Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing a...Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing and rotary tillage practices are widespread in the region, only few studies have focused on rotation tillage. To determine the effects of maize straw return on the nitrogen （N） efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, we conducted experiments in this region for 3 years. Five treatments were tested： （i） rotary tillage without straw return （RT）; （ii） deep plowing tillage without straw return （DT）; （iii） rotary tillage with total straw return （RS）; （iv） deep plowing tillage with total straw return （DS）; （v） rotary tillage of 2 years and deep plowing tillage in the 3rd year with total straw return （TS）. Treatments with straw return increased kernels no. ear-1, thousand-kernel weight （TKW）, grain yields, ratio of dry matter accumulation post-anthesis, and nitrogen （N） efficiency whereas reduced the ears no. ha-1 in the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. Compared with the rotary tillage, deep plowing tillage significantly increased the grain yield, yield components, total dry matter accumulation, and N efficiency in 2013-2014. RS had significantly higher straw N distribution, soil inorganic nitrogen content, and soil enzymes activities in the 0-10 cm soil layer compared with the DS and TS. However, significantly lower values were ob- served in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers. TS obtained approximately equal grain yield as DS, and it also reduced the resource costs. Therefore, we conclude that TS is the most economical method for increasing grain yield and N efficiency of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the quality of straw returning to the field,enhance wheat disease resistance and ensure high and stable yield of wheat.[Methods]The effects of four returning modes on wh...[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the quality of straw returning to the field,enhance wheat disease resistance and ensure high and stable yield of wheat.[Methods]The effects of four returning modes on wheat stem rot and yield were studied by observation and experiments.[Results]The incidence rate and disease index of stem rot and white head rate of wheat were significantly reduced and the yield was significantly increased by adopting the method of straw returning to the field with the separation of"returning and seeding".The incidence rate and disease index of stem rot and white head rate of wheat were higher than those of the CK and the yield was significantly reduced when adopting the straw returning method of direct sowing.Treatment T_(1)(after maize was harvested,fertilizers,a nutrient-loaded microbial agent and a soil conditioner were evenly spread on the surface of straw,which was then returned to the field using a straw returning machine twice,and then ploughing,soil preparation and wheat sowing were carried out)showed an incidence rate of wheat crown rot 54.8%lower than that of the CK and a white head rate 87.5%lower than that of the CK,and the yield was 2305 kg/hm^(2) higher than that of the CK.[Conclusions]Straw returning can increase soil organic matter content,reduce soil bulk density,enhance soil respiration,and improve wheat disease resistance and yield.展开更多
[Objectives]To alleviate the influence of meteorological conditions on soil environment(temperature and water content)and maintain high and stable grain yield.[Methods]Taking Sunzhen Experimental Station of Weinan Aca...[Objectives]To alleviate the influence of meteorological conditions on soil environment(temperature and water content)and maintain high and stable grain yield.[Methods]Taking Sunzhen Experimental Station of Weinan Academy of Agricultural Sciences as the experimental base,the effects of returning double-crop wheat and corn straw to field(Twm),returning single-crop corn straw to field(Tm),returning single-crop wheat straw to field(Tw)on soil temperature,water content,straw decomposition rate and nutrient release,soil organic matter and bulk density were studied systematically.[Results]Twm treatment could effectively alleviate the effects of meteorological conditions on soil temperature and water content.The decomposition rate of straw treated with Twm was 4.7%higher than that of Tm treatment,3.8%higher than that of Tw treatment,10.5%higher than that of Tm treatment,and the decomposition rate of straw showed a trend of"first fast,then slow and then fast".The release of nitrogen from straw was basically similar to that of straw decay,and the release of potassium and phosphorus increased at first and then remained basically unchanged.The release rate of potassium was the highest,followed by phosphorus and nitrogen.The content of soil organic matter in Twm treatment increased by 11.67%annually,an annual average of 0.998 g/kg.The soil bulk density of Twm treatment decreased by 0.058 g/cm^(3) annually,an annual average of 4.29%.The fundamental reason is that Twm treatment provides conditions(temperature,water content,nutrition)for microbial growth,reproduction,enzyme production and biochemical reaction,and increases the exchange capacity of soil and external water,heat,gas and fertilizer.[Conclusions]It is expected is to help people change their understanding of returning straw to field from"quick harvest"to"fertilizer transformation".展开更多
【目的】探究秸秆不同还田方式对稻油轮作系统周年生产力及氮磷钾养分表观平衡的影响,为轮作系统秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】田间定位试验位于湖北省武穴市,开始于2014年,设置秸秆不还田(NPK)、秸秆直接还田(NPK+St)和秸...【目的】探究秸秆不同还田方式对稻油轮作系统周年生产力及氮磷钾养分表观平衡的影响,为轮作系统秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】田间定位试验位于湖北省武穴市,开始于2014年,设置秸秆不还田(NPK)、秸秆直接还田(NPK+St)和秸秆焚烧还田(NPK+Sb)3个处理,测定分析2014—2024年连续10年的水稻和油菜产量,氮、磷、钾养分吸收量及其表观平衡等相关指标。【结果】10年田间试验的平均结果表明,与NPK处理相比,NPK+St处理的水稻和油菜产量分别显著增加了7.7%和10.7%,NPK+Sb处理的油菜产量显著增加了5.2%,对水稻增产效果不显著;NPK+St和NPK+Sb处理的增产效果随着秸秆还田年限的增加而逐渐增强,在第6年达到显著水平,且秸秆直接和焚烧还田显著增加了水稻产量可持续性(23.6%—28.3%)。周年轮作养分积累特征表明,与NPK处理相比,NPK+St和NPK+Sb处理的平均周年氮、磷、钾积累量分别增加了11.6%和2.9%、11.9%和10.2%、55.8%和39.1%,秸秆直接还田显著提高了作物对氮、磷、钾养分吸收,而秸秆焚烧还田有效增加了作物对磷、钾养分吸收。秸秆不还田条件下,稻油轮作周年氮、磷、钾平均盈余量分别为101.3 kg N·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)、-8.9 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)和-296.6 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)·a^(-1);秸秆直接还田条件下,稻油轮作周年氮平均盈余量达166.1 kg N·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),增幅为64.0%,秸秆直接和焚烧还田均实现了周年磷、钾养分盈余,盈余量分别为33.0和19.0 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)、79.4和21.3 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)。【结论】秸秆直接和焚烧还田通过维持稻油轮作系统养分平衡,显著提高作物产量与养分吸收,呈现水稻稳产和油菜增产的效果。秸秆直接还田较焚烧还田更有利于提高作物产量和实现养分收支平衡。因此,在农业生产过程中,建议推行秸秆直接还田方式处理农田秸秆,以充分发挥其增产稳产和养分平衡的优势,促进稻油轮作系统的可持续发展。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300400)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2015CB150404)+4 种基金the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in Public Interest of China(201203100)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-year Plan period(2012BAD04B05)the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology,China(J14LF12)the Shandong Province Mount Tai Industrial Talents Program,Chinathe Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology Innovation,China
文摘Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing and rotary tillage practices are widespread in the region, only few studies have focused on rotation tillage. To determine the effects of maize straw return on the nitrogen （N） efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, we conducted experiments in this region for 3 years. Five treatments were tested： （i） rotary tillage without straw return （RT）; （ii） deep plowing tillage without straw return （DT）; （iii） rotary tillage with total straw return （RS）; （iv） deep plowing tillage with total straw return （DS）; （v） rotary tillage of 2 years and deep plowing tillage in the 3rd year with total straw return （TS）. Treatments with straw return increased kernels no. ear-1, thousand-kernel weight （TKW）, grain yields, ratio of dry matter accumulation post-anthesis, and nitrogen （N） efficiency whereas reduced the ears no. ha-1 in the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. Compared with the rotary tillage, deep plowing tillage significantly increased the grain yield, yield components, total dry matter accumulation, and N efficiency in 2013-2014. RS had significantly higher straw N distribution, soil inorganic nitrogen content, and soil enzymes activities in the 0-10 cm soil layer compared with the DS and TS. However, significantly lower values were ob- served in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers. TS obtained approximately equal grain yield as DS, and it also reduced the resource costs. Therefore, we conclude that TS is the most economical method for increasing grain yield and N efficiency of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.
基金Supported by Shaanxi Provincial Innovation Capability Support Program(2019XY-03)Shaanxi Provincial Key R&D Program(2019ZDLNY01-05-02)+3 种基金Key R&D Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(GK AB19259016)Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry(SXLK2020-0218)Xi’an Science and Technology Program(20193051YF039N039)Xianyang Key R&D Program(2021DYF-GY-0008)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the quality of straw returning to the field,enhance wheat disease resistance and ensure high and stable yield of wheat.[Methods]The effects of four returning modes on wheat stem rot and yield were studied by observation and experiments.[Results]The incidence rate and disease index of stem rot and white head rate of wheat were significantly reduced and the yield was significantly increased by adopting the method of straw returning to the field with the separation of"returning and seeding".The incidence rate and disease index of stem rot and white head rate of wheat were higher than those of the CK and the yield was significantly reduced when adopting the straw returning method of direct sowing.Treatment T_(1)(after maize was harvested,fertilizers,a nutrient-loaded microbial agent and a soil conditioner were evenly spread on the surface of straw,which was then returned to the field using a straw returning machine twice,and then ploughing,soil preparation and wheat sowing were carried out)showed an incidence rate of wheat crown rot 54.8%lower than that of the CK and a white head rate 87.5%lower than that of the CK,and the yield was 2305 kg/hm^(2) higher than that of the CK.[Conclusions]Straw returning can increase soil organic matter content,reduce soil bulk density,enhance soil respiration,and improve wheat disease resistance and yield.
基金Shaanxi Provincial Innovation Capability Support Program(2019XY-03)Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(2019ZDLN01-05-02)+2 种基金Guangxi Key R&D Program(GuiKe AB19259016)Project of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences(SXLK2020-0218)Xi'an Science and Technology Plan Project(20193051YF039NS039,20NYYF0026).
文摘[Objectives]To alleviate the influence of meteorological conditions on soil environment(temperature and water content)and maintain high and stable grain yield.[Methods]Taking Sunzhen Experimental Station of Weinan Academy of Agricultural Sciences as the experimental base,the effects of returning double-crop wheat and corn straw to field(Twm),returning single-crop corn straw to field(Tm),returning single-crop wheat straw to field(Tw)on soil temperature,water content,straw decomposition rate and nutrient release,soil organic matter and bulk density were studied systematically.[Results]Twm treatment could effectively alleviate the effects of meteorological conditions on soil temperature and water content.The decomposition rate of straw treated with Twm was 4.7%higher than that of Tm treatment,3.8%higher than that of Tw treatment,10.5%higher than that of Tm treatment,and the decomposition rate of straw showed a trend of"first fast,then slow and then fast".The release of nitrogen from straw was basically similar to that of straw decay,and the release of potassium and phosphorus increased at first and then remained basically unchanged.The release rate of potassium was the highest,followed by phosphorus and nitrogen.The content of soil organic matter in Twm treatment increased by 11.67%annually,an annual average of 0.998 g/kg.The soil bulk density of Twm treatment decreased by 0.058 g/cm^(3) annually,an annual average of 4.29%.The fundamental reason is that Twm treatment provides conditions(temperature,water content,nutrition)for microbial growth,reproduction,enzyme production and biochemical reaction,and increases the exchange capacity of soil and external water,heat,gas and fertilizer.[Conclusions]It is expected is to help people change their understanding of returning straw to field from"quick harvest"to"fertilizer transformation".
文摘【目的】探究秸秆不同还田方式对稻油轮作系统周年生产力及氮磷钾养分表观平衡的影响,为轮作系统秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】田间定位试验位于湖北省武穴市,开始于2014年,设置秸秆不还田(NPK)、秸秆直接还田(NPK+St)和秸秆焚烧还田(NPK+Sb)3个处理,测定分析2014—2024年连续10年的水稻和油菜产量,氮、磷、钾养分吸收量及其表观平衡等相关指标。【结果】10年田间试验的平均结果表明,与NPK处理相比,NPK+St处理的水稻和油菜产量分别显著增加了7.7%和10.7%,NPK+Sb处理的油菜产量显著增加了5.2%,对水稻增产效果不显著;NPK+St和NPK+Sb处理的增产效果随着秸秆还田年限的增加而逐渐增强,在第6年达到显著水平,且秸秆直接和焚烧还田显著增加了水稻产量可持续性(23.6%—28.3%)。周年轮作养分积累特征表明,与NPK处理相比,NPK+St和NPK+Sb处理的平均周年氮、磷、钾积累量分别增加了11.6%和2.9%、11.9%和10.2%、55.8%和39.1%,秸秆直接还田显著提高了作物对氮、磷、钾养分吸收,而秸秆焚烧还田有效增加了作物对磷、钾养分吸收。秸秆不还田条件下,稻油轮作周年氮、磷、钾平均盈余量分别为101.3 kg N·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)、-8.9 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)和-296.6 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)·a^(-1);秸秆直接还田条件下,稻油轮作周年氮平均盈余量达166.1 kg N·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),增幅为64.0%,秸秆直接和焚烧还田均实现了周年磷、钾养分盈余,盈余量分别为33.0和19.0 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)、79.4和21.3 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)。【结论】秸秆直接和焚烧还田通过维持稻油轮作系统养分平衡,显著提高作物产量与养分吸收,呈现水稻稳产和油菜增产的效果。秸秆直接还田较焚烧还田更有利于提高作物产量和实现养分收支平衡。因此,在农业生产过程中,建议推行秸秆直接还田方式处理农田秸秆,以充分发挥其增产稳产和养分平衡的优势,促进稻油轮作系统的可持续发展。
