Precipitation is one of the most important indicators of climate data,but there are many errors in precipitation measurements due to the influence of climatic conditions,especially those of solid precipitation in alpi...Precipitation is one of the most important indicators of climate data,but there are many errors in precipitation measurements due to the influence of climatic conditions,especially those of solid precipitation in alpine mountains and at high latitude areas.The measured amount of precipitation in those areas is frequently less than the actual amount of precipitation.To understand the impact of climatic conditions on precipitation measurements in the mountainous areas of Northwest China and the applicability of different gauges in alpine mountains,we established a cryospheric hydrometeorology observation(CHOICE)system in 2008 in the Qilian Mountains,which consists of six automated observation stations located between 2960 and 4800 m a.s.l.Total Rain weighing Sensor(TRwS)gauges tested in the World Meteorological Organization-Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment(WMO-SPICE)were used at observation stations with the CHOICE system.To study the influence of climatic conditions on different types of precipitation measured by the TRwS gauges,we conducted an intercomparison experiment of precipitation at Hulu-1 station that was one of the stations in the CHOICE system.Moreover,we tested the application of transfer functions recommended by the WMO-SPICE at this station using the measurement data from a TRwS gauge from August 2016 to December 2020 and computed new coefficients for the same transfer functions that were more appropriate for the dataset from Hulu-1 station.The new coefficients were used to correct the precipitation measurements of other stations in the CHOICE system.Results showed that the new parameters fitted to the local dataset had better correction results than the original parameters.The environmental conditions of Hulu-1 station were very different from those of observation stations that provided datasets to create the transfer functions.Thus,root-mean-square error(RMSE)of solid and mixed precipitation corrected by the original parameters increased significantly by the averages of 0.135(353%)and 0.072 mm(111%),respectively.RMSE values of liquid,solid and mixed precipitation measurements corrected by the new parameters decreased by 6%,20% and 13%,respectively.In addition,the new parameters were suitable for correcting precipitation at other five stations in the CHOICE system.The relative precipitation(RP)increment of different types of precipitation increased with rising altitude.The average RP increment value of snowfall at six stations was the highest,reaching 7%,while that of rainfall was the lowest,covering 3%.Our results confirmed that the new parameters could be used to correct precipitation measurements of the CHOICE system.展开更多
针对翻斗式雨量传感器计量检定结果的不确定度评估问题,开展《测量不确定度表示指南》(GUM)与蒙特卡洛方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM)的对比研究。基于SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器实验室不同检定点下的检定数据,通过分析不确定度影响因素,...针对翻斗式雨量传感器计量检定结果的不确定度评估问题,开展《测量不确定度表示指南》(GUM)与蒙特卡洛方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM)的对比研究。基于SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器实验室不同检定点下的检定数据,通过分析不确定度影响因素,系统运用GUM法和MCM数值模拟法进行测量不确定度评定分析。此外,依据JJF 1059.2—2012《用蒙特卡洛法评定测量不确定度》中建议的比较方法,采用MCM评定结果验证GUM法适用性,发现GUM法对翻斗式雨量传感器检定结果不确定度评估比较保守,未通过验证。实验结果表明,MCM在评定翻斗式雨量传感器检定结果不确定时,具有计算过程简洁,评定结果精准等优势。研究结果为构建更为科学、可靠的翻斗式雨量传感器不确定度评估理论依据奠定了坚实基础,在明确方法适用性来全面提升测量准确性以及不确定度精度。展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(42171145,41690141,41971041,42101120)the Joint Research Project of Three-River Headwaters National Park,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Province,China(LHZX-2020-11).
文摘Precipitation is one of the most important indicators of climate data,but there are many errors in precipitation measurements due to the influence of climatic conditions,especially those of solid precipitation in alpine mountains and at high latitude areas.The measured amount of precipitation in those areas is frequently less than the actual amount of precipitation.To understand the impact of climatic conditions on precipitation measurements in the mountainous areas of Northwest China and the applicability of different gauges in alpine mountains,we established a cryospheric hydrometeorology observation(CHOICE)system in 2008 in the Qilian Mountains,which consists of six automated observation stations located between 2960 and 4800 m a.s.l.Total Rain weighing Sensor(TRwS)gauges tested in the World Meteorological Organization-Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment(WMO-SPICE)were used at observation stations with the CHOICE system.To study the influence of climatic conditions on different types of precipitation measured by the TRwS gauges,we conducted an intercomparison experiment of precipitation at Hulu-1 station that was one of the stations in the CHOICE system.Moreover,we tested the application of transfer functions recommended by the WMO-SPICE at this station using the measurement data from a TRwS gauge from August 2016 to December 2020 and computed new coefficients for the same transfer functions that were more appropriate for the dataset from Hulu-1 station.The new coefficients were used to correct the precipitation measurements of other stations in the CHOICE system.Results showed that the new parameters fitted to the local dataset had better correction results than the original parameters.The environmental conditions of Hulu-1 station were very different from those of observation stations that provided datasets to create the transfer functions.Thus,root-mean-square error(RMSE)of solid and mixed precipitation corrected by the original parameters increased significantly by the averages of 0.135(353%)and 0.072 mm(111%),respectively.RMSE values of liquid,solid and mixed precipitation measurements corrected by the new parameters decreased by 6%,20% and 13%,respectively.In addition,the new parameters were suitable for correcting precipitation at other five stations in the CHOICE system.The relative precipitation(RP)increment of different types of precipitation increased with rising altitude.The average RP increment value of snowfall at six stations was the highest,reaching 7%,while that of rainfall was the lowest,covering 3%.Our results confirmed that the new parameters could be used to correct precipitation measurements of the CHOICE system.
文摘针对翻斗式雨量传感器计量检定结果的不确定度评估问题,开展《测量不确定度表示指南》(GUM)与蒙特卡洛方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM)的对比研究。基于SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器实验室不同检定点下的检定数据,通过分析不确定度影响因素,系统运用GUM法和MCM数值模拟法进行测量不确定度评定分析。此外,依据JJF 1059.2—2012《用蒙特卡洛法评定测量不确定度》中建议的比较方法,采用MCM评定结果验证GUM法适用性,发现GUM法对翻斗式雨量传感器检定结果不确定度评估比较保守,未通过验证。实验结果表明,MCM在评定翻斗式雨量传感器检定结果不确定时,具有计算过程简洁,评定结果精准等优势。研究结果为构建更为科学、可靠的翻斗式雨量传感器不确定度评估理论依据奠定了坚实基础,在明确方法适用性来全面提升测量准确性以及不确定度精度。
