The pore structure and pseudo-graphitic phase(domain size and content)of a hard carbon anode play key roles in improving the plateau capacity of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),while it is hard to regulate them effectively...The pore structure and pseudo-graphitic phase(domain size and content)of a hard carbon anode play key roles in improving the plateau capacity of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),while it is hard to regulate them effectively and simultaneously.This study delves into the synthesis of hard carbons with tailored microstructures from esterified sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC-Na).The hard carbon(EHC-500)with maximized pseudo-graphitic content(73%)and abundant uniformly dispersed closed pores was fabricated,which provides sufficient active sites for sodium ion intercalation and pore filling.Furthermore,minimized lateral width(L_(a))of pseudo-graphitic domains in EHC-500 is simultaneously realized to improve the accessibility of sodium ions to the intercalation sites and filling sites.Therefore,the optimized microstructure of EHC-500 contributes to a remarkable reversible capacity of 340 mAh/g with a high plateau capacity of 236.7 mAh/g(below 0.08 V).These findings underscore the pivotal role of microcrystalline structure and pore structure in the electrochemical performance of hard carbons and provide a novel route to guide the design of hard carbons with optimal microstructures towards enhanced sodium storage performance.展开更多
Non-metallic inclusions in steel are a significant challenge,affecting material properties and leading to issues such as stress concentration,cracking,and accelerated corrosion.Current methods for removing inclusions,...Non-metallic inclusions in steel are a significant challenge,affecting material properties and leading to issues such as stress concentration,cracking,and accelerated corrosion.Current methods for removing inclusions,including bubble,electromagnetic stirring,filtration separation,fluid flow,and sedimentation,often struggle with the removal of fine inclusions.Apart from these known methods,pulsed electric current(PEC),as an emerging technology,has demonstrated immense potential and environmental advantages.PEC offers adjustable current parameters and simple equipment,making it an attractive alternative to traditional methods.Its green energy-saving features and excellent results in regulating inclusion morphology and migration,as well as inhibiting submerged entry nozzle(SEN)clogging,make it a promising technology.In comparison to continuous current technology,PEC has shown significant advantages in regulating inclusions,not only improving purification efficiency but also demonstrating outstanding performance in flow stability and energy consumption.The ability of PEC to efficiently reduce inclusion numbers enhances the purity and quality of molten steel,improving its mechanical properties.Currently,the theoretical basis for controlling the movement of inclusions by current is mainly composed of three major theories:the double electric layer theory,electromagnetic force reverse separation theory,and electric free energy drive theory.These theories together form an important framework for researchers to understand and optimize the behavior of impurity movement controlled by electric current.Looking ahead,PEC is expected to pave the way for new solutions in directional regulation of inclusion migration,efficient inclusion removal,SEN clogging prevention,and the purification of molten steel.展开更多
Catalyst-aided regeneration is a promising method for reducing the high regeneration energy consumption of amine-based CO_(2)capture technologies.However,the intrinsic relationship between the properties of the acidic...Catalyst-aided regeneration is a promising method for reducing the high regeneration energy consumption of amine-based CO_(2)capture technologies.However,the intrinsic relationship between the properties of the acidic sites and their catalytic activity is controversial.In this study,a series of W-based catalysts supported by ZrTiO_(x)were synthesised,and the effects of the intensity,distribution,and type of acid sites were systematically investigated by quantitatively regulating the acidic site properties.The results indicate stronger acidic sites play a more important role in the catalytic reaction.Moreover,the catalysts showed excellent performance only if the Br?nsted acid sites(BASs)and Lewis acid sites(LASs)coexisted.During the catalytic reaction,the BASs facilitated deprotonation,and the LASs promoted the decomposition of carbamates.The ratio of BASs to LASs(B/L)was a critical factor for catalytic activity,wherein optimal performance was achieved when the B/L ratio was close to 1.The 10%HPW/ZrTiO_(x)composite performed better than WO_(3)/ZrTiO_(x)and HSiW/ZrTiO_(x)because it had a stronger acid intensity and a suitable B/L ratio.As a result,the relative heat duty was reduced by 47%compared to 30%aqueous MEA,and the maximum CO_(2)desorption rate was increased by 83%.The Bader charge indicated that the W atoms of HPW/ZrTiO_(x)lost more electrons(0.18)than those of WO_(3)/ZrTiO_(x),which can weaken the O±H bond energy.Consequently,the calculated deprotonation energy is as low as 257 kJ mol^(-1)for HPW/ZrTiO_(x).展开更多
Maize(Zea mays L.)is one of the world's most important staple crops,and is used for manufacturing food,feed,and industrial products.A key factor in maize yield is the grain weight,which directly influences product...Maize(Zea mays L.)is one of the world's most important staple crops,and is used for manufacturing food,feed,and industrial products.A key factor in maize yield is the grain weight,which directly influences productivity.In this study,we revealed the role of smk23 in maize kernel development.The ethyl methanesulfonate mutant smk23 is characterized by substantially reduced kernel weight.Through map-based cloning,smk23 was found to be located on Chr5 and encode a putative B-type response regulator,Zm RR5.A change from G to A occurs in the coding sequence of Zm RR5,resulting in the early termination of smk23.In Arabidopsis,B-type response regulators are involved in cytokinin signaling.Histological analysis and in situ hybridization of the mutant revealed abnormal endosperm development,particularly in the basal endosperm transfer layer(BETL),a specialized tissue critical for nutrient transport from the maternal tissues to the developing kernel.Zm RR5 positively regulates key genes involved in BETL development and function,including MRP1 and TCRR1.Furthermore,RNA sequencing revealed that several genes closely linked to BETL development,including BETL2,MEG1,and MN1,were significantly downregulated in smk23.These genes are essential for nutrient transport,tissue development and signal transduction.In addition,haploid analysis of Zm RR5 revealed natural variations(Hap 2)that may contribute to the increased kernel yield.Disruption of Zm RR5 function in smk23 leads to defects in BETL development,impairing its ability to transport nutrients,and ultimately resulting in a smaller kernel size.This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms through which Zm RR5 regulates maize kernel development and offers potential strategies for improving grain yield.展开更多
Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)causes bacterial blight in rice,which reduces crop yield and leads to significant economic losses.Bacterial sigma(σ)factors are highly specialized proteins that allow RNA polymerase t...Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)causes bacterial blight in rice,which reduces crop yield and leads to significant economic losses.Bacterial sigma(σ)factors are highly specialized proteins that allow RNA polymerase to recognize and bind to specific promoters.σ^(70) factors also regulate the expression of genes involved in stress response and virulence.However,the role of RpoD in Xoo is still unclear.In this study,we found thatσ^(70) factor RpoD is quite conservative among phytopathogenic bacteria,especially in Xanthomonas sp.In Xoo,PXO_RpoD plays an important role in oxidative stress tolerance and cell motility,as well as being essential for full virulence.Cleavage under targets and tagmentation(CUT&Tag)analyses indicated that RpoD mediates the type three secretion system(T3SS)by regulating the regulation of hrpG and hrpX.By performing bacterial one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility assay(EMSA),we observed that RpoD directly bound to the promoters of hrpG and hrpX.Collectively,these results demonstrate the transcriptional mechanism and pathogenic functions of RpoD in regulating cell motility and oxidative stress response,providing novel insights into potential targets for disease control.展开更多
Anthocyanins are the flavonoid pigments responsible for vibrant fruit and flower colors,and they also play key roles in both plant physiology and human health.MYB transcription factors are crucial regulators of anthoc...Anthocyanins are the flavonoid pigments responsible for vibrant fruit and flower colors,and they also play key roles in both plant physiology and human health.MYB transcription factors are crucial regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation,but the functional differences of homologous MYB transcription factors in regulating anthocyanin content are still unclear.In strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa),FaMYB44.1 and FaMYB44.3 are highly homologous MYB transcription factors localized in the nucleus and can be significantly induced by weak light.However,they differ in their effects on anthocyanin accumulation in the fruits.FaMYB44.1 inhibits anthocyanin synthesis by transcriptionally suppressing FaF3H,which is essential for anthocyanin regulation,in the‘BeniHoppe'and‘JianDe-Hong'strawberry varieties.In contrast,FaMYB44.3 does not affect anthocyanin levels.This study provides a comprehensive overview of the roles of FaMYB44.1 and FaMYB44.3 in anthocyanin regulation in strawberry fruits.By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation,this study enhances our understanding of how the interactions between genetic and environmental factors control fruit pigmentation and enhance the nutritional value of the fruit.展开更多
All-perovskite tandem solar cells have the potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limit of single junction solar cells by reducing thermalization losses.However,the challenges encompass the oxidation of Sn^(2...All-perovskite tandem solar cells have the potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limit of single junction solar cells by reducing thermalization losses.However,the challenges encompass the oxidation of Sn^(2+)to Sn^(4+)and uncontrolled crystallization kinetics in Sn-Pb perovskites,leading to nonradiative recombination and compositional heterogeneity to decrease photovoltaic efficiency and operational stability.Herein,we introduced an ionic liquid additive,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (EMIMI) into Sn-Pb perovskite precursor to form low-dimensional Sn-rich/pure-Sn perovskites at grain boundaries,which mitigates oxidation of Sn^(2+)to Sn^(4+)and regulates the film-forming dynamics of Sn/Pb-based perovskite films.The optimized single-junction Sn-Pb perovskite devices incorporating EMIMI achieved a high efficiency of 22.87%.Furthermore,combined with wide-bandgap perovskite sub-cells in tandem device,we demonstrate 2-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 28.34%,achieving improved operational stability.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathologica...Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathological characteristics and molecular pathways associated with its progression.Advances in scientific research have increasingly highlighted the crucial role of non-coding RNAs in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.These non-coding RNAs regulate several biological processes critical to the advancement of the disease,offering promising potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.Therefore,this review aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease onset,with a particular focus on microRNAs,long non-coding RNAs,and circular RNAs associated with the disease.The review elucidates the potential pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease and provides a detailed description of the synthesis mechanisms of the three aforementioned non-coding RNAs.It comprehensively summarizes the various non-coding RNAs that have been identified to play key regulatory roles in Alzheimer's disease,as well as how these noncoding RNAs influence the disease's progression by regulating gene expression and protein functions.For example,miR-9 targets the UBE4B gene,promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of Tau protein,thereby reducing Tau accumulation and delaying Alzheimer's disease progression.Conversely,the long non-coding RNA BACE1-AS stabilizes BACE1 mRNA,promoting the generation of amyloid-βand accelerating Alzheimer's disease development.Additionally,circular RNAs play significant roles in regulating neuroinflammatory responses.By integrating insights from these regulatory mechanisms,there is potential to discover new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for early detection and management of Alzheimer's disease.This review aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and non-coding RNAs,potentially paving the way for early detection and novel treatment strategies.展开更多
Polysynthetic twinned(PST)TiAl single crystal specifically refers to a fully lamellar TiAl single crystal with parallel phase interfaces and twin interfaces grown by directional solidification.In this paper,PST single...Polysynthetic twinned(PST)TiAl single crystal specifically refers to a fully lamellar TiAl single crystal with parallel phase interfaces and twin interfaces grown by directional solidification.In this paper,PST single crystals with different phase ratios are obtained by annealing at specific temperatures and holding times.The results show that the diffusion rates of Ti and Al elements at various temperatures directly trigger and propel the surface recrystallization and variation in the internal phase ratio.When the temperature is lower than 1448 K,the diffusion rate of Ti is obviously higher than that of Al,which causes one denseα_(2)recrystallized layer to form on the surface of TiAl single crystals.Meanwhile,as more Ti elements migrate to the surface,theα_(2)phase ratio inside the TiAl single crystal thereby decreases.When the temperature exceeds 1448 K,the diffusion rate of Al gradually reverses to exceed that of Ti,which forms the surface sandwiched recrystallization dominated byγphase and simultaneously increasesα_(2)phase ratio inside the TiAl single crystal.The variation in the two-phase ratio directly induces a significant change in the lamellae thickness,which exhibits different tensile behaviors of PST-TiAl single crystal.When theα_(2)phase content is less than 20%,widerγlamellae make it easier for dislocations to be activated within its lamellae and continuously move across theγ/α_(2)interfaces,thereby obtaining better tensile plasticity.As theα_(2)phase content exceeds 30%,finerγlamellae inhibit the dislocation initiation,resulting in the fracture occurrence of TiAl single crystal before yielding.No matter how the phase ratio changes,the crack preferentially initiates withinα_(2)lamellae.However,the crack propagation follows different paths based on variousγlamella thicknesses.The fracture mode of PST-TiAl single crystal also changes from shear fracture along slip bands within theγlamella to brittle fracture along the{1¯100}planes withinα_(2)lamella.展开更多
In photothermal power(solar energy)generation systems,purging residual molten salt from pipelines using highpressure gas poses a significant challenge,particularly in clearing the bottom of regulating valves.Ineffecti...In photothermal power(solar energy)generation systems,purging residual molten salt from pipelines using highpressure gas poses a significant challenge,particularly in clearing the bottom of regulating valves.Ineffective purging can lead to crystallization of the molten salt,resulting in blockages.To address this issue,understanding the gas-liquid two-phase flow dynamics during high-pressure gas purging is crucial.This study utilizes the Volume of Fluid(VOF)model and adaptive dynamic grids to simulate the gas-liquid two-phase flow during the purging process in a DN50 PN50 conventional molten salt regulating valve.Initially,the reliability of the CFD simulations is validated through comparisons with experimental data and findings from the literature.Subsequently,simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the effects of various factors,including purge flow rates,initial liquid accumulation masses,purge durations,and the profiles of the valve bottom flow channels.The results indicate that the purging process comprises four distinct stages:Initial violent surge stage,liquid discharge stage,liquid partial fallback stage,liquid dissipation stage.For an initial liquid height of 17 mm at the bottom of the valve,the critical purge flow rate lies between 3 and 5 m/s.Notably,the critical purge flow rate is independent of the initial liquid accumulation mass.As the purge gas flow rate increases,the volume of liquid discharged also increases.Beyond the critical purge flow rate,higher purge gas velocities lead to shorter purge durations.Interestingly,the residual liquid mass after purging remains unaffected by the initial liquid accumulation.Additionally,the flow channel profile at the bottom of the valve significantly influences both the critical purge speed and the efficiency of the purging process.展开更多
Sulfur was typically regarded as a poison to precious metal complex catalysts in hydroformylation of olefins.However,the combination of sulfur and phosphine may present an intriguing interaction with heterogeneous mon...Sulfur was typically regarded as a poison to precious metal complex catalysts in hydroformylation of olefins.However,the combination of sulfur and phosphine may present an intriguing interaction with heterogeneous mononuclear complex due to the difference of their electronegativities,and coordination capabilities.Herein,we report a novel sulfur-phosphine co-coordinated heterogeneous Rh mononuclear complex catalyst(Rh_(1)/POPs-PPh_(3)&S),which exhibits an unexpected 1.5–2.0 times catalytic activity for hydroformylation of olefins(C_(3)=,C_(5)=–C_(8)=),in comparison with the solely phosphine-coordinated Rh mononuclear complex catalyst(Rh_(1)/POPs-PPh_(3)).In contrast,sulfur coordination alone leads to severe sulfur poisoning with significantly inhibited catalytic performance.Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that phosphine coordination promotes catalytic activity via its strong electron-donating ability,while sulfur occupies a coordination site and reduces the electronic density of Rh ions.The synergistical coordination of sulfur and phosphine optimizes the electronic density of active Rh ions and decreases the energy barrier of the rate-determining step of olefin insertion,thus enhancing the hydroformylation activity,regioselectivity and stability of Rh_(1)/POPs-PPh_(3)&S.展开更多
Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a common chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint pain,swelling and dysfunction[1].According to epidemiologic statistics,the incidence of RA is 1%–2%,and in severe cases,it can dev...Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a common chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint pain,swelling and dysfunction[1].According to epidemiologic statistics,the incidence of RA is 1%–2%,and in severe cases,it can develop into joint deformity and disability,which brings a heavy burden to the family and society[2].However,the pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves multiple cellular interactions,which increases the difficulty of curing RA.Current therapeutic options,such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,and biologics,still face the challenge of relapse after drug discontinuation[3,4].Therefore,the pathogenesis of RA needs to be analyzed in depth to break through the existing therapeutic bottlenecks and promote the iterative innovation of individualized diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Heading date is one of the most important agronomic traits that directly affect rice yield and determines the regional adaptability in specific growing environments.As a short-day plant,rice can grow under long-day(LD...Heading date is one of the most important agronomic traits that directly affect rice yield and determines the regional adaptability in specific growing environments.As a short-day plant,rice can grow under long-day(LD)conditions due to the synergistic regulation of many photosensitive genes.Using a set of chromosome segment substitution lines(CSSLs)with the indica cultivar Huanghuazhan(HHZ)as the recipient parent and Basmati Surkh 89-15(BAS)as the donor parent,we identified a QTL locus.展开更多
Background:Medical artificial intelligence(MAI)is a synthesis of medical science and artificial intelligence development,serving as a crucial field in the current advancement and application of AI.In the process of de...Background:Medical artificial intelligence(MAI)is a synthesis of medical science and artificial intelligence development,serving as a crucial field in the current advancement and application of AI.In the process of developing medical AI,there may arise not only legal risks such as infringement of privacy rights and health rights but also ethical risks stemming from violations of the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence.Methods:To effectively address the damages caused by MAI in the future,it is necessary to establish a hierarchical governance system with MAI.This paper examines the systematic collection of local practices in China and the induction and integration of legal remedies for the damage of MAI.Results:To effectively address the ethical and legal challenges of medical artificial intelligence,a hierarchical regulatory system should be established,which based on the impact of intervention measures on natural rights and differences in intervention timing.This paper finally obtains a legal hierarchical governance system corresponding to the ethical risks and legal risks of MAI in China.Conclusion:The Chinese government has formed a multi-agent governance system based on the impact of risks on rights and the timing of legal intervention,which provides a reference for other countries to follow up on the research on MAI risk management.展开更多
BACKGROUND The prevalence of negative emotional states,such as anxiety and depression,has increased annually.Although personal habits are known to influence emotional regulation,the precise mechanisms underlying this ...BACKGROUND The prevalence of negative emotional states,such as anxiety and depression,has increased annually.Although personal habits are known to influence emotional regulation,the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear.AIM To investigate emotion regulation habits impact on students negative emotions during lockdown,using the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as a case example.METHODS During the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown,an online cross-sectional survey was conducted at a Chinese university.Emotional states were assessed using the Depression,Anxiety,and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21),while demographic data and emotion regulation habits were collected concurrently.Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0 and includedχ^(2)-tests for intergroup comparisons,Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient analysis to examine associations,and stepwise linear regression modeling to explore the relationships between emotion regulation habits and emotional states.Statistical significance was set atα=0.05.RESULTS Among the 494 valid questionnaires analyzed,the prevalence rates of negative emotional states were as follows:Depression(65.0%),anxiety(69.4%),and stress(50.8%).DASS-21 scores(mean±SD)demonstrated significant symptomatology:Total(48.77±34.88),depression(16.21±12.18),anxiety(14.90±11.91),and stress(17.64±12.07).Significant positive intercorrelations were observed among all DASS-21 subscales(P<0.01).Regression analysis identified key predictors of negative emotions(P<0.05):Risk factors included late-night frequency and academic pressure,while protective factors were the frequency of parental contact and the number of same-gender friends.Additionally,compensatory spending and binge eating positively predicted all negative emotion scores(β>0,P<0.01),whereas appropriate recreational activities negatively predicted these scores(β<0,P<0.01).CONCLUSION High negative emotion prevalence occurred among confined students.Recreational activities were protective,while compensatory spending and binge eating were risk factors,necessitating guided emotion regulation.展开更多
Using photoelectrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to produce valuable fuels is a fascinating way to alleviate environmental issues and energy crises.Bismuth-based(Bi-based)catalysts have attracted widespr...Using photoelectrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to produce valuable fuels is a fascinating way to alleviate environmental issues and energy crises.Bismuth-based(Bi-based)catalysts have attracted widespread attention for CO_(2)RR due to their high catalytic activity,selectivity,excellent stability,and low cost.However,they still need to be further improved to meet the needs of industrial applications.This review article comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in regulation strategies of Bi-based catalysts and can be divided into six categories:(1)defect engineering,(2)atomic doping engineering,(3)organic framework engineering,(4)inorganic heterojunction engineering,(5)crystal face engineering,and(6)alloying and polarization engineering.Meanwhile,the corresponding catalytic mechanisms of each regulation strategy will also be discussed in detail,aiming to enable researchers to understand the structure-property relationship of the improved Bibased catalysts fundamentally.Finally,the challenges and future opportunities of the Bi-based catalysts in the photoelectrocatalytic CO_(2)RR application field will also be featured from the perspectives of the(1)combination or synergy of multiple regulatory strategies,(2)revealing formation mechanism and realizing controllable synthesis,and(3)in situ multiscale investigation of activation pathways and uncovering the catalytic mechanisms.On the one hand,through the comparative analysis and mechanism explanation of the six major regulatory strategies,a multidimensional knowledge framework of the structure-activity relationship of Bi-based catalysts can be constructed for researchers,which not only deepens the atomic-level understanding of catalytic active sites,charge transport paths,and the adsorption behavior of intermediate products,but also provides theoretical guiding principles for the controllable design of new catalysts;on the other hand,the promising collaborative regulation strategies,controllable synthetic paths,and the in situ multiscale characterization techniques presented in this work provides a paradigm reference for shortening the research and development cycle of high-performance catalysts,conducive to facilitating the transition of photoelectrocatalytic CO_(2)RR technology from the laboratory routes to industrial application.展开更多
Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that pla...Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that plays an important role in a broad range of cellular activities from calcium regulation to protein synthesis and trafficking.In neurons,the ER extends from the soma through the axon to presynaptic terminals,and throughout the dendritic arbor into as many as half of all postsynaptic dendritic spines at any given time(Falahati et al.,2022).展开更多
Oligodendrocytes and their cell-intrinsic gene regulatory network:Oligodendrocytes(OLs)are the myelinating glial cells of the vertebrate central nervous system.They are responsible for insulating neuronal axons with a...Oligodendrocytes and their cell-intrinsic gene regulatory network:Oligodendrocytes(OLs)are the myelinating glial cells of the vertebrate central nervous system.They are responsible for insulating neuronal axons with a lipid-rich myelin sheath,which enables the saltatory conduction of action potentials.During development,oligodendrocyte progenitor cells(OPCs)emerge from neural stem cells in the ventricular zone.They then proliferate,increase their number,and migrate to their final destination where they encounter unmyelinated neuronal axons and differentiate in a stepwise fashion into myelinating oligodendrocytes(mOLs)under the influence of environmental stimuli.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
[Objective]The aim was to study the response mechanism of drought stress of wheat varieties in different drought-resistance species,and protect the effect of exogenous NO on oxidative damage and photosynthetic apparat...[Objective]The aim was to study the response mechanism of drought stress of wheat varieties in different drought-resistance species,and protect the effect of exogenous NO on oxidative damage and photosynthetic apparatus of wheat leaves under drought stress.[Method]Using low-resistance Yumai 949 and high-resistance Xiamai 5 as test materials,drought stress was carried out to seedlings in five-leaf stage with 15% PEG-6000,and then NO（0.75 mmol/L SNP,sodium nitroprusside,exogenous NO donor） was used for regulation in drought condition,and antioxidant and photosynthetic activities was determined.Three treatments were set in the experiment.[Result]SOD,CAT and APX activities of high resistance Xiamai 5 were much higher than low resistance Yumai 949,so were MDA and chlorophyll content.And the change range of these physiological indexes of high resistance species was smaller than high-yielding and low resistance species under drought stress.NO increased the adaptation to drought stress of these physiological indexes significantly.[Conclusion]Exogenous NO could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes of wheat leaves under drought stress,and enhance the drought resistance of wheat.展开更多
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.21905278)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2023JJ30015).
文摘The pore structure and pseudo-graphitic phase(domain size and content)of a hard carbon anode play key roles in improving the plateau capacity of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),while it is hard to regulate them effectively and simultaneously.This study delves into the synthesis of hard carbons with tailored microstructures from esterified sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC-Na).The hard carbon(EHC-500)with maximized pseudo-graphitic content(73%)and abundant uniformly dispersed closed pores was fabricated,which provides sufficient active sites for sodium ion intercalation and pore filling.Furthermore,minimized lateral width(L_(a))of pseudo-graphitic domains in EHC-500 is simultaneously realized to improve the accessibility of sodium ions to the intercalation sites and filling sites.Therefore,the optimized microstructure of EHC-500 contributes to a remarkable reversible capacity of 340 mAh/g with a high plateau capacity of 236.7 mAh/g(below 0.08 V).These findings underscore the pivotal role of microcrystalline structure and pore structure in the electrochemical performance of hard carbons and provide a novel route to guide the design of hard carbons with optimal microstructures towards enhanced sodium storage performance.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-BD-23-01).
文摘Non-metallic inclusions in steel are a significant challenge,affecting material properties and leading to issues such as stress concentration,cracking,and accelerated corrosion.Current methods for removing inclusions,including bubble,electromagnetic stirring,filtration separation,fluid flow,and sedimentation,often struggle with the removal of fine inclusions.Apart from these known methods,pulsed electric current(PEC),as an emerging technology,has demonstrated immense potential and environmental advantages.PEC offers adjustable current parameters and simple equipment,making it an attractive alternative to traditional methods.Its green energy-saving features and excellent results in regulating inclusion morphology and migration,as well as inhibiting submerged entry nozzle(SEN)clogging,make it a promising technology.In comparison to continuous current technology,PEC has shown significant advantages in regulating inclusions,not only improving purification efficiency but also demonstrating outstanding performance in flow stability and energy consumption.The ability of PEC to efficiently reduce inclusion numbers enhances the purity and quality of molten steel,improving its mechanical properties.Currently,the theoretical basis for controlling the movement of inclusions by current is mainly composed of three major theories:the double electric layer theory,electromagnetic force reverse separation theory,and electric free energy drive theory.These theories together form an important framework for researchers to understand and optimize the behavior of impurity movement controlled by electric current.Looking ahead,PEC is expected to pave the way for new solutions in directional regulation of inclusion migration,efficient inclusion removal,SEN clogging prevention,and the purification of molten steel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52100133,No.52222005)the Key R&D Program of Yunnan Province(No.202303AC100008)。
文摘Catalyst-aided regeneration is a promising method for reducing the high regeneration energy consumption of amine-based CO_(2)capture technologies.However,the intrinsic relationship between the properties of the acidic sites and their catalytic activity is controversial.In this study,a series of W-based catalysts supported by ZrTiO_(x)were synthesised,and the effects of the intensity,distribution,and type of acid sites were systematically investigated by quantitatively regulating the acidic site properties.The results indicate stronger acidic sites play a more important role in the catalytic reaction.Moreover,the catalysts showed excellent performance only if the Br?nsted acid sites(BASs)and Lewis acid sites(LASs)coexisted.During the catalytic reaction,the BASs facilitated deprotonation,and the LASs promoted the decomposition of carbamates.The ratio of BASs to LASs(B/L)was a critical factor for catalytic activity,wherein optimal performance was achieved when the B/L ratio was close to 1.The 10%HPW/ZrTiO_(x)composite performed better than WO_(3)/ZrTiO_(x)and HSiW/ZrTiO_(x)because it had a stronger acid intensity and a suitable B/L ratio.As a result,the relative heat duty was reduced by 47%compared to 30%aqueous MEA,and the maximum CO_(2)desorption rate was increased by 83%.The Bader charge indicated that the W atoms of HPW/ZrTiO_(x)lost more electrons(0.18)than those of WO_(3)/ZrTiO_(x),which can weaken the O±H bond energy.Consequently,the calculated deprotonation energy is as low as 257 kJ mol^(-1)for HPW/ZrTiO_(x).
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200500,2022YFD1201700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071921)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(2021LZGC022)the Taishan Scholars Project。
文摘Maize(Zea mays L.)is one of the world's most important staple crops,and is used for manufacturing food,feed,and industrial products.A key factor in maize yield is the grain weight,which directly influences productivity.In this study,we revealed the role of smk23 in maize kernel development.The ethyl methanesulfonate mutant smk23 is characterized by substantially reduced kernel weight.Through map-based cloning,smk23 was found to be located on Chr5 and encode a putative B-type response regulator,Zm RR5.A change from G to A occurs in the coding sequence of Zm RR5,resulting in the early termination of smk23.In Arabidopsis,B-type response regulators are involved in cytokinin signaling.Histological analysis and in situ hybridization of the mutant revealed abnormal endosperm development,particularly in the basal endosperm transfer layer(BETL),a specialized tissue critical for nutrient transport from the maternal tissues to the developing kernel.Zm RR5 positively regulates key genes involved in BETL development and function,including MRP1 and TCRR1.Furthermore,RNA sequencing revealed that several genes closely linked to BETL development,including BETL2,MEG1,and MN1,were significantly downregulated in smk23.These genes are essential for nutrient transport,tissue development and signal transduction.In addition,haploid analysis of Zm RR5 revealed natural variations(Hap 2)that may contribute to the increased kernel yield.Disruption of Zm RR5 function in smk23 leads to defects in BETL development,impairing its ability to transport nutrients,and ultimately resulting in a smaller kernel size.This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms through which Zm RR5 regulates maize kernel development and offers potential strategies for improving grain yield.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072379,32001865 and 32202259)。
文摘Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)causes bacterial blight in rice,which reduces crop yield and leads to significant economic losses.Bacterial sigma(σ)factors are highly specialized proteins that allow RNA polymerase to recognize and bind to specific promoters.σ^(70) factors also regulate the expression of genes involved in stress response and virulence.However,the role of RpoD in Xoo is still unclear.In this study,we found thatσ^(70) factor RpoD is quite conservative among phytopathogenic bacteria,especially in Xanthomonas sp.In Xoo,PXO_RpoD plays an important role in oxidative stress tolerance and cell motility,as well as being essential for full virulence.Cleavage under targets and tagmentation(CUT&Tag)analyses indicated that RpoD mediates the type three secretion system(T3SS)by regulating the regulation of hrpG and hrpX.By performing bacterial one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility assay(EMSA),we observed that RpoD directly bound to the promoters of hrpG and hrpX.Collectively,these results demonstrate the transcriptional mechanism and pathogenic functions of RpoD in regulating cell motility and oxidative stress response,providing novel insights into potential targets for disease control.
基金sponsored by the Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory Grant,China(ZSBBL-KY2023-08)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20230572)the Basic Sciences(Natural Sciences)Research Project in Universities of Jiangsu Province,China(23KJB210015)。
文摘Anthocyanins are the flavonoid pigments responsible for vibrant fruit and flower colors,and they also play key roles in both plant physiology and human health.MYB transcription factors are crucial regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation,but the functional differences of homologous MYB transcription factors in regulating anthocyanin content are still unclear.In strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa),FaMYB44.1 and FaMYB44.3 are highly homologous MYB transcription factors localized in the nucleus and can be significantly induced by weak light.However,they differ in their effects on anthocyanin accumulation in the fruits.FaMYB44.1 inhibits anthocyanin synthesis by transcriptionally suppressing FaF3H,which is essential for anthocyanin regulation,in the‘BeniHoppe'and‘JianDe-Hong'strawberry varieties.In contrast,FaMYB44.3 does not affect anthocyanin levels.This study provides a comprehensive overview of the roles of FaMYB44.1 and FaMYB44.3 in anthocyanin regulation in strawberry fruits.By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation,this study enhances our understanding of how the interactions between genetic and environmental factors control fruit pigmentation and enhance the nutritional value of the fruit.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB420030)National Natural Science Foundation of China (2227903)+1 种基金Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory (OVL2021BG008)Foundation of State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies (FZ2021011)。
文摘All-perovskite tandem solar cells have the potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limit of single junction solar cells by reducing thermalization losses.However,the challenges encompass the oxidation of Sn^(2+)to Sn^(4+)and uncontrolled crystallization kinetics in Sn-Pb perovskites,leading to nonradiative recombination and compositional heterogeneity to decrease photovoltaic efficiency and operational stability.Herein,we introduced an ionic liquid additive,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (EMIMI) into Sn-Pb perovskite precursor to form low-dimensional Sn-rich/pure-Sn perovskites at grain boundaries,which mitigates oxidation of Sn^(2+)to Sn^(4+)and regulates the film-forming dynamics of Sn/Pb-based perovskite films.The optimized single-junction Sn-Pb perovskite devices incorporating EMIMI achieved a high efficiency of 22.87%.Furthermore,combined with wide-bandgap perovskite sub-cells in tandem device,we demonstrate 2-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 28.34%,achieving improved operational stability.
文摘Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathological characteristics and molecular pathways associated with its progression.Advances in scientific research have increasingly highlighted the crucial role of non-coding RNAs in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.These non-coding RNAs regulate several biological processes critical to the advancement of the disease,offering promising potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.Therefore,this review aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease onset,with a particular focus on microRNAs,long non-coding RNAs,and circular RNAs associated with the disease.The review elucidates the potential pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease and provides a detailed description of the synthesis mechanisms of the three aforementioned non-coding RNAs.It comprehensively summarizes the various non-coding RNAs that have been identified to play key regulatory roles in Alzheimer's disease,as well as how these noncoding RNAs influence the disease's progression by regulating gene expression and protein functions.For example,miR-9 targets the UBE4B gene,promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of Tau protein,thereby reducing Tau accumulation and delaying Alzheimer's disease progression.Conversely,the long non-coding RNA BACE1-AS stabilizes BACE1 mRNA,promoting the generation of amyloid-βand accelerating Alzheimer's disease development.Additionally,circular RNAs play significant roles in regulating neuroinflammatory responses.By integrating insights from these regulatory mechanisms,there is potential to discover new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for early detection and management of Alzheimer's disease.This review aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and non-coding RNAs,potentially paving the way for early detection and novel treatment strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant Nos.52288102,52322101,92163215,52174364,52101143,U23A20542the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.30922010202+1 种基金the 100 Talents Plan of Hebei Province under Grant No.E2020100005the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province under Grant No.E2022203109.
文摘Polysynthetic twinned(PST)TiAl single crystal specifically refers to a fully lamellar TiAl single crystal with parallel phase interfaces and twin interfaces grown by directional solidification.In this paper,PST single crystals with different phase ratios are obtained by annealing at specific temperatures and holding times.The results show that the diffusion rates of Ti and Al elements at various temperatures directly trigger and propel the surface recrystallization and variation in the internal phase ratio.When the temperature is lower than 1448 K,the diffusion rate of Ti is obviously higher than that of Al,which causes one denseα_(2)recrystallized layer to form on the surface of TiAl single crystals.Meanwhile,as more Ti elements migrate to the surface,theα_(2)phase ratio inside the TiAl single crystal thereby decreases.When the temperature exceeds 1448 K,the diffusion rate of Al gradually reverses to exceed that of Ti,which forms the surface sandwiched recrystallization dominated byγphase and simultaneously increasesα_(2)phase ratio inside the TiAl single crystal.The variation in the two-phase ratio directly induces a significant change in the lamellae thickness,which exhibits different tensile behaviors of PST-TiAl single crystal.When theα_(2)phase content is less than 20%,widerγlamellae make it easier for dislocations to be activated within its lamellae and continuously move across theγ/α_(2)interfaces,thereby obtaining better tensile plasticity.As theα_(2)phase content exceeds 30%,finerγlamellae inhibit the dislocation initiation,resulting in the fracture occurrence of TiAl single crystal before yielding.No matter how the phase ratio changes,the crack preferentially initiates withinα_(2)lamellae.However,the crack propagation follows different paths based on variousγlamella thicknesses.The fracture mode of PST-TiAl single crystal also changes from shear fracture along slip bands within theγlamella to brittle fracture along the{1¯100}planes withinα_(2)lamella.
文摘In photothermal power(solar energy)generation systems,purging residual molten salt from pipelines using highpressure gas poses a significant challenge,particularly in clearing the bottom of regulating valves.Ineffective purging can lead to crystallization of the molten salt,resulting in blockages.To address this issue,understanding the gas-liquid two-phase flow dynamics during high-pressure gas purging is crucial.This study utilizes the Volume of Fluid(VOF)model and adaptive dynamic grids to simulate the gas-liquid two-phase flow during the purging process in a DN50 PN50 conventional molten salt regulating valve.Initially,the reliability of the CFD simulations is validated through comparisons with experimental data and findings from the literature.Subsequently,simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the effects of various factors,including purge flow rates,initial liquid accumulation masses,purge durations,and the profiles of the valve bottom flow channels.The results indicate that the purging process comprises four distinct stages:Initial violent surge stage,liquid discharge stage,liquid partial fallback stage,liquid dissipation stage.For an initial liquid height of 17 mm at the bottom of the valve,the critical purge flow rate lies between 3 and 5 m/s.Notably,the critical purge flow rate is independent of the initial liquid accumulation mass.As the purge gas flow rate increases,the volume of liquid discharged also increases.Beyond the critical purge flow rate,higher purge gas velocities lead to shorter purge durations.Interestingly,the residual liquid mass after purging remains unaffected by the initial liquid accumulation.Additionally,the flow channel profile at the bottom of the valve significantly influences both the critical purge speed and the efficiency of the purging process.
文摘Sulfur was typically regarded as a poison to precious metal complex catalysts in hydroformylation of olefins.However,the combination of sulfur and phosphine may present an intriguing interaction with heterogeneous mononuclear complex due to the difference of their electronegativities,and coordination capabilities.Herein,we report a novel sulfur-phosphine co-coordinated heterogeneous Rh mononuclear complex catalyst(Rh_(1)/POPs-PPh_(3)&S),which exhibits an unexpected 1.5–2.0 times catalytic activity for hydroformylation of olefins(C_(3)=,C_(5)=–C_(8)=),in comparison with the solely phosphine-coordinated Rh mononuclear complex catalyst(Rh_(1)/POPs-PPh_(3)).In contrast,sulfur coordination alone leads to severe sulfur poisoning with significantly inhibited catalytic performance.Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that phosphine coordination promotes catalytic activity via its strong electron-donating ability,while sulfur occupies a coordination site and reduces the electronic density of Rh ions.The synergistical coordination of sulfur and phosphine optimizes the electronic density of active Rh ions and decreases the energy barrier of the rate-determining step of olefin insertion,thus enhancing the hydroformylation activity,regioselectivity and stability of Rh_(1)/POPs-PPh_(3)&S.
文摘Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a common chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint pain,swelling and dysfunction[1].According to epidemiologic statistics,the incidence of RA is 1%–2%,and in severe cases,it can develop into joint deformity and disability,which brings a heavy burden to the family and society[2].However,the pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves multiple cellular interactions,which increases the difficulty of curing RA.Current therapeutic options,such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,and biologics,still face the challenge of relapse after drug discontinuation[3,4].Therefore,the pathogenesis of RA needs to be analyzed in depth to break through the existing therapeutic bottlenecks and promote the iterative innovation of individualized diagnosis and treatment.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.LZ24C130004 and LQ24C130008)。
文摘Heading date is one of the most important agronomic traits that directly affect rice yield and determines the regional adaptability in specific growing environments.As a short-day plant,rice can grow under long-day(LD)conditions due to the synergistic regulation of many photosensitive genes.Using a set of chromosome segment substitution lines(CSSLs)with the indica cultivar Huanghuazhan(HHZ)as the recipient parent and Basmati Surkh 89-15(BAS)as the donor parent,we identified a QTL locus.
基金funded by China Law Society 2025 Annual Legal Research,Project grant number:CLS(2025)Y04.
文摘Background:Medical artificial intelligence(MAI)is a synthesis of medical science and artificial intelligence development,serving as a crucial field in the current advancement and application of AI.In the process of developing medical AI,there may arise not only legal risks such as infringement of privacy rights and health rights but also ethical risks stemming from violations of the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence.Methods:To effectively address the damages caused by MAI in the future,it is necessary to establish a hierarchical governance system with MAI.This paper examines the systematic collection of local practices in China and the induction and integration of legal remedies for the damage of MAI.Results:To effectively address the ethical and legal challenges of medical artificial intelligence,a hierarchical regulatory system should be established,which based on the impact of intervention measures on natural rights and differences in intervention timing.This paper finally obtains a legal hierarchical governance system corresponding to the ethical risks and legal risks of MAI in China.Conclusion:The Chinese government has formed a multi-agent governance system based on the impact of risks on rights and the timing of legal intervention,which provides a reference for other countries to follow up on the research on MAI risk management.
文摘BACKGROUND The prevalence of negative emotional states,such as anxiety and depression,has increased annually.Although personal habits are known to influence emotional regulation,the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear.AIM To investigate emotion regulation habits impact on students negative emotions during lockdown,using the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as a case example.METHODS During the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown,an online cross-sectional survey was conducted at a Chinese university.Emotional states were assessed using the Depression,Anxiety,and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21),while demographic data and emotion regulation habits were collected concurrently.Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0 and includedχ^(2)-tests for intergroup comparisons,Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient analysis to examine associations,and stepwise linear regression modeling to explore the relationships between emotion regulation habits and emotional states.Statistical significance was set atα=0.05.RESULTS Among the 494 valid questionnaires analyzed,the prevalence rates of negative emotional states were as follows:Depression(65.0%),anxiety(69.4%),and stress(50.8%).DASS-21 scores(mean±SD)demonstrated significant symptomatology:Total(48.77±34.88),depression(16.21±12.18),anxiety(14.90±11.91),and stress(17.64±12.07).Significant positive intercorrelations were observed among all DASS-21 subscales(P<0.01).Regression analysis identified key predictors of negative emotions(P<0.05):Risk factors included late-night frequency and academic pressure,while protective factors were the frequency of parental contact and the number of same-gender friends.Additionally,compensatory spending and binge eating positively predicted all negative emotion scores(β>0,P<0.01),whereas appropriate recreational activities negatively predicted these scores(β<0,P<0.01).CONCLUSION High negative emotion prevalence occurred among confined students.Recreational activities were protective,while compensatory spending and binge eating were risk factors,necessitating guided emotion regulation.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12305372 and 22376217)the National Key Research&Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1603802 and 2022YFB3504100)+1 种基金the projects of the key laboratory of advanced energy materials chemistry,ministry of education(Nankai University)key laboratory of Jiangxi Province for persistent pollutants prevention control and resource reuse(2023SSY02061)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Using photoelectrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to produce valuable fuels is a fascinating way to alleviate environmental issues and energy crises.Bismuth-based(Bi-based)catalysts have attracted widespread attention for CO_(2)RR due to their high catalytic activity,selectivity,excellent stability,and low cost.However,they still need to be further improved to meet the needs of industrial applications.This review article comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in regulation strategies of Bi-based catalysts and can be divided into six categories:(1)defect engineering,(2)atomic doping engineering,(3)organic framework engineering,(4)inorganic heterojunction engineering,(5)crystal face engineering,and(6)alloying and polarization engineering.Meanwhile,the corresponding catalytic mechanisms of each regulation strategy will also be discussed in detail,aiming to enable researchers to understand the structure-property relationship of the improved Bibased catalysts fundamentally.Finally,the challenges and future opportunities of the Bi-based catalysts in the photoelectrocatalytic CO_(2)RR application field will also be featured from the perspectives of the(1)combination or synergy of multiple regulatory strategies,(2)revealing formation mechanism and realizing controllable synthesis,and(3)in situ multiscale investigation of activation pathways and uncovering the catalytic mechanisms.On the one hand,through the comparative analysis and mechanism explanation of the six major regulatory strategies,a multidimensional knowledge framework of the structure-activity relationship of Bi-based catalysts can be constructed for researchers,which not only deepens the atomic-level understanding of catalytic active sites,charge transport paths,and the adsorption behavior of intermediate products,but also provides theoretical guiding principles for the controllable design of new catalysts;on the other hand,the promising collaborative regulation strategies,controllable synthetic paths,and the in situ multiscale characterization techniques presented in this work provides a paradigm reference for shortening the research and development cycle of high-performance catalysts,conducive to facilitating the transition of photoelectrocatalytic CO_(2)RR technology from the laboratory routes to industrial application.
基金supported by AHA Career Development Award 938683 (to PJD)NIH grant R01MH123700 (to MLD)
文摘Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that plays an important role in a broad range of cellular activities from calcium regulation to protein synthesis and trafficking.In neurons,the ER extends from the soma through the axon to presynaptic terminals,and throughout the dendritic arbor into as many as half of all postsynaptic dendritic spines at any given time(Falahati et al.,2022).
基金supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)to MW.
文摘Oligodendrocytes and their cell-intrinsic gene regulatory network:Oligodendrocytes(OLs)are the myelinating glial cells of the vertebrate central nervous system.They are responsible for insulating neuronal axons with a lipid-rich myelin sheath,which enables the saltatory conduction of action potentials.During development,oligodendrocyte progenitor cells(OPCs)emerge from neural stem cells in the ventricular zone.They then proliferate,increase their number,and migrate to their final destination where they encounter unmyelinated neuronal axons and differentiate in a stepwise fashion into myelinating oligodendrocytes(mOLs)under the influence of environmental stimuli.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金Support by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30671214)Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province~~
文摘[Objective]The aim was to study the response mechanism of drought stress of wheat varieties in different drought-resistance species,and protect the effect of exogenous NO on oxidative damage and photosynthetic apparatus of wheat leaves under drought stress.[Method]Using low-resistance Yumai 949 and high-resistance Xiamai 5 as test materials,drought stress was carried out to seedlings in five-leaf stage with 15% PEG-6000,and then NO（0.75 mmol/L SNP,sodium nitroprusside,exogenous NO donor） was used for regulation in drought condition,and antioxidant and photosynthetic activities was determined.Three treatments were set in the experiment.[Result]SOD,CAT and APX activities of high resistance Xiamai 5 were much higher than low resistance Yumai 949,so were MDA and chlorophyll content.And the change range of these physiological indexes of high resistance species was smaller than high-yielding and low resistance species under drought stress.NO increased the adaptation to drought stress of these physiological indexes significantly.[Conclusion]Exogenous NO could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes of wheat leaves under drought stress,and enhance the drought resistance of wheat.
