Rational allocation of water flow energy in river networks is essential to addressing water-related issues in river network areas.However,current methods of calculating the spatiotemporal distribution of flow energy i...Rational allocation of water flow energy in river networks is essential to addressing water-related issues in river network areas.However,current methods of calculating the spatiotemporal distribution of flow energy in river networks lack precision and efficiency.This paper introduces a novel hydrodynamic representation,the energy flow rate,defined as the product of the flow rate and kinetic energy head,to quantify the kinetic energy stored and transported in river networks.A linear equation system for the energy flow rate in a river network has been theoretically derived,enabling rapid calculations under steady flow conditions.A simplified equation is proposed to describe the exponential decay of the energy flow rate,accompanied by potential energy conversion.The coefficients in the linear equation system are determined using control equations at flow confluence and diversion nodes.This study provides foundational insights that can be used to develop new hydrodynamic modeling strategies to regulate water flow energy and achieve coordinated management of water-related issues in river networks.展开更多
In this study, we simulated water flow in a water conservancy project consisting of various hydraulic structures, such as sluices, pumping stations, hydropower stations, ship locks, and culverts, and developed a multi...In this study, we simulated water flow in a water conservancy project consisting of various hydraulic structures, such as sluices, pumping stations, hydropower stations, ship locks, and culverts, and developed a multi-period and multi-variable joint optimization scheduling model for flood control, drainage, and irrigation. In this model, the number of sluice holes, pump units, and hydropower station units to be opened were used as decision variables, and different optimization objectives and constraints were considered. This model was solved with improved genetic algorithms and verified using the Huaian Water Conservancy Project as an example. The results show that the use of the joint optimization scheduling led to a 10% increase in the power generation capacity and a 15% reduction in the total energy consumption. The change in the water level was reduced by 0.25 m upstream of the Yundong Sluice, and by 50% downstream of pumping stations No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4. It is clear that the joint optimization scheduling proposed in this study can effectively improve power generation capacity of the project, minimize operating costs and energy consumption, and enable more stable operation of various hydraulic structures. The results may provide references for the management of water conservancy projects in complex river networks.展开更多
Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)pose health risks in aquatic environments because of their persistence and mobility.River networks can provide a perfect opportunity for exploring the occurrence and en...Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)pose health risks in aquatic environments because of their persistence and mobility.River networks can provide a perfect opportunity for exploring the occurrence and enrichment of ARGs and antibiotics in freshwater environments.On this basis,the abundances of four types of antibiotics(sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines,and macrolides)and 13 ARGs(sulⅠ,sulⅡ,tetA,tetB,tetO,tetW,qnrA,qnrS,qnrD,ermB,ermF,ermC,and ere A)were measured in the river networks of the west bank of the Wangyu River in China.The spatial distribution and temporal variation of these antibiotics and ARGs were characterized,and their controlling factors were analyzed.All four types of antibiotics were detected with high frequencies between 41%and 100%.Quinolone antibiotics exhibited the highest average concentration(286.53 ng/L).The concentrations of quinolones,tetracyclines,and macrolides were significantly higher in the winter than in the summer,whereas the concentration of sulfonamides was higher in wet periods than in dry periods.Of the 13 ARGs,sulⅠwas the most abundant(1.28 x 10^(5)copies per milliliter),followed by sulⅡand tetO(5.41×10^(4)and 4.45×10^(4)copies per milliliter,respectively).The canonical correspondence analysis showed that environmental factors,including dissolved oxygen,water temperature,total nitrogen,pH,and total phosphorus,had significant effects on the abundance of ARGs.sulⅠ,sulⅡ,tetA,and tetB were significantly correlated with 16S ribosomal RNA sequences,indicating that the bacterioplankton community might affect the distribution of ARGs.The correlation heat map analysis showed that the spread of ARGs was influenced by specific bacterial groups,such as Acidobacteria and Cyanobacteria,indicating that these bacterioplankton may be the hosts of environmental ARGs.展开更多
The great spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen（N）processing introduces large uncertainties to the identification of N sources and quantifying N cycles in plain river network regio...The great spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen（N）processing introduces large uncertainties to the identification of N sources and quantifying N cycles in plain river network regions. By combining isotopic data with chemical and hydrologic measurements, we determined the relative importance of N sources and biogeochemical N processes in the Taige River in the East Plain Region of China. The river was polluted more seriously by anthropogenic inputs in winter than in summer. Manure and urban sewage effluent were the main nitrate（NO-3） sources, with the nitrification of N-containing organic materials serving as another important source of NO-3. In the downstream, with minor variations in hydrological conditions, nitrification played a more important role than assimilation for the decreasing ammonium（NH＋4-N） concentrations.The N isotopic enrichment factors（ε） during NH＋4utilization ranged from- 13.88‰ in March to- 29.00‰ in July. The ratio of the increase in δ^18O and δ^15N of river NO-3in the downstream was 1.04 in January and 0.92 in March. This ratio indicated that NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was responsible for the increasing δ^15N and δ^18O values of NO-3in winter. The relationships between δ^15N of particulate organic nitrogen and isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen indicated that the phytoplankton in the Taige River probably utilized NH＋4preferentially and mainly in summer, while in winter, NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was dominant.展开更多
Complex water movement and insufficient observation stations are the unfavorable factors in improving the accuracy of flow calculation of river networks. A water level updating model for river networks was set up base...Complex water movement and insufficient observation stations are the unfavorable factors in improving the accuracy of flow calculation of river networks. A water level updating model for river networks was set up based on a three-step method at key nodes, and model correction values were collected from gauge stations. To improve the accuracy of water level and discharge forecasts for the entire network, the discrete coefficients of the Saint-Venant equations for river sections were regarded as the media carrying the correction values from observation locations to other cross-sections of the river network system. To examine the applicability, the updating model was applied to flow calculation of an ideal river network and the Chengtong section of the Yangtze River. Comparison of the forecast results with the observed data demonstrates that this updating model can improve the forecast accuracy in both ideal and real river networks.展开更多
Catchments health assessment is fundamental to effective catchments management. Generally, an assessment method should be selected to reflect both the purpose of assessment and local characteristics. A trial in Shangh...Catchments health assessment is fundamental to effective catchments management. Generally, an assessment method should be selected to reflect both the purpose of assessment and local characteristics. A trial in Shanghai was conducted to test the method for catchments health assessment in urbanized fiver network area. Seven indicators that described four dimensions of river, river network, land use and function, and local feature were used to assess catchments values; while possible change rate of urbanization and industrialization in the next 3 years were chosen for catchments pressure assessment in the value-pressure model. Factors related to catchments classification, indicators measurement and protection priority have been considered in the development strategies for catchments health management. The results showed that value-pressure assessment was applicable in urbanized catchments health management, particularly when both human and catchments had multiple demands. As a result of over 30-year rapid urbanization, more than 70% of Shanghai fiver network area was still in a healthy condition with high catchments values, among them, 39.3% was under high pressure. Poor water quality, simplified river system and weakened local feature of fiver pattern had largely affected catchments health in Shanghai. Lack of long-term monitoring data would seriously restrict the development and validity of catchments health assessment.展开更多
A riverhead is the demarcation point of continuous water channel and seasonal channel, which is characterized by a criti- cal flow that can support a continuous water body. In this study, the critical support dischar...A riverhead is the demarcation point of continuous water channel and seasonal channel, which is characterized by a criti- cal flow that can support a continuous water body. In this study, the critical support discharge （CSD） is defined as the critical steady flows required to form the origin of a stream. The CSD is used as the criterion to determine the beginning of the riverhead, which can be controlled by hydro-climate factors （e.g., annual precipitation, annual evaporation, or minimum stream flow in arid season）. The CSD has a close correlation with the critical support/source area （CSA） that largely affects the density of the river network and the division of sub-watersheds. In general, river density may vary with regional meteorological and hydrological conditions that have to be considered in the analysis. In this paper, a new model referring to the relationship of CSA and CSD is proposed, which is based on the physical mechanism for the origin of riverheads. The feasibility of the model was verified using two watersheds （Duilongqu Basin of the Lhasa River and Beishuiqu Basin of the Nyangqu River） in Tibet Autonomous Region to calculate the CSA and extract river networks. A series of CSAs based on different CSDs in derived equation were tested by comparing the extracted river networks with the reference network obtained from a digitized map of river network at large scales. Comparison results of river networks derived from digital elevation model with real ones indicate that the CSD （equal to criterion of flow quantity （Qc）） are 0.0028 m3/s in Duilongqu and 0.0085 m3/s in Beishuiqu. Results show that the Qc can vary with hydro-climate conditions. The Qc is high in humid region and low in arid region, and the optimal Qo of 0.0085 m3/s in Beishuiqu Basin （humid region） is higher than 0.0028 m3/s in Duilongqu Basin （semi-arid region）. The suggested method provides a new application approach that can be used to determine the Qo of a riverhead in complex geographical regions, which can also reflect the effect of hydro-climate change on rivers supply in different regions.展开更多
The water distribution network is an important part of the plain water environment improvement system. To make efficient use of the regional water diversion source, scientifically distribute the water diversion flow a...The water distribution network is an important part of the plain water environment improvement system. To make efficient use of the regional water diversion source, scientifically distribute the water diversion flow and improve the water environment carrying capacity of Haishu Plain, the river network hydrodynamic model is used in this paper to simulate the water intake location, reasonable water quantity and influence range of water transfer in Haishu Plain. The simulation results have high accuracy, which can provide a scientific basis for the scale, water transfer mechanism and project layout of water transfer construction in Haishu Plain and show a strong reference value for the study of water diversion and distribution scheme of coastal plain river network.展开更多
In this paper, we applied the rough sets to the point cluster and river network selection. In order to meet the requirements of rough sets, first, we structuralize and quantify the spatial information of objects by co...In this paper, we applied the rough sets to the point cluster and river network selection. In order to meet the requirements of rough sets, first, we structuralize and quantify the spatial information of objects by convex hull, triangulated irregular network (TIN), Voronoi diagram, etc.;second, we manually assign decisional attributes to the information table according to conditional attributes. In doing so, the spatial information and attribute information are integrated together to evaluate the importance of points and rivers by rough sets theory. Finally, we select the point cluster and the river network in a progressive manner. The experimental results show that our method is valid and effective. In comparison with previous work, our method has the advantage to adaptively consider the spatial and attribute information at the same time without any a priori knowledge.展开更多
Kunshan,a typical river network city located in the Taihu Plain,has a dense network of rivers,with upstream receiving discharge from rivers and downstream supported by multiple tributaries entering the Yangtze River.A...Kunshan,a typical river network city located in the Taihu Plain,has a dense network of rivers,with upstream receiving discharge from rivers and downstream supported by multiple tributaries entering the Yangtze River.Additionally,the city’s internal embanked areas are numerous.Furthermore,the existing information system was constructed prematurely and lacks professional forecasting and simulation technologies,making it difficult to fully grasp the current water security situation and rapidly display the effects of scheduling plans.This study analyzes the“Four-Preparation”integration and proposes improvements.Based on Kunshan’s current situation,the goal is to construct an Integrated Four-Preparation System,establishing a scientific coupling system for forecasting,early warning,rehearsal,and contingency planning.This will strengthen intelligent and smart development applications to achieve scientific disaster reduction.展开更多
Hydrodynamic and water quality model for tidal river network is set up withMIKE11 modeling system, according to the features of tidal river networks in plain area. The modelwas calibrated using the hydrological and wa...Hydrodynamic and water quality model for tidal river network is set up withMIKE11 modeling system, according to the features of tidal river networks in plain area. The modelwas calibrated using the hydrological and water quality data of 1999, and the results show that thesimulated values agree with the measured data very well. This model is used to numerically analyzethe effects of low flow augmentation on hydrodynamic and water quality conditions of Suzhou Creek.The simulation results show that the flow augmentation can increase net discharge of Suzhou Creekand improve its ability of re-aeration; and its concentration of dissolved oxygen in the rivernetworks can also increase correspondingly.展开更多
The Preissmann implicit scheme was used to discretize the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations, the river-junction-fiver method was applied to resolve the hydrodynamic and water quality model for river networks, and...The Preissmann implicit scheme was used to discretize the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations, the river-junction-fiver method was applied to resolve the hydrodynamic and water quality model for river networks, and the key issues on the model were expatiated particularly in this article. This water quality module was designed to compute time dependent concentrations of a series of constituents, which are primarily governed by the processes of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions. Based on the theory of Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program （WASP） water quality model, emphasis was given to the simulation of the biogeochemical transformations that determine the fate of nutrients, in particular, the simulation of the aquatic cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. This model also includes procedures for the determination of growth and death of phytoplankton. This hydrodynamic and water quality model was applied to calculate two river networks. As illustrated by the numerical examples, the calculated water level and discharge agree with the measured data and the simulated trends and magnitudes of water quality constituents are generally in good agreement with field observations. It is concluded that the presented model is useful in the pollutant control and in the determination of pollutant-related problems for river networks.展开更多
The simulation of a one-dimensional river network needs to solve the Saint-Venant equations,in which the variable parameters normally have a significant influence on the model accuracy.A Trial-and-Error approach is a ...The simulation of a one-dimensional river network needs to solve the Saint-Venant equations,in which the variable parameters normally have a significant influence on the model accuracy.A Trial-and-Error approach is a most commonly adopted method of parameter calibration,however,this method is time-consuming and requires experience to select the appropriate values of parameter.Consequently,simulated results obtained via this method usually differ between practitioners.This article combines a hydrodynamic model with an intelligent model originated from the Genetic Algorithm（GA） technique,in order to provide an intelligent simulation method that can optimize the parameters automatically.Compared with current approaches,the method presented in this article is simpler,its dependence on field data is lower,and the model accuracy is higher.When the optimized parameters are taken into the hydrodynamic numerical model,a good agreement is attained between the simulated results and the field data.展开更多
The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river ne...The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river networks and lakes for different periods were investigated and the influences of river system evolution on water level changes were further explored through the comparison of their fractal characters.The results are as follows:1) River network development of the study area is becoming more monotonous and more simple;the number of lakes is reducing significantly,and the water surface ratio has dropped significantly since the 1980s.2) The box dimension of the river networks in all the cities of the study area decreased slowly from the 1960s to the 1980s,while the decrease was significant from the 1980s to the 2000s.The variations of lake correlation dimension are similar to those of the river network box dimensions.This is unfavorable for the storage capacity of the river networks and lakes.3) The Hurst exponents of water levels were all between 0.5 and 1.0 from the 1960s to the 1980s,while decreased in the 2000s,indicating the decline in persistence and increase in the complexity of water level series.The paper draws a conclusion that the relationship between the fractal dimension of river-lake networks and the Hurst exponents of the water level series can reveal the impacts of river system changes on flood disasters to some extent:the disappearance of river networks and lakes will increase the possibility of flood occurrence.展开更多
Based on the analysis of dilution capacity and self-purification capacity of water body, the dilution, dispersion, entrapping and purification principles of pollutants in river system at river network area were discus...Based on the analysis of dilution capacity and self-purification capacity of water body, the dilution, dispersion, entrapping and purification principles of pollutants in river system at river network area were discussed in this paper. Also, the one and two dimensional models of water quantity needed for improving water environment quality and pollutant concentrations were developed for rivers and lakes respectively. The calculation method for the quantity of water transfer was given and the forecasting evaluation of the effect of water transfer was carried out. It was took the project, water transfer from Yangtze River to improve the water quality of rivers in Zhangjiagang City, as an example, and changing principles of water quantity and quality were observed in rivers and lakes through site water transfer experiments. The theory of estimating parameters in inverse problem was used to determine parameters in water quantity and quality models. The water quantity and quality coupled models in river system were applied to calculate the minimal water transfer quantity. The theoretical and technical support for the improvement of water environmental quality in Zhangjiagang City and the project "water transfer form Yangtze River to Taihu Lake" were provided.展开更多
By using the high-efficiency of four-stage calculation method named ＂channel-junction-channel＂ and considering the influence of temporal and spatial variation of aquatic environmental capacity, an optimization metho...By using the high-efficiency of four-stage calculation method named ＂channel-junction-channel＂ and considering the influence of temporal and spatial variation of aquatic environmental capacity, an optimization method of aquatic environmental capacity for tidal river network was worked out. The method not only reflects characteristics of unsteady flow with variable directions, but also indicates that aquatic environmental capacity is influenced by boundary condition and water quality standard, etc. It has been applied to the regional program of Pudong area in Shanghai, and the computed results agree well with the practical data.展开更多
The integration of rivers and basins highly implies the possible existence of certain relationships between hierarchical characteristics of river networks and primary basin factors.Here we investigated river networks ...The integration of rivers and basins highly implies the possible existence of certain relationships between hierarchical characteristics of river networks and primary basin factors.Here we investigated river networks in two large basins,the Yangtze River and the Yellow River,characterized with basic factors such as annual precipitation,slope,soil erodibility and vegetation.Hierarchical analysis demonstrated a fair self-similarity of river networks at the stream-order 1-5 in both rivers,described by the structural parameters including bifurcation ratio,side-branching ratio,drainage density,and length of headwater-river.Besides precipitation,basin slope was essential in shaping river networks in both basins,showing a significant positive correlation(R^2=0.39-0.85)to bifurcation ratio,side-branching ratio,and drainage density.Given the same basin slope(5°-15°),the higher soil erodibility and sparse vegetation would promote greater side-branching ratio and drainage density in the Yellow River,which were estimated 11.97%and 63.70%larger,respectively than those in the Yangtze River.This study highlights the importance to formulate basin-specific strategies for water and soil conservation in terms of different structures of river networks.展开更多
River network morphology not only reflects the structure of river stream but also has great effects on hydrological process, soil erosion, river evolution, and watershed topography. Here we propose and define a new se...River network morphology not only reflects the structure of river stream but also has great effects on hydrological process, soil erosion, river evolution, and watershed topography. Here we propose and define a new sequence of self-similar networks and corresponding parameters for the generated Tokunaga network. We also discuss the topological and numerical characteristics of self-similar networks with different iteration rules by utilizing links and fractal dimension. Application results indicate that the proposed method could be used to generate river network, which is much consistent with natural river network. The proposed parameter λ could well reflect the river network morphology.展开更多
Due to its great strategic significance in integrating regional coordinated development and enhancing the rise of Central China, urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Changjiang （Yangtze） River has attracted ...Due to its great strategic significance in integrating regional coordinated development and enhancing the rise of Central China, urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Changjiang （Yangtze） River has attracted much attention from both theoretical and practical aspects. Such research into the area＇s economic network structure is beneficial for the formation of an urban- and regional-development strategy. This paper constructs an economic tie model based on a modified gravitation model. Subsequently, referring to social network analysis, the paper empirically studies the network density, network centrality, subgroups and structural holes of the middle reaches of Changjiang River＇s urban agglomeration economic network. The findings are fourfold： （1） an economic network of urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Changjiang River has been formed, and economic ties between the cities in this network are comparatively dense; （2） the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Changjiang River can be divided into four significant subgroups, with each subgroup having its own obvious economic communications, while there is less economic-behavioral heterogeneity among subgroups - this is especially true for the two subgroups that exist in the Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone; （3） an economy pattern driven by the central cities of Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang has emerged in the urban agglomeration of the middle reaches of Changjiang River, while these three capital cities have exerted great radiation abilities to their surrounding cities, the latter are less able to absorb resources from the former （4） the Wuhan Metropolitan Areas and the Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone have more structural holes than the Ring of Changsha, Zhuzhou and the Xiangtan City Clusters, meaning that cities at the periphery of these two areas are easily constrained by central cities. The Ring of Changsha, Zhuzhou and the Xiangtan City Clusters have fewer structural holes; thus, the cities in this area will not face as many constraints as those in the other two areas.展开更多
The Interconnected River System Network (IRSN) plays a crucial role in water resource allocation, water ecological restoration and water quality improvement. It has become a key part of the urban lake management. An e...The Interconnected River System Network (IRSN) plays a crucial role in water resource allocation, water ecological restoration and water quality improvement. It has become a key part of the urban lake management. An evaluation methodology system for IRSN project can provide important guidance for the selection of different water diversion schemes. However, few if any comprehensive evaluation systems have been developed to evaluate the hydrodynamics and water quality of connected lakes. This study developed a comprehensive evaluation system based on multi-indexes including aspects of water hydrodynamics, water quality and socioeconomics. A two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical hydrodynamics and water quality model was built, using NH<sub>3</sub>-N, TN and TP as water quality index. The IRSN project in Tangxun Lake group was used as a testbed here, and five water diversion schemes were simulated and evaluated. Results showed that the IRSN project can improve the water fluidity and the water quality obviously after a short time of water diversion, while the improvement rates decreased gradually as the water diversion went on. Among these five schemes, Scheme V showed the most noticeable improvement in hydrodynamics and water quality, and brought the most economic benefits. This comprehensive evaluation method can provide useful reference for the implementation of other similar IRSN projects.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2340221)the National Key R&D Programof China(Grant No.2022YFC3202602)+1 种基金the NaturalScience Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20230036)the 111 Project(Grant No.B17015)。
文摘Rational allocation of water flow energy in river networks is essential to addressing water-related issues in river network areas.However,current methods of calculating the spatiotemporal distribution of flow energy in river networks lack precision and efficiency.This paper introduces a novel hydrodynamic representation,the energy flow rate,defined as the product of the flow rate and kinetic energy head,to quantify the kinetic energy stored and transported in river networks.A linear equation system for the energy flow rate in a river network has been theoretically derived,enabling rapid calculations under steady flow conditions.A simplified equation is proposed to describe the exponential decay of the energy flow rate,accompanied by potential energy conversion.The coefficients in the linear equation system are determined using control equations at flow confluence and diversion nodes.This study provides foundational insights that can be used to develop new hydrodynamic modeling strategies to regulate water flow energy and achieve coordinated management of water-related issues in river networks.
基金supported by the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.2012041)the Jiangsu Province Ordinary University Graduate Student Research Innovation Project(Grant No.CXZZ13_0256)
文摘In this study, we simulated water flow in a water conservancy project consisting of various hydraulic structures, such as sluices, pumping stations, hydropower stations, ship locks, and culverts, and developed a multi-period and multi-variable joint optimization scheduling model for flood control, drainage, and irrigation. In this model, the number of sluice holes, pump units, and hydropower station units to be opened were used as decision variables, and different optimization objectives and constraints were considered. This model was solved with improved genetic algorithms and verified using the Huaian Water Conservancy Project as an example. The results show that the use of the joint optimization scheduling led to a 10% increase in the power generation capacity and a 15% reduction in the total energy consumption. The change in the water level was reduced by 0.25 m upstream of the Yundong Sluice, and by 50% downstream of pumping stations No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4. It is clear that the joint optimization scheduling proposed in this study can effectively improve power generation capacity of the project, minimize operating costs and energy consumption, and enable more stable operation of various hydraulic structures. The results may provide references for the management of water conservancy projects in complex river networks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.52022028,92047201,and 92047303)the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2017ZX07204003).
文摘Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)pose health risks in aquatic environments because of their persistence and mobility.River networks can provide a perfect opportunity for exploring the occurrence and enrichment of ARGs and antibiotics in freshwater environments.On this basis,the abundances of four types of antibiotics(sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines,and macrolides)and 13 ARGs(sulⅠ,sulⅡ,tetA,tetB,tetO,tetW,qnrA,qnrS,qnrD,ermB,ermF,ermC,and ere A)were measured in the river networks of the west bank of the Wangyu River in China.The spatial distribution and temporal variation of these antibiotics and ARGs were characterized,and their controlling factors were analyzed.All four types of antibiotics were detected with high frequencies between 41%and 100%.Quinolone antibiotics exhibited the highest average concentration(286.53 ng/L).The concentrations of quinolones,tetracyclines,and macrolides were significantly higher in the winter than in the summer,whereas the concentration of sulfonamides was higher in wet periods than in dry periods.Of the 13 ARGs,sulⅠwas the most abundant(1.28 x 10^(5)copies per milliliter),followed by sulⅡand tetO(5.41×10^(4)and 4.45×10^(4)copies per milliliter,respectively).The canonical correspondence analysis showed that environmental factors,including dissolved oxygen,water temperature,total nitrogen,pH,and total phosphorus,had significant effects on the abundance of ARGs.sulⅠ,sulⅡ,tetA,and tetB were significantly correlated with 16S ribosomal RNA sequences,indicating that the bacterioplankton community might affect the distribution of ARGs.The correlation heat map analysis showed that the spread of ARGs was influenced by specific bacterial groups,such as Acidobacteria and Cyanobacteria,indicating that these bacterioplankton may be the hosts of environmental ARGs.
基金supported by the Mega-projects of Science Research for Water Environment Improvement (No. 2012ZX07101)
文摘The great spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen（N）processing introduces large uncertainties to the identification of N sources and quantifying N cycles in plain river network regions. By combining isotopic data with chemical and hydrologic measurements, we determined the relative importance of N sources and biogeochemical N processes in the Taige River in the East Plain Region of China. The river was polluted more seriously by anthropogenic inputs in winter than in summer. Manure and urban sewage effluent were the main nitrate（NO-3） sources, with the nitrification of N-containing organic materials serving as another important source of NO-3. In the downstream, with minor variations in hydrological conditions, nitrification played a more important role than assimilation for the decreasing ammonium（NH＋4-N） concentrations.The N isotopic enrichment factors（ε） during NH＋4utilization ranged from- 13.88‰ in March to- 29.00‰ in July. The ratio of the increase in δ^18O and δ^15N of river NO-3in the downstream was 1.04 in January and 0.92 in March. This ratio indicated that NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was responsible for the increasing δ^15N and δ^18O values of NO-3in winter. The relationships between δ^15N of particulate organic nitrogen and isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen indicated that the phytoplankton in the Taige River probably utilized NH＋4preferentially and mainly in summer, while in winter, NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was dominant.
基金supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51190091)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51009045)the Open Research Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science of Wuhan University(Grant No.2012B094)
文摘Complex water movement and insufficient observation stations are the unfavorable factors in improving the accuracy of flow calculation of river networks. A water level updating model for river networks was set up based on a three-step method at key nodes, and model correction values were collected from gauge stations. To improve the accuracy of water level and discharge forecasts for the entire network, the discrete coefficients of the Saint-Venant equations for river sections were regarded as the media carrying the correction values from observation locations to other cross-sections of the river network system. To examine the applicability, the updating model was applied to flow calculation of an ideal river network and the Chengtong section of the Yangtze River. Comparison of the forecast results with the observed data demonstrates that this updating model can improve the forecast accuracy in both ideal and real river networks.
基金Under the auspices of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (No. 09ZR1409100)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40871016)Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40730526)
文摘Catchments health assessment is fundamental to effective catchments management. Generally, an assessment method should be selected to reflect both the purpose of assessment and local characteristics. A trial in Shanghai was conducted to test the method for catchments health assessment in urbanized fiver network area. Seven indicators that described four dimensions of river, river network, land use and function, and local feature were used to assess catchments values; while possible change rate of urbanization and industrialization in the next 3 years were chosen for catchments pressure assessment in the value-pressure model. Factors related to catchments classification, indicators measurement and protection priority have been considered in the development strategies for catchments health management. The results showed that value-pressure assessment was applicable in urbanized catchments health management, particularly when both human and catchments had multiple demands. As a result of over 30-year rapid urbanization, more than 70% of Shanghai fiver network area was still in a healthy condition with high catchments values, among them, 39.3% was under high pressure. Poor water quality, simplified river system and weakened local feature of fiver pattern had largely affected catchments health in Shanghai. Lack of long-term monitoring data would seriously restrict the development and validity of catchments health assessment.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31070405)Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-XB3-08)
文摘A riverhead is the demarcation point of continuous water channel and seasonal channel, which is characterized by a criti- cal flow that can support a continuous water body. In this study, the critical support discharge （CSD） is defined as the critical steady flows required to form the origin of a stream. The CSD is used as the criterion to determine the beginning of the riverhead, which can be controlled by hydro-climate factors （e.g., annual precipitation, annual evaporation, or minimum stream flow in arid season）. The CSD has a close correlation with the critical support/source area （CSA） that largely affects the density of the river network and the division of sub-watersheds. In general, river density may vary with regional meteorological and hydrological conditions that have to be considered in the analysis. In this paper, a new model referring to the relationship of CSA and CSD is proposed, which is based on the physical mechanism for the origin of riverheads. The feasibility of the model was verified using two watersheds （Duilongqu Basin of the Lhasa River and Beishuiqu Basin of the Nyangqu River） in Tibet Autonomous Region to calculate the CSA and extract river networks. A series of CSAs based on different CSDs in derived equation were tested by comparing the extracted river networks with the reference network obtained from a digitized map of river network at large scales. Comparison results of river networks derived from digital elevation model with real ones indicate that the CSD （equal to criterion of flow quantity （Qc）） are 0.0028 m3/s in Duilongqu and 0.0085 m3/s in Beishuiqu. Results show that the Qc can vary with hydro-climate conditions. The Qc is high in humid region and low in arid region, and the optimal Qo of 0.0085 m3/s in Beishuiqu Basin （humid region） is higher than 0.0028 m3/s in Duilongqu Basin （semi-arid region）. The suggested method provides a new application approach that can be used to determine the Qo of a riverhead in complex geographical regions, which can also reflect the effect of hydro-climate change on rivers supply in different regions.
文摘The water distribution network is an important part of the plain water environment improvement system. To make efficient use of the regional water diversion source, scientifically distribute the water diversion flow and improve the water environment carrying capacity of Haishu Plain, the river network hydrodynamic model is used in this paper to simulate the water intake location, reasonable water quantity and influence range of water transfer in Haishu Plain. The simulation results have high accuracy, which can provide a scientific basis for the scale, water transfer mechanism and project layout of water transfer construction in Haishu Plain and show a strong reference value for the study of water diversion and distribution scheme of coastal plain river network.
文摘In this paper, we applied the rough sets to the point cluster and river network selection. In order to meet the requirements of rough sets, first, we structuralize and quantify the spatial information of objects by convex hull, triangulated irregular network (TIN), Voronoi diagram, etc.;second, we manually assign decisional attributes to the information table according to conditional attributes. In doing so, the spatial information and attribute information are integrated together to evaluate the importance of points and rivers by rough sets theory. Finally, we select the point cluster and the river network in a progressive manner. The experimental results show that our method is valid and effective. In comparison with previous work, our method has the advantage to adaptively consider the spatial and attribute information at the same time without any a priori knowledge.
文摘Kunshan,a typical river network city located in the Taihu Plain,has a dense network of rivers,with upstream receiving discharge from rivers and downstream supported by multiple tributaries entering the Yangtze River.Additionally,the city’s internal embanked areas are numerous.Furthermore,the existing information system was constructed prematurely and lacks professional forecasting and simulation technologies,making it difficult to fully grasp the current water security situation and rapidly display the effects of scheduling plans.This study analyzes the“Four-Preparation”integration and proposes improvements.Based on Kunshan’s current situation,the goal is to construct an Integrated Four-Preparation System,establishing a scientific coupling system for forecasting,early warning,rehearsal,and contingency planning.This will strengthen intelligent and smart development applications to achieve scientific disaster reduction.
文摘Hydrodynamic and water quality model for tidal river network is set up withMIKE11 modeling system, according to the features of tidal river networks in plain area. The modelwas calibrated using the hydrological and water quality data of 1999, and the results show that thesimulated values agree with the measured data very well. This model is used to numerically analyzethe effects of low flow augmentation on hydrodynamic and water quality conditions of Suzhou Creek.The simulation results show that the flow augmentation can increase net discharge of Suzhou Creekand improve its ability of re-aeration; and its concentration of dissolved oxygen in the rivernetworks can also increase correspondingly.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50839001)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2005CB724202).
文摘The Preissmann implicit scheme was used to discretize the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations, the river-junction-fiver method was applied to resolve the hydrodynamic and water quality model for river networks, and the key issues on the model were expatiated particularly in this article. This water quality module was designed to compute time dependent concentrations of a series of constituents, which are primarily governed by the processes of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions. Based on the theory of Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program （WASP） water quality model, emphasis was given to the simulation of the biogeochemical transformations that determine the fate of nutrients, in particular, the simulation of the aquatic cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. This model also includes procedures for the determination of growth and death of phytoplankton. This hydrodynamic and water quality model was applied to calculate two river networks. As illustrated by the numerical examples, the calculated water level and discharge agree with the measured data and the simulated trends and magnitudes of water quality constituents are generally in good agreement with field observations. It is concluded that the presented model is useful in the pollutant control and in the determination of pollutant-related problems for river networks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50879019, 50879020)the Key Science Project of Guangdong Traffic Department (Grant No.2008-19)
文摘The simulation of a one-dimensional river network needs to solve the Saint-Venant equations,in which the variable parameters normally have a significant influence on the model accuracy.A Trial-and-Error approach is a most commonly adopted method of parameter calibration,however,this method is time-consuming and requires experience to select the appropriate values of parameter.Consequently,simulated results obtained via this method usually differ between practitioners.This article combines a hydrodynamic model with an intelligent model originated from the Genetic Algorithm（GA） technique,in order to provide an intelligent simulation method that can optimize the parameters automatically.Compared with current approaches,the method presented in this article is simpler,its dependence on field data is lower,and the model accuracy is higher.When the optimized parameters are taken into the hydrodynamic numerical model,a good agreement is attained between the simulated results and the field data.
基金Under the auspices of Special Fund for Scientific Research in the Public Interestgranted by Ministry of Water Resources(No.2012010072,200701024)+3 种基金Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40730635)Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering(No.2011491111)Research Foundation of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology(No.20100406)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river networks and lakes for different periods were investigated and the influences of river system evolution on water level changes were further explored through the comparison of their fractal characters.The results are as follows:1) River network development of the study area is becoming more monotonous and more simple;the number of lakes is reducing significantly,and the water surface ratio has dropped significantly since the 1980s.2) The box dimension of the river networks in all the cities of the study area decreased slowly from the 1960s to the 1980s,while the decrease was significant from the 1980s to the 2000s.The variations of lake correlation dimension are similar to those of the river network box dimensions.This is unfavorable for the storage capacity of the river networks and lakes.3) The Hurst exponents of water levels were all between 0.5 and 1.0 from the 1960s to the 1980s,while decreased in the 2000s,indicating the decline in persistence and increase in the complexity of water level series.The paper draws a conclusion that the relationship between the fractal dimension of river-lake networks and the Hurst exponents of the water level series can reveal the impacts of river system changes on flood disasters to some extent:the disappearance of river networks and lakes will increase the possibility of flood occurrence.
基金Project supported by the National Key Project for Basic Research(Grant No:2002CB412303)the National NaturalScience Foundation of China(Grant No:50379012).
文摘Based on the analysis of dilution capacity and self-purification capacity of water body, the dilution, dispersion, entrapping and purification principles of pollutants in river system at river network area were discussed in this paper. Also, the one and two dimensional models of water quantity needed for improving water environment quality and pollutant concentrations were developed for rivers and lakes respectively. The calculation method for the quantity of water transfer was given and the forecasting evaluation of the effect of water transfer was carried out. It was took the project, water transfer from Yangtze River to improve the water quality of rivers in Zhangjiagang City, as an example, and changing principles of water quantity and quality were observed in rivers and lakes through site water transfer experiments. The theory of estimating parameters in inverse problem was used to determine parameters in water quantity and quality models. The water quantity and quality coupled models in river system were applied to calculate the minimal water transfer quantity. The theoretical and technical support for the improvement of water environmental quality in Zhangjiagang City and the project "water transfer form Yangtze River to Taihu Lake" were provided.
基金Project supported by Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No: Y0103).
文摘By using the high-efficiency of four-stage calculation method named ＂channel-junction-channel＂ and considering the influence of temporal and spatial variation of aquatic environmental capacity, an optimization method of aquatic environmental capacity for tidal river network was worked out. The method not only reflects characteristics of unsteady flow with variable directions, but also indicates that aquatic environmental capacity is influenced by boundary condition and water quality standard, etc. It has been applied to the regional program of Pudong area in Shanghai, and the computed results agree well with the practical data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51721006)
文摘The integration of rivers and basins highly implies the possible existence of certain relationships between hierarchical characteristics of river networks and primary basin factors.Here we investigated river networks in two large basins,the Yangtze River and the Yellow River,characterized with basic factors such as annual precipitation,slope,soil erodibility and vegetation.Hierarchical analysis demonstrated a fair self-similarity of river networks at the stream-order 1-5 in both rivers,described by the structural parameters including bifurcation ratio,side-branching ratio,drainage density,and length of headwater-river.Besides precipitation,basin slope was essential in shaping river networks in both basins,showing a significant positive correlation(R^2=0.39-0.85)to bifurcation ratio,side-branching ratio,and drainage density.Given the same basin slope(5°-15°),the higher soil erodibility and sparse vegetation would promote greater side-branching ratio and drainage density in the Yellow River,which were estimated 11.97%and 63.70%larger,respectively than those in the Yangtze River.This study highlights the importance to formulate basin-specific strategies for water and soil conservation in terms of different structures of river networks.
基金Supported by National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB714107)National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. 50725930)Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20080440392)
文摘River network morphology not only reflects the structure of river stream but also has great effects on hydrological process, soil erosion, river evolution, and watershed topography. Here we propose and define a new sequence of self-similar networks and corresponding parameters for the generated Tokunaga network. We also discuss the topological and numerical characteristics of self-similar networks with different iteration rules by utilizing links and fractal dimension. Application results indicate that the proposed method could be used to generate river network, which is much consistent with natural river network. The proposed parameter λ could well reflect the river network morphology.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41371182 Key Project of Hunan Social Science Foundation, No. 12ZDB01 Entrusting Project of Hunan Social Science Foundation Base, No. 12JD 12
文摘Due to its great strategic significance in integrating regional coordinated development and enhancing the rise of Central China, urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Changjiang （Yangtze） River has attracted much attention from both theoretical and practical aspects. Such research into the area＇s economic network structure is beneficial for the formation of an urban- and regional-development strategy. This paper constructs an economic tie model based on a modified gravitation model. Subsequently, referring to social network analysis, the paper empirically studies the network density, network centrality, subgroups and structural holes of the middle reaches of Changjiang River＇s urban agglomeration economic network. The findings are fourfold： （1） an economic network of urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Changjiang River has been formed, and economic ties between the cities in this network are comparatively dense; （2） the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Changjiang River can be divided into four significant subgroups, with each subgroup having its own obvious economic communications, while there is less economic-behavioral heterogeneity among subgroups - this is especially true for the two subgroups that exist in the Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone; （3） an economy pattern driven by the central cities of Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang has emerged in the urban agglomeration of the middle reaches of Changjiang River, while these three capital cities have exerted great radiation abilities to their surrounding cities, the latter are less able to absorb resources from the former （4） the Wuhan Metropolitan Areas and the Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone have more structural holes than the Ring of Changsha, Zhuzhou and the Xiangtan City Clusters, meaning that cities at the periphery of these two areas are easily constrained by central cities. The Ring of Changsha, Zhuzhou and the Xiangtan City Clusters have fewer structural holes; thus, the cities in this area will not face as many constraints as those in the other two areas.
基金National Key Research and Development Program,No.2017YFA0603704,No.2017YFC1502500
文摘The Interconnected River System Network (IRSN) plays a crucial role in water resource allocation, water ecological restoration and water quality improvement. It has become a key part of the urban lake management. An evaluation methodology system for IRSN project can provide important guidance for the selection of different water diversion schemes. However, few if any comprehensive evaluation systems have been developed to evaluate the hydrodynamics and water quality of connected lakes. This study developed a comprehensive evaluation system based on multi-indexes including aspects of water hydrodynamics, water quality and socioeconomics. A two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical hydrodynamics and water quality model was built, using NH<sub>3</sub>-N, TN and TP as water quality index. The IRSN project in Tangxun Lake group was used as a testbed here, and five water diversion schemes were simulated and evaluated. Results showed that the IRSN project can improve the water fluidity and the water quality obviously after a short time of water diversion, while the improvement rates decreased gradually as the water diversion went on. Among these five schemes, Scheme V showed the most noticeable improvement in hydrodynamics and water quality, and brought the most economic benefits. This comprehensive evaluation method can provide useful reference for the implementation of other similar IRSN projects.
