth factor beta-related factors,activin A and angiopoietin 2,were found to be upregulated post nerve injury.Treatment of isolated dorsal root ganglia explants and cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons of neonatal and young adult rats with recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein stimulated neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation.The administration of recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein to sciatic nerve crush-injured dorsal root ganglias also supported the growth of sensory neurons and facilitated nerve regeneration in both young adult and aged rats.Using RNA sequencing,we characterized genetic changes in dorsal root ganglia neurons following recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 treatment,revealing the unique mechanisms of these transforming growth factor beta-related factors.Recombinant activin A elicited changes in the gene expression of cytoskeleton-related Gper1 and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling,while angiopoietin 2 increased the expression of the transcription factor gene E2f2.Our identification of activin A and angiopoietin 2 as crucial promotional factors of axonal regeneration may guide future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of nerve injury.
文摘Instrument separation is a critical complication during root canal therapy,impacting treatment success and long-term tooth preservation.The etiology of instrument separation is multifactorial,involving the intricate anatomy of the root canal system,instrument-related factors,and instrumentation techniques.Instrument separation can hinder thorough cleaning,shaping,and obturation of the root canal,posing challenges to successful treatment outcomes.Although retrieval of separated instrument is often feasible,it carries risks including perforation,excessive removal of tooth structure and root fractures.Effective management of separated instruments requires a comprehensive understanding of the contributing factors,meticulous preoperative assessment,and precise evaluation of the retrieval difficulty.The application of appropriate retrieval techniques is essential to minimize complications and optimize clinical outcomes.The current manuscript provides a framework for understanding the causes,risk factors,and clinical management principles of instrument separation.By integrating effective strategies,endodontists can enhance decision-making,improve endodontic treatment success and ensure the preservation of natural dentition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32272690 and 32272687)the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-30)Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(Grant No.2021hszd017)。
文摘Although class A auxin response factors(ARFs)are known to regulate adventitious root(AR)development through the canonical SCFTIR1-Aux/IAA-ARF signaling pathway,the regulatory role of class B ARFs in AR development remains largely unclear.Therefore,this research focused on the role of class B ARF transcription factors in peach(Prunus persica‘Shengli')adventitious root formation.Here,we report the role of a class B ARF gene Pp ARF4 in adventitious root formation in peach.Comparative transcriptome and q RT-PCR analyses showed that the transcription of Pp ARF4 was significantly up-regulated in auxin-treated stem explants.Y2H assay showed that Pp ARF4 had no interaction with Pp IAAs(AUXIN/INDOLE ACETIC ACIDs).Pp ARF4 could bind the promoters of lateral root development gene Pp LBD16 and auxin transport gene Pp PIN1 to activate their transcription.Ectopic overexpression of Pp ARF4 and Pp LBD16 in Arabidopsis promoted AR development.Additionally,Pp ARF4 could act as a negative regulator of flavone synthesis and thus prevent the explants from browning.The results not only provide novel insights into the functions of ARFs in regulating plant growth and development,but will also be useful for fulfilling asexual propagation by stem cuttings in peach.
基金supported by the Natural Science Fund of China(31771724)the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024NC-ZDCYL-01-10).
文摘The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32260085,31860064,31660501,31970609,32260718 and 31901870)the Key Projects of the Applied Basic Research Plan of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202301AS070082)+3 种基金the Start-up fund from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,the‘Top Talents Program in Science and Technology’from Yunnan Province,the Major Science and Technology Project in Yunnan Province(Grant Nos.202102AE090042 and 202202AE090036)the Young and Middle-Aged Academic and Technical Leaders Reserve Talent Program in Yunnan Province(Grant No.202205AC160076)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M653849XB)the High-level Talents Introduction Plan of Yunnan Province-Young Talents Special Project。
文摘The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growth remains unclear.In this study,we obtained potato dro2 mutant lines by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-Associated 9(CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genome editing system.The mutant lines were generated from a splicing defect of the StDRO2 intron 1,which causes a nonsense mutation in StDRO2.Furthermore,the secondary structure of StDRO2 mRNA analyzed with RNAfold Web Server was altered in the dro2 mutant.Mutation of StDRO2 conveys potato adaptation through changing the RSA via alteration of auxin transport under drought stress.The potato dro2 lines showed higher plant height,longer root length,smaller root growth angle and increased tuber weight than the wild-type.The alteration of RSA was associated with a disturbance of IAA distribution in the dro2 mutant,and the levels of StPIN7 and StPIN10 detected by using real-time PCR were up-regulated in the roots of potato dro2 lines grown under drought stress.Moreover,the microRNAs(miRNAs)PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 targeted the StDRO2 gene,and auxin positively and negatively regulated the expression of StDRO2 and the miRNAs PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486,respectively,in the potato roots.Our data shows that a regulatory network involving auxin,StDRO2,PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 can control RSA to convey potato fitness under drought stress.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20200092)。
文摘Various chemical irrigants and drugs have been employed for intra-canal disinfection in root canal therapy(RCT).However,due to the complexity of root canal anatomy,many drugs still exhibit poor penetrability and antibiotic resistance,leading to suboptimal treatment outcomes.Thus,it is challenging to remove the organic biofilms from root canals.In recent years,light-responsive therapy,with deeper tissue penetration than traditional treatments,has emerged as an effective RCT modality.Herein,this review summarizes the recent development of light-responsive nanomaterials for biofilm removal in RCT.The light-responsive nanomaterials and the corresponding therapeutic methods in RCT,including photodynamic therapy(PDT),photothermal therapy(PTT),and laser-activated therapy,are highlighted.Finally,the challenges that light-responsive nanomaterials and treatment modalities will encounter to conquer the biofilm in future RCT are discussed.This review is believed to significantly accelerate the future development of light-responsive nanomaterials for RCT from bench to bedside.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857 and U21A20218)the China Agricultural University Corresponding Support Research Joint Fund(GSAU-DKZY-2024-001)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program in Gansu Province,China(24ZDNA008and23JRRA1407)the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University,China(Gaufx-03Y10).
文摘Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping is mainly attributed to the large amount of purchased resources such as water and fertilizer,plastic film,and mechanical power.These lead to a decline in cultivated land quality and exacerbate intercrops'premature root and canopy senescence.So,the application of traditional intercropping faces major challenges in crop production.This paper analyzes the manifestations,occurrence mechanisms,and agronomic regulatory pathways of crop senescence.The physiological and ecological characteristics of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are reviewed in this paper.The main agronomic regulatory pathways of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are based on above-and blow-ground interactions,including collocation of crop varieties,spatial arrangement,water and fertilizer management,and tillage and mulch practices.Future research fields of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence should focus on the aspects of selecting and breeding special varieties,application of molecular biology techniques,and developing or applying models to predict and evaluate the root and canopy senescence process of intercrops.Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of different research results could provide a basis for enhancing intercropping delay root and canopy senescence through adopting innovative technologies for regulating the physio-ecological characteristics of intercrops.This would support developing and adopting high-yield,efficient,and sustainable intercropping systems in arid and semi-arid areas with high population density,limited land,and abundant light and heat resources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82004027)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP11961).
文摘Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro,using a human hepatoma cell line G2(HepG2)cell model.Methods:HepG2 cells were cultured in medium containing 4%ethanol to establish a model of alcoholic liver damage.The cells were then treated with the combined extract obtained via cryogenic extraction.Biochemical assays and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the levels of oxidative stress markers,antioxidant enzymes,and inflammatory cytokines.In addition,activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)pathway was examined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of the extract.Results:Treatment with the extract contributed to a significant reduction in the release of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the ethanol-treated HepG2 cells;promoted the elevated expression of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses;and showed strong free radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.In addition,by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway,treatment promoted increases in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream targets,subsequently inhibiting apoptosis.Moreover.inflammatory responses were mitigated,as indicated by reductions in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6,and we detected reduction in the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase,thereby indicating hepatoprotective effects.Conclusion:The combined P.lobata root and H.dulcis extract was established to have notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties,effectively alleviating ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro.These findings highlight the potential applicability of this extract as a candidate for treating alcoholic liver disease.
基金funded by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202070002)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(Grant No.GuikeAA23023007-2)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction Project(2024CXTD19)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515010303)。
文摘Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.
