Host-hepatitis C virus(HCV) interactions have both informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis and provided novel insights into host cell biology. These findings are illustrated by the recent d...Host-hepatitis C virus(HCV) interactions have both informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis and provided novel insights into host cell biology. These findings are illustrated by the recent discovery of host-encoded factors that restrict HCV infection. In this review, we briefly discuss these restriction factors in different steps of HCV infection. In each case, we discuss how these restriction factors were identified, the mechanisms by which they inhibit HCV infection and their potential contribution to viral pathogenesis.展开更多
Equine infectious anemia virus(EIAV)is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research.An attenuated EIAV vaccine,which was successfully developed in...Equine infectious anemia virus(EIAV)is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research.An attenuated EIAV vaccine,which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques,is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date.Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle.However,viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation.The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process,which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1).EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses,making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors.In this review,we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV.The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions.In addition,we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.展开更多
Before a pathogen even enters a cell, intrinsic immune defenses are active. This first-line defense is mediated by a variety of constitutively expressed cell proteins collectively termed "restriction factors"...Before a pathogen even enters a cell, intrinsic immune defenses are active. This first-line defense is mediated by a variety of constitutively expressed cell proteins collectively termed "restriction factors"(RFs), and they form a vital element of the immune response to virus infections. Over time, however, viruses have evolved in a variety ways so that they are able to overcome these RF defenses via mechanisms that are specific for each virus. This review provides a summary of the universal characteristics of RFs, and goes on to focus on the strategies employed by some of the most important RFs in their attempt to control human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) infection. This is followed by a discussion of the counter-restriction mechanisms evolved by viruses to circumvent the host cell's intrinsic immune defenses. RFs include nuclear proteins IFN-γ inducible protein 16(IFI16)(a Pyrin/HIN domain protein), Sp100, promyelocytic leukemia, and h Daxx; the latter three being the keys elements of nuclear domain 10(ND10). IFI16 inhibits the synthesis of virus DNA by downregulating UL54 transcription- a gene encoding a CMV DNA polymerase; in response, the virus antagonizes IFI16 via a process involving viral proteins UL97 and pp65(p UL83), which results in the mislocalizing of IFI16 into the cytoplasm. In contrast, viral regulatory proteins, including pp71 and IE1, seek to modify or disrupt the ND10 proteins and thus block or reverse their inhibitory effects upon virus replication. All in all, detailed knowledge of these HCMV counter-restriction mechanisms will be fundamental for the future development of new strategies for combating HCMV infection and for identifying novel therapeutic agents.展开更多
As an artificial microbial ecosystem, acidogenic de sulfate bioreactor has high efficiency of sulfate removal. The restrictive ecological factors, including causing ecological factors, such as COD/SO 4 2- ratio and su...As an artificial microbial ecosystem, acidogenic de sulfate bioreactor has high efficiency of sulfate removal. The restrictive ecological factors, including causing ecological factors, such as COD/SO 4 2- ratio and sulfate loading rate (Ns), and following ecological factors, such as pH value, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and alkalinity (ALK) have significant effect on the ability and stability of acidogenic de sulfate bio reactor. Continuous flow and batch test were carried out to investigate the quantification and control of COD/SO 4 2- ratio, Ns, pH value, ORP and ALK in acidogenic de sulfate bioreactor supplied with molasses wastewater as sole organic carbon source and sodium sulfate as electron donor. It was demonstrated that In order to maintain high sulfate removal rate (SRR) of 80% to 90%, the restrictive factors should meet all the requirement as follows: k COD/ SO 4 2- ratio≥2.0, Ns≤7.5 kg (m 3·d) -1 ,pH=5.7～6.2,ORP=-320～-420 mV and ALK= 1 500～2 000 mg/L.展开更多
The model of back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was presented to demonstrate the effect of restrictive ecological factors, COD/SO 4 2- ratio, pH value, alkalinity (ALK) and SO 4 2- loading rate (Ns), on sulfat...The model of back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was presented to demonstrate the effect of restrictive ecological factors, COD/SO 4 2- ratio, pH value, alkalinity (ALK) and SO 4 2- loading rate (Ns), on sulfate reduction of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) in an acidogenic sulfate reducing reactor supplied with molasses as sole organic carbon source and sodium sulfate as electron acceptor. The compare of experimental results and computer simulation was also discussed. It was shown that the method of BPNN had a powerful ability to analyze the ecological characteristic of acidogenic sulfate reducing ecosystem quantitatively.展开更多
At present, China＇s basic old-age insurance system has been established and develop gradually. To learn advanced endowment service concept and method, meet the demand of higher level of pension services has become th...At present, China＇s basic old-age insurance system has been established and develop gradually. To learn advanced endowment service concept and method, meet the demand of higher level of pension services has become the new target and task of the urban pension service system development. The appearance of Wisdom endowment concept is to resolve the diverse endowment risk of the elderly, and meet a higher level elderly pension service demand. However, wisdom pension in our country is still in its infancy, its further development is facing many difficulties. As to these difficulties, the author of this paper will analyze from four aspects, the system, the object, technology, talent, and put forward some suggestions for promoting the development of the wisdom of endowment respectively, and make wise pension industry in China can better meet the diverse needs of the elderly for pension, and construct a harmonious society of＂sense of security＂.展开更多
Entrepreneurship quality education is not only the standpoint and focus of entrepreneurship education, but also the key point in entrepreneurship education. In this paper, based on three aspects （the educated, the su...Entrepreneurship quality education is not only the standpoint and focus of entrepreneurship education, but also the key point in entrepreneurship education. In this paper, based on three aspects （the educated, the subjects implementing education, and external environment）, the main factors restricting the entrepreneurship quality education for the young peasant workers back to hometown in Yunnan province are analyzed, and also the governmental strategies of a clear purpose and a powerful applicability are further explored.展开更多
＂Environmental Impact Assessment Law of P. R. China＂ was promulgated on Oct. 28^th, 2002 and has been put into effect on Sep 1^th, 2003. This paper puts forward some important factors which restrict the development ...＂Environmental Impact Assessment Law of P. R. China＂ was promulgated on Oct. 28^th, 2002 and has been put into effect on Sep 1^th, 2003. This paper puts forward some important factors which restrict the development of Strategic Environmental Assessment according to the preliminary practices of SEA in China. These restricting factors are： （1） potential resistance from some departments; （2） poor cooperation between different departments; （3） limited availability of information resources （4） lack of well-developed SEA methods; （5） difficulties in public participation. The primary thought to solve these problems were proposed at policy and technique level.展开更多
Flaviviruses are a genus of mostly arthropod-borne RNA viruses that cause a range of pathologies in humans.Basic knowledge on flaviviruses is rapidly expanding,partly due to their status as frequent emerging or re-eme...Flaviviruses are a genus of mostly arthropod-borne RNA viruses that cause a range of pathologies in humans.Basic knowledge on flaviviruses is rapidly expanding,partly due to their status as frequent emerging or re-emerging pathogens.Flaviviruses include the dengue,Zika,West Nile,tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever viruses(DENV,ZIKV,WNV,TBEV and YFV,respectively).As is the case with other families of viruses,the success of productive infection of human cells by flaviviruses depends in part on the antiviral activity of a heterogeneous group of cellular antiviral proteins called restriction factors.Restriction factors are the effector proteins of the cell-autonomous innate response against viruses,an immune pathway that also includes virus sensors as well as intracellular and extracellular signal mediators such as type I interferons(IFN-I).In this review,I summarize recent progress toward the identification and characterization of flavivirus restriction factors.In particular,I focus on IFI6,Schlafen 11,FMRP,OAS-RNase L,RyDEN,members of the TRIM family of proteins(TRIM5α,TRIM19,TRIM56,TRIM69 and TRIM79α)and a new mechanism of action proposed for viperin.Recent and future studies on this topic will lead to a more complete picture of the flavivirus restrictome,defined as the ensemble of cellular factors with demonstrated anti-flaviviral activity.展开更多
In the aftermath of spinal cord injury,glial restricted precursors（GRPs） and immature astrocytes offer the potential to modulate the inflammatory environment of the injured spinal cord and promote host axon regenera...In the aftermath of spinal cord injury,glial restricted precursors（GRPs） and immature astrocytes offer the potential to modulate the inflammatory environment of the injured spinal cord and promote host axon regeneration.Nevertheless clinical application of cellular therapy for the repair of spinal cord injury requires strict quality-assured protocols for large-scale production and preservation that necessitates long-term in vitro expansion.Importantly,such processes have the potential to alter the phenotypic and functional properties and thus therapeutic potential of these cells.Furthermore,clinical use of cellular therapies may be limited by the inflammatory microenvironment of the injured spinal cord,altering the phenotypic and functional properties of grafted cells.This report simulates the process of large-scale GRP production and demonstrates the permissive properties of GRP following long-term in vitro culture.Furthermore,we defined the phenotypic and functional properties of GRP in the presence of inflammatory factors,and call attention to the importance of the microenvironment of grafted cells,underscoring the importance of modulating the environment of the injured spinal cord.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNo.81271832 and No.81471955 to Zhang LL
文摘Host-hepatitis C virus(HCV) interactions have both informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis and provided novel insights into host cell biology. These findings are illustrated by the recent discovery of host-encoded factors that restrict HCV infection. In this review, we briefly discuss these restriction factors in different steps of HCV infection. In each case, we discuss how these restriction factors were identified, the mechanisms by which they inhibit HCV infection and their potential contribution to viral pathogenesis.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172831 and 31672578 to XF.W,32170169 to X.W)the Postdoctoral Scientific Research Developmental Fund of Heilongjiang Province (LBH-Q20059 to XF.W)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (1610302022007 to XF.W).
文摘Equine infectious anemia virus(EIAV)is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research.An attenuated EIAV vaccine,which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques,is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date.Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle.However,viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation.The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process,which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1).EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses,making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors.In this review,we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV.The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions.In addition,we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.
基金Supported by Italian Ministry of Education,University and Research--MIUR(PRIN 2012)to S.Landolfo(2012SNMJRL)and V.Dell’Oste(20127MFYBR)University of Turin,Research Funding 2014 to S.Landolfo,M.De Andrea,and V.Dell’OsteRegione Piemonte to S.Landolfo(PAR-FCS 2007/2013)
文摘Before a pathogen even enters a cell, intrinsic immune defenses are active. This first-line defense is mediated by a variety of constitutively expressed cell proteins collectively termed "restriction factors"(RFs), and they form a vital element of the immune response to virus infections. Over time, however, viruses have evolved in a variety ways so that they are able to overcome these RF defenses via mechanisms that are specific for each virus. This review provides a summary of the universal characteristics of RFs, and goes on to focus on the strategies employed by some of the most important RFs in their attempt to control human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) infection. This is followed by a discussion of the counter-restriction mechanisms evolved by viruses to circumvent the host cell's intrinsic immune defenses. RFs include nuclear proteins IFN-γ inducible protein 16(IFI16)(a Pyrin/HIN domain protein), Sp100, promyelocytic leukemia, and h Daxx; the latter three being the keys elements of nuclear domain 10(ND10). IFI16 inhibits the synthesis of virus DNA by downregulating UL54 transcription- a gene encoding a CMV DNA polymerase; in response, the virus antagonizes IFI16 via a process involving viral proteins UL97 and pp65(p UL83), which results in the mislocalizing of IFI16 into the cytoplasm. In contrast, viral regulatory proteins, including pp71 and IE1, seek to modify or disrupt the ND10 proteins and thus block or reverse their inhibitory effects upon virus replication. All in all, detailed knowledge of these HCMV counter-restriction mechanisms will be fundamental for the future development of new strategies for combating HCMV infection and for identifying novel therapeutic agents.
文摘As an artificial microbial ecosystem, acidogenic de sulfate bioreactor has high efficiency of sulfate removal. The restrictive ecological factors, including causing ecological factors, such as COD/SO 4 2- ratio and sulfate loading rate (Ns), and following ecological factors, such as pH value, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and alkalinity (ALK) have significant effect on the ability and stability of acidogenic de sulfate bio reactor. Continuous flow and batch test were carried out to investigate the quantification and control of COD/SO 4 2- ratio, Ns, pH value, ORP and ALK in acidogenic de sulfate bioreactor supplied with molasses wastewater as sole organic carbon source and sodium sulfate as electron donor. It was demonstrated that In order to maintain high sulfate removal rate (SRR) of 80% to 90%, the restrictive factors should meet all the requirement as follows: k COD/ SO 4 2- ratio≥2.0, Ns≤7.5 kg (m 3·d) -1 ,pH=5.7～6.2,ORP=-320～-420 mV and ALK= 1 500～2 000 mg/L.
文摘The model of back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was presented to demonstrate the effect of restrictive ecological factors, COD/SO 4 2- ratio, pH value, alkalinity (ALK) and SO 4 2- loading rate (Ns), on sulfate reduction of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) in an acidogenic sulfate reducing reactor supplied with molasses as sole organic carbon source and sodium sulfate as electron acceptor. The compare of experimental results and computer simulation was also discussed. It was shown that the method of BPNN had a powerful ability to analyze the ecological characteristic of acidogenic sulfate reducing ecosystem quantitatively.
文摘At present, China＇s basic old-age insurance system has been established and develop gradually. To learn advanced endowment service concept and method, meet the demand of higher level of pension services has become the new target and task of the urban pension service system development. The appearance of Wisdom endowment concept is to resolve the diverse endowment risk of the elderly, and meet a higher level elderly pension service demand. However, wisdom pension in our country is still in its infancy, its further development is facing many difficulties. As to these difficulties, the author of this paper will analyze from four aspects, the system, the object, technology, talent, and put forward some suggestions for promoting the development of the wisdom of endowment respectively, and make wise pension industry in China can better meet the diverse needs of the elderly for pension, and construct a harmonious society of＂sense of security＂.
文摘Entrepreneurship quality education is not only the standpoint and focus of entrepreneurship education, but also the key point in entrepreneurship education. In this paper, based on three aspects （the educated, the subjects implementing education, and external environment）, the main factors restricting the entrepreneurship quality education for the young peasant workers back to hometown in Yunnan province are analyzed, and also the governmental strategies of a clear purpose and a powerful applicability are further explored.
文摘＂Environmental Impact Assessment Law of P. R. China＂ was promulgated on Oct. 28^th, 2002 and has been put into effect on Sep 1^th, 2003. This paper puts forward some important factors which restrict the development of Strategic Environmental Assessment according to the preliminary practices of SEA in China. These restricting factors are： （1） potential resistance from some departments; （2） poor cooperation between different departments; （3） limited availability of information resources （4） lack of well-developed SEA methods; （5） difficulties in public participation. The primary thought to solve these problems were proposed at policy and technique level.
文摘Flaviviruses are a genus of mostly arthropod-borne RNA viruses that cause a range of pathologies in humans.Basic knowledge on flaviviruses is rapidly expanding,partly due to their status as frequent emerging or re-emerging pathogens.Flaviviruses include the dengue,Zika,West Nile,tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever viruses(DENV,ZIKV,WNV,TBEV and YFV,respectively).As is the case with other families of viruses,the success of productive infection of human cells by flaviviruses depends in part on the antiviral activity of a heterogeneous group of cellular antiviral proteins called restriction factors.Restriction factors are the effector proteins of the cell-autonomous innate response against viruses,an immune pathway that also includes virus sensors as well as intracellular and extracellular signal mediators such as type I interferons(IFN-I).In this review,I summarize recent progress toward the identification and characterization of flavivirus restriction factors.In particular,I focus on IFI6,Schlafen 11,FMRP,OAS-RNase L,RyDEN,members of the TRIM family of proteins(TRIM5α,TRIM19,TRIM56,TRIM69 and TRIM79α)and a new mechanism of action proposed for viperin.Recent and future studies on this topic will lead to a more complete picture of the flavivirus restrictome,defined as the ensemble of cellular factors with demonstrated anti-flaviviral activity.
基金supported by NIH PO1 NS055976,CraigH.Neilsen Foundation
文摘In the aftermath of spinal cord injury,glial restricted precursors（GRPs） and immature astrocytes offer the potential to modulate the inflammatory environment of the injured spinal cord and promote host axon regeneration.Nevertheless clinical application of cellular therapy for the repair of spinal cord injury requires strict quality-assured protocols for large-scale production and preservation that necessitates long-term in vitro expansion.Importantly,such processes have the potential to alter the phenotypic and functional properties and thus therapeutic potential of these cells.Furthermore,clinical use of cellular therapies may be limited by the inflammatory microenvironment of the injured spinal cord,altering the phenotypic and functional properties of grafted cells.This report simulates the process of large-scale GRP production and demonstrates the permissive properties of GRP following long-term in vitro culture.Furthermore,we defined the phenotypic and functional properties of GRP in the presence of inflammatory factors,and call attention to the importance of the microenvironment of grafted cells,underscoring the importance of modulating the environment of the injured spinal cord.
