This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and expositi...This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and exposition by the ingenious. (2)The design principle of the dependence of workmanship on criteria. (3)A macroscopic view of the object of design. (4)The design method of manufacture emphasizing shape. (5)Technological requirements on excellent material and consummate skill. Second, it discusses machine design ideas in ancient China. (1)The system idea in machine design, (2)The idea of machine design.(3)The idea of standardization in machine design. (4)The idea of automation in machine design. Finally, it discusses the status quo and a look ahead of the theory of machine design in China.展开更多
This is a collection of lecture notes of five applied mathematicians and acousticians.The authors are all world-famous authorities in their fields,showing for senioracousticians in their lectures the applications and ...This is a collection of lecture notes of five applied mathematicians and acousticians.The authors are all world-famous authorities in their fields,showing for senioracousticians in their lectures the applications and usefulness of various mathematicalmethods.It is not a book of mathematics,the emphesis is on its effectiveness to the ad-vanced study of dynamic mechanics problems as encountered in aeroacoustics andunderwater acoustics.And large number of references are cited for those who want to in-dulge further into the mathematical origins.展开更多
Composition teaching in the third grade of primary school is a key year for the beginning of composition teaching in primary schools, and it is also a year that is very difficult for Chinese teachers to control;this i...Composition teaching in the third grade of primary school is a key year for the beginning of composition teaching in primary schools, and it is also a year that is very difficult for Chinese teachers to control;this is especially true in rural primary schools. The observation and discussion method, the model text copy method, the Cooperative review method, and the teaching method are some of my useful attempts in the teaching of composition.展开更多
Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ...Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ordinary solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and also have problems in case of snap-through and snap-back. Thus they fail to predict the complete load-displacement response. The arc-length method serves the purpose well in principle, received wide acceptance in finite element analysis, and has been used extensively. However modifications to the basic idea are vital to meet the particular needs of the analysis. This paper reviews some of the recent developments of the method in the last two decades, with particular emphasis on nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.展开更多
Background:Over half the world’s human populations are currently at risk from vector-borne diseases(VBDs),and the heaviest burden is borne by the world’s poorest people,communities,and countries.The aim of this stud...Background:Over half the world’s human populations are currently at risk from vector-borne diseases(VBDs),and the heaviest burden is borne by the world’s poorest people,communities,and countries.The aim of this study was to conduct a review on VBD interventions relevant to housing and hygiene(including sanitation and waste management)in urban areas.Main body:We conducted a scoping review,which involved systematically searching peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 2000 and 2016 using five scientific databases and one database for grey literature.Different data extraction tools were used for data coding and extraction.We assessed the quality of each study using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and extracted descriptive characteristics and data about implementation process and transferability from all studies using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication and ASTAIRE(a tool for analyzing the transferability of health promotion interventions)tools.We reviewed 44 studies.Overall,the studies were judged to be of high risk for bias.Our results suggest multifaceted interventions,particularly community-based interventions,have the potential to achieve wider and more sustained effects than do standard vertical single-component programs.The evaluations of multifaceted interventions tend to include integrated evaluations,using not only entomological indicators but also acceptability and sustainability indicators.Conclusions:This review highlighted the important need for higher quality research in VBDs and improved and standardized reporting of interventions.Significant research gaps were found regarding qualitative research and implementation research,and results highlighted the need for more interventions focus on sanitation and hygiene practices.展开更多
The traffic in developing countries presents its own specificity,notably due to the heterogeneous traffic and a weak-lane discipline.This leads to differences in driver behavior between these countries and developed c...The traffic in developing countries presents its own specificity,notably due to the heterogeneous traffic and a weak-lane discipline.This leads to differences in driver behavior between these countries and developed countries.Knowing that the analysis of the drivers from developed countries leads the design of the majority of driver models,it is not surprising that the simulations performed using these models do not match thefield data of the developing countries.This article presents a systematic review of the literature on modeling driving behaviors in the context of developing countries.The study focuses on the microsimulation approaches,and specifically on the multiagent paradigm,that are considered suitable for reproducing driving behaviors with accuracy.The major contributions from the recent literature are analyzed.Three major scientific challenges and related minor research directions are described.展开更多
文摘This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and exposition by the ingenious. (2)The design principle of the dependence of workmanship on criteria. (3)A macroscopic view of the object of design. (4)The design method of manufacture emphasizing shape. (5)Technological requirements on excellent material and consummate skill. Second, it discusses machine design ideas in ancient China. (1)The system idea in machine design, (2)The idea of machine design.(3)The idea of standardization in machine design. (4)The idea of automation in machine design. Finally, it discusses the status quo and a look ahead of the theory of machine design in China.
文摘This is a collection of lecture notes of five applied mathematicians and acousticians.The authors are all world-famous authorities in their fields,showing for senioracousticians in their lectures the applications and usefulness of various mathematicalmethods.It is not a book of mathematics,the emphesis is on its effectiveness to the ad-vanced study of dynamic mechanics problems as encountered in aeroacoustics andunderwater acoustics.And large number of references are cited for those who want to in-dulge further into the mathematical origins.
文摘Composition teaching in the third grade of primary school is a key year for the beginning of composition teaching in primary schools, and it is also a year that is very difficult for Chinese teachers to control;this is especially true in rural primary schools. The observation and discussion method, the model text copy method, the Cooperative review method, and the teaching method are some of my useful attempts in the teaching of composition.
文摘Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ordinary solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and also have problems in case of snap-through and snap-back. Thus they fail to predict the complete load-displacement response. The arc-length method serves the purpose well in principle, received wide acceptance in finite element analysis, and has been used extensively. However modifications to the basic idea are vital to meet the particular needs of the analysis. This paper reviews some of the recent developments of the method in the last two decades, with particular emphasis on nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.
文摘Background:Over half the world’s human populations are currently at risk from vector-borne diseases(VBDs),and the heaviest burden is borne by the world’s poorest people,communities,and countries.The aim of this study was to conduct a review on VBD interventions relevant to housing and hygiene(including sanitation and waste management)in urban areas.Main body:We conducted a scoping review,which involved systematically searching peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 2000 and 2016 using five scientific databases and one database for grey literature.Different data extraction tools were used for data coding and extraction.We assessed the quality of each study using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and extracted descriptive characteristics and data about implementation process and transferability from all studies using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication and ASTAIRE(a tool for analyzing the transferability of health promotion interventions)tools.We reviewed 44 studies.Overall,the studies were judged to be of high risk for bias.Our results suggest multifaceted interventions,particularly community-based interventions,have the potential to achieve wider and more sustained effects than do standard vertical single-component programs.The evaluations of multifaceted interventions tend to include integrated evaluations,using not only entomological indicators but also acceptability and sustainability indicators.Conclusions:This review highlighted the important need for higher quality research in VBDs and improved and standardized reporting of interventions.Significant research gaps were found regarding qualitative research and implementation research,and results highlighted the need for more interventions focus on sanitation and hygiene practices.
基金supported by the ERAMUS+Higher Education Learning under Grant No.1953215 of Hasselt University Belgium.Alexandre Lombard is supported by the National Inter-UT Project SMART-E2AU 2018-2022 of the“Universitéde Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard”,France.Stéphane GallandThomas Martinet are supported by the EU project H2020 REDREAM,under Grant No.957837.
文摘The traffic in developing countries presents its own specificity,notably due to the heterogeneous traffic and a weak-lane discipline.This leads to differences in driver behavior between these countries and developed countries.Knowing that the analysis of the drivers from developed countries leads the design of the majority of driver models,it is not surprising that the simulations performed using these models do not match thefield data of the developing countries.This article presents a systematic review of the literature on modeling driving behaviors in the context of developing countries.The study focuses on the microsimulation approaches,and specifically on the multiagent paradigm,that are considered suitable for reproducing driving behaviors with accuracy.The major contributions from the recent literature are analyzed.Three major scientific challenges and related minor research directions are described.
