Baizhi, as a medicinal plant, has been demonstrated to be useful for the treatment of aches and pains in China. The physicochemical characterization of Baizhi particles is greatly influenced by ultrafine pulverization...Baizhi, as a medicinal plant, has been demonstrated to be useful for the treatment of aches and pains in China. The physicochemical characterization of Baizhi particles is greatly influenced by ultrafine pulverization. To study the physicochemical characterization of Baizhi, the raw plant material of Baizhi was ground to 6 μm particles by a high speed centrifugal sheering （HSCS） pulverizer. The micron particles were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Imperatorin is one of the active ingredients of Baizhi, and its extraction yield is determined to evaluate the chemical characterization of Baizhi powder. Imperatorin was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The results show that after ultrafine pulverization, the plant cell walls are broken into pieces and the extraction yield of imperatorin is increased by 11.93% compared with the normal particles.展开更多
Degradation behaviors of three typical La-Mg-Ni alloys, La2MgNi9, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19, were studied. La1.5- Mg0.5Ni7 with （La,Mg）2Ni7 as main phase presents better discharge capacity and cycling stability. T...Degradation behaviors of three typical La-Mg-Ni alloys, La2MgNi9, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19, were studied. La1.5- Mg0.5Ni7 with （La,Mg）2Ni7 as main phase presents better discharge capacity and cycling stability. The three alloys suffer severe pulverization and corrosion after electrochemical cycles, which are considered to be the significant factor attributing to the capacity deterioration. However, the overall corrosion extent of the three cycled alloys aggravates successively, which is inconsistent with the result that LaEMgNi9 presented poor cycling stability and also the assumption that alloy with high Mg content is easy to be corroded. The intrinsic anti-corrosion and anti-pulverization characteristics of the three alloys are mainly focused in this work. Immersion corrosion experiments demonstrate that the Mg-rich phases are more easily to be corroded. The corrosion resistance of the three alloys presents an improved trend which is inversely proportional to abundance of the Mg-rich phases. However, the anti-pulverization abilities present an inverse trend, which is closely related to the mechanical property of various phase structures. LaNi5 with the highest hardness is easy to crack, but the soft （La,Mg）Ni2 is more resistant to crack formation and spreading. Thus, the weaker corrosion of La2MgNi9 after electro- chemical cycling is attributed to the better intrinsic anti-pulverization capability though the anti-corrosion is poor. As La4MgNi19 possesses excellent corrosion resistance, enhancement of the anti-pulverization ability is urgent for improvement in the cycling stability.展开更多
The crude drug of Liuwei Dihuang was pulverized to nano particles to improve its bioavailability. The appropriate technique parameters were studied. Paeonol, typical marker of Liuwei Dihuang , was extracted with organ...The crude drug of Liuwei Dihuang was pulverized to nano particles to improve its bioavailability. The appropriate technique parameters were studied. Paeonol, typical marker of Liuwei Dihuang , was extracted with organic solveat in ultrasonic and its content was determined by HPLC. The appropriate techrdques parameters are as follows ： rotating speed control 1200 r/ min , grinding time control 50min and mass percent concentration control 3.8% . The experimental results show that the average particle diameter is 161.9 nm and the great majority of the plant cell wall is broken into pieces after nano pulverization. The extraction efficiency of paeonol is increased by 23.5% .展开更多
Measurements of hydrogen absorption desorption behavior of Nb Al alloys, Nb ss (Nb solid sloution), Nb ss +Nb 3Al, Nb 3Al, Nb 3Al+Nb 2Al, were carried out under hydrogen pressure from 0 to 3.4 MPa at 353 and 357 K, al...Measurements of hydrogen absorption desorption behavior of Nb Al alloys, Nb ss (Nb solid sloution), Nb ss +Nb 3Al, Nb 3Al, Nb 3Al+Nb 2Al, were carried out under hydrogen pressure from 0 to 3.4 MPa at 353 and 357 K, along with mircostructural observation and X ray diffraction analysis. It was found that single phase alloys of Nb ss and Nb 3Al are not pulverized regardless of a considerable amount of hydrogen absorption, while two phase alloys of Nb ss +Nb 3Al and Nb 3Al+Nb 2Al are readily pulverized. X ray diffraction analysis indicated that no hydride with crystal structure different from constituent phases is formed by hydrogen absorption, but lattice parameters of Nb ss and Nb 3Al are increased. Pulverization of Nb Cr alloys was investigated under a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.1 MPa in an arc melting chamber without exposure to air after arc melting. Similarly, hydrogen pulverization occurs only in two phase alloys consisting of Nb ss and NbCr 2. Based on the measured lattice parameters of Nb ss and Nb 3Al(NbCr 2) in the hydrogenated two phase alloys and the microstructural observations, a mechanism for hydrogen pulverization is discussed.展开更多
A thermal power plant of Sinopec has 9 boilers, which generally have problems of high exhaust gas temperature and high flying ash carbon content. In order to improve the adaptability of coals, the stability of coal po...A thermal power plant of Sinopec has 9 boilers, which generally have problems of high exhaust gas temperature and high flying ash carbon content. In order to improve the adaptability of coals, the stability of coal powder ignition, the burn-off rate of pulverized coals and the boiler efficiency, a series of renovation projects about importing hot air into mill exhauster are proposed. For the sake of verifying the renovation effects, an efficiency performance test is conducted on the renovated #5 boiler. The test result shows that the boiler heat efficiency has improved by 0.4% and it operates more safely and reliably after the renovation. At last, this paper recommends an optimized operation mode.展开更多
According to a great deal of experimental findings and theoretical analysis, when the COD of inlet is 1 000-1 200 mg/L, NH3--N is 200~250 mg/L, the periodic time of operation is 24 h, the aeration time is 16 h and the...According to a great deal of experimental findings and theoretical analysis, when the COD of inlet is 1 000-1 200 mg/L, NH3--N is 200~250 mg/L, the periodic time of operation is 24 h, the aeration time is 16 h and the sludge density is 5 000-7 000 mg/L, COD of outlet is 150-200 mg/L, NH3--N is less than 25 mg/L, the volume load of COD and NH3--N remove 0.50 and 0.12 kg/（m3od） respectively. Meanwhile, studied the influence of various crafts parameter change on the treating effect and absorbing the yielding water of the SBR reactor with pulverized coal ash for improving the removing effect of COD and chromaticity further.展开更多
In this study, jet milling was used to recycle tin bronze machining chips into powder. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the microstructure of tin bronze machining chips on their breakage beha...In this study, jet milling was used to recycle tin bronze machining chips into powder. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the microstructure of tin bronze machining chips on their breakage behavior. An experimental target jet mill was used to pulverize machining chips of three different tin bronze alloys containing 7wt%, 10wt%, and 12wt% of tin. Optical and electron microscopy, as well as sieve analysis, were used to follow the trend of pulverization. Each alloy exhibited a distinct rate of size reduction, particle size distribution, and fracture surface appearance. The results showed that the degree of pulverization substantially increased with increasing tin content. This behavior was attributed to the higher number of machining cracks as well as the increased volume fraction of brittle δ phase in the alloys with higher tin contents. The δ phase was observed to strongly influence the creation of machining cracks as well as the nucleation and propagation of cracks during jet milling. In addition, a direct relationship was observed between the mean δ-phase spacing and the mean size of the jet-milled product; i.e., a decrease in the δ-phase spacing resulted in smaller particles.展开更多
Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized...Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized coal co-injection in blast furnace tuyere was established through numerical simulation,and the effect of hydrogen injection and oxygen enrichment interaction on pulverized coal combustion and raceway smelting was investigated.The simulation results indicate that when the coal injection rate decreased from 36 to 30t/h and the hydrogen injection increased from 0 to 3600 m^(3)/h,the CO_(2)emissions decreased from 1860 to 1551 kg/t,which represents a16.6%reduction,and the pulverized coal burnout decreased from 70.1%to 63.7%.The heat released from hydrogen combustion can not only promote the volatilization of pulverized coal but also affect the combustion reaction between volatilization and oxygen,which resulted in a decrease in the temperature at the end of the raceway.Co-injection of hydrogen with PCI increased the wall temperature near the upper half part of the raceway and at the outlet of the tuyere,which required a high cooling efficiency to extend the service life of the blast furnace.The increase in oxygen level compensated for the decreased average temperature in the raceway due to hydrogen injection.The increase in the oxygen content by 3%while maintaining constant hydrogen and PCI injection rates increased the burnout and average raceway temperature by 4.2%and 43 K,respectively.The mole fraction of CO and H_(2) production increased by 0.04 and 0.02,respectively.Burnout can be improved through optimization of the particle size distribution of pulverized coal.展开更多
materials,despite its intensive application in Li/Na-ion batteries.The existing mechanisms of AVE's effects mainly focus on charge transfer but fail to clarify other critical issues.Here,we propose a new insight i...materials,despite its intensive application in Li/Na-ion batteries.The existing mechanisms of AVE's effects mainly focus on charge transfer but fail to clarify other critical issues.Here,we propose a new insight into AVE's effect on K-ion storage by introducing Te vacancies into a representative conversion-type NiTe.In addition to existing mechanisms,we demonstrate Te vacancies play three other unprecedented roles.(1)Te vacancies minimize the intrinsic volume strain from 15%to 6%,significantly suppressing anode pulverization and element dissolution.(2)Te vacancies induce the in-situ formation of a thin yet robust KF-based inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase,further accommodating volume strain and element dissolution.(3)Te vacancies reduce Ni-Te bond lengths and promote K-ion diffusion by modulating local atomic structure.Therefore,NiTe_(1-x)delivers an outstanding cycling performance(229.5 mAh g1 at 3.0 A g^(-1)for 1350 cycles)and rate capability(171.7 mAh g^(-1)at 5.0 A g^(-1)1).Furthermore,NiTe_(1-x)-based full cells showcase a remarkable energy density of 200.4 Wh kg^(-1).This work comprehensively elucidates the AVE's effects on alkali-ion storage,promoting the development of advanced conversion-type anode materials for practical applications.展开更多
Gas rapid unloading(GRU)is an innovative technology for ore comminution.Increasing the production of fine powder in each ore grinding cycle is vital for scaling up the GRU method to industrial applications.This study ...Gas rapid unloading(GRU)is an innovative technology for ore comminution.Increasing the production of fine powder in each ore grinding cycle is vital for scaling up the GRU method to industrial applications.This study utilizes laboratory experiments to demon-strate that moderately reducing the orifice size significantly enhances pulverization and increases fine particle yield.Numerical simulations suggest that smaller orifices improve pulverization by increasing jet speed,reducing pressure drop,and creating a larger pressure difference inside and outside the unloading orifice.The orifice size should be optimized based on feed size to ensure efficient ore discharge.Reducing the unloading orifice size improves GRU grinding efficiency and energy use,offering guidance for the design of ore discharge ports in future industrial-scale equipment.展开更多
In view of the volume instability of steel slag aggregate leading to the quality problem of expansion damage in asphalt road construction,the 4.75-9.5 mm steel slag particles were treated by autoclaved carbonation tec...In view of the volume instability of steel slag aggregate leading to the quality problem of expansion damage in asphalt road construction,the 4.75-9.5 mm steel slag particles were treated by autoclaved carbonation technology,and the effects of the carbonation system(temperature and time)on the autoclaved pulverization rate,f-CaO content,and the relationship between them for the carbonated steel slag were investigated.In addition,the microstructure of the carbonated steel slag was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD),scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS),metallographic microscope and X-ray fluorescence imaging spectrometer(XRF).The experimental results indicate that,under the initial CO_(2)pressure of 1.0 MPa,increasing the carbonation temperature leads to the increase in the crystal plane spacing of Ca(OH)_(2)that was generated by the hydration of minerals in steel slag,and promotes the transformation of carbonated CaCO_(3)from the orthorhombic system to the hexagonal system,resulting in the increase of the crystal planes spacing of them,meantime,accelerates the decomposition of RO phases and also the outward migration of Ca^(2+),Fe^(2+),and Mn^(2+)ions to cover and coat on the Si^(4+),Al^(3+)ions,and impels the formation of hydroxides such as Fe(OH)_(3)and the formation of carbonates such as Ca(Mg)CO_(3),FeCO_(3)and MnCO_(3).Carbonation at the temperature of 90℃for 3 h can reach the center of 4.75-9.5 mm steel slag particles.Meanwhile,the increase of temperature can promote the mineral reaction in steel slag,resulting in the fuzzy interface between mineral phases,increase of burrs,dispersion,crossover,reduction of grain size,and rearrangement of mineral particles.展开更多
Eggshells,a by-product of the food industry,represent a significant yet often overlooked waste stream.Given their vast production volume and inherent properties,eggshells have the potential to serve as a sustainable a...Eggshells,a by-product of the food industry,represent a significant yet often overlooked waste stream.Given their vast production volume and inherent properties,eggshells have the potential to serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly co-fuel.Aiming to explore the co-combustion characteristics and kinetics of pulverized coal blended with eggshells and offer insights into their combined use as a renewable energy source,a systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of Shangwan bituminous coal,Shouyang anthracite coal,eggshell(ES)and their blends.Additionally,comprehensive experimental analyses were performed at different heating rates applying a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings revealed that the addition of ES enhanced the combustion efficiency.The combustion characteristics were significantly influenced by the ES content,with an optimal blend ratio identified for maximum combustion efficiency.To represent the thermal degradation experiments,random pore model and volume model were employed.Furthermore,activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined.The random pore model demonstrated more superior performance compared to the volume model.The activation energies of all the samples ranged between 18.29 and 42.48 kJ/mol,with the lowest value observed for the sample containing 20 mass%ES.展开更多
The injection of hydrogen-rich fuel into the blast furnace tuyere is highly significant for reducing carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.However,the hydrogen-rich fuel injection can lead to insufficient kinetic energy of ...The injection of hydrogen-rich fuel into the blast furnace tuyere is highly significant for reducing carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.However,the hydrogen-rich fuel injection can lead to insufficient kinetic energy of the blast and reduce pulverized coal combustion rate.To solve these problems,a method of coherent jet of hydrogen-rich fuel was developed,and the combustion process of the hydrogen-rich fuel and pulverized coal was simulated by coupling computational fluid dynamics and discrete phase method(CFD-DPM)in blast furnace tuyere.The effects of hydrogen content on the distributions of gas velocity,temperature,and species in the reaction region were systematically analyzed.Results indicate that high-temperature and low-density flame can be generated around the tuyere through hydrogen-rich fuel,which effectively restrain the attenuation of blast energy.Meanwhile,the coherent flame heats the hot gas and pulverized coal at the outlet of the tuyere,which is conducive to enhance the temperature of the reaction region and the burning rate of pulverized coal.The increase in hydrogen content within the hydrogen-rich fuel leads to a gradual contraction of the CO_(2) high concentration region at the center of the reaction region,while simultaneously expanding the high concentration region of water vapor(H_(2)O).展开更多
To study the combustion behavior of municipal solid waste(MSW)in blast furnace,the combustion process within the raceway was simulated using computational fluid dynamics.Based on the parameters of an actual blast furn...To study the combustion behavior of municipal solid waste(MSW)in blast furnace,the combustion process within the raceway was simulated using computational fluid dynamics.Based on the parameters of an actual blast furnace,a three-dimensional model including coal lance,blowpipe,tuyere,and raceway was established.The model was then used to compare the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal and MSW in the raceway and to investigate the effects of blast temperature and particle size on the combustion characteristics of MSW in the raceway.The results showed that MSW combusted more rapidly,achieving a maximum temperature of 3839 K in the raceway,comparing to 2974 K during pulverized coal injection.However,the average temperature during MSW injection was 1790 K,which was 73 K lower than that of pulverized coal injection.The maximum velocity during MSW injection was 120 m/s,lower than 188 m/s obtained during pulverized coal injection.MSW could be completely burned out in the middle of the raceway,while the burnout of pulverized coal at this position was only 50%.The combustion effect of MSW makes no difference when the blast temperature increased from 1273 to 1673 K,due to its excellent combustion characteristic.When the MSW particle size was increased from 0.074 to 2 mm,the burnout was 75%,which was still higher than that of pulverized coal injection with a particle size of 0.074 mm.However,injecting larger-sized fuel might increase the risk of tuyere wear.To ensure stable furnace conditions and great combustion,a blast temperature of 1473 K and a MSW particle size of about 1 mm will be better.展开更多
The mineral transition mechanism and physicochemical property of calcium aluminate clinker sintered at 1350 ℃ were systematically studied using analytical reagent α-Al 2O 3,CaCO 3 and SiO 2 when the molar ratio of C...The mineral transition mechanism and physicochemical property of calcium aluminate clinker sintered at 1350 ℃ were systematically studied using analytical reagent α-Al 2O 3,CaCO 3 and SiO 2 when the molar ratio of CaO to Al 2O 3 is 1.0.The results show that the formation of Ca 2SiO 4 accelerates the diffusion of CaO and Al 2O 3,which promotes the formation of CaAl 2O 4 determined by dilatometer,X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy methods.CaAl 4O 7,Ca 3Al 2O 6,Ca 3SiO 5 and Ca 2Al 2SiO 7 only exist in the initial stage of reactions,the amounts of which decrease with the increase of sintering duration.Ca 3Al 2O 6 and Ca 12Al 14O 33 react with Al 2O 3 and CaAl 4O 7 to form CaAl 2O 4,while Ca 2Al 2SiO 7 reacts with CaO and Ca 12Al 14O 33 to form Ca 2SiO 4 and CaAl 2O 4.The sintered clinker contains CaAl 2O 4 and γ-Ca 2SiO 4 as well as some Ca 12Al 14O 33 when the sintering duration is longer than 1.0 h.The differential scanning calorimetry results reveal that Ca 2SiO 4,Ca 2Al 2SiO 7 and CaAl 2O 4 are formed at985 ℃,1045℃ and 1339 ℃,respectively.Increasing the sintering duration contributes to the transition of β-Ca 2SiO 4 to γ-Ca 2SiO 4,which improves the pulverization and alumina leaching property of the sintered clinker.展开更多
The two-dimensional steady-state discrete phase mathematical model is developed to analyze gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics of coal particles, as well as components concentration and temperature distri...The two-dimensional steady-state discrete phase mathematical model is developed to analyze gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics of coal particles, as well as components concentration and temperature distribu- tion of coal gas in the process of pulverized coal injection of blast furnace raceway. The results show that a great deal of coal gas discharges on the top of raceway away from the tuyere, and the residence time of coal particles in the re- gion of blowpipe and tuyere is 20 ms or so and 50 ms when it reaches raceway boundary. The pressure is the highest at the bottom of raceway and the maximal temperature is about 2 423 K. The char combustion is mainly carried out in the raceway and the maximum of char burn-out rate attains 3× 10-4 kg/s.展开更多
The properties of mixed coals were studied on the basis of known various properties of the injecting coals in the treatise.The structure of the injecting coals was optimized and put into practical application.It was f...The properties of mixed coals were studied on the basis of known various properties of the injecting coals in the treatise.The structure of the injecting coals was optimized and put into practical application.It was found that the ignition point was lowered with mixed coals,however,both combustibility and grindability were improved,and explosibility of the mixed coals were decreased as well.Hence,mixed coals injection not only can improve the amount of the injecting coals greatly,but also improve the economical and technical indexes of the blast furnace.展开更多
One of the effective methods of reducing coke consumption is pulverized coal injection. The most important problems encountered in this method are reduced permeability, unburned and high ash content. To select the bes...One of the effective methods of reducing coke consumption is pulverized coal injection. The most important problems encountered in this method are reduced permeability, unburned and high ash content. To select the best coal for injection, suitable tests can be used. Therefore, experiments such as proximate and ultimate analysis, Rock- Eval and combustion tests were performed on four kinds of coals from different mines, including Sarakhs, Sangrood, Karmozd, and Tabas. The results of proximate and ultimate analysis indicated that although the sulfur content and ash content of selected coals were a little high, they were suitable for coal injection. The results of combustion experiments and Rock-Eval tests showed that Karmozd coal was the best one to be injected into blast furnace. The result indicated that the mixing of coals could improve the combustion properties of pulverized coals.展开更多
The combustion process of pulverized coal was investigated by non-isothermic integral thermogravimetry. The thermogravimetry curves were fitted by the Coats-Redferm approximation function, and kinetic parameters and c...The combustion process of pulverized coal was investigated by non-isothermic integral thermogravimetry. The thermogravimetry curves were fitted by the Coats-Redferm approximation function, and kinetic parameters and characteristic temperatures were obtained. The optimal mixing ratio and particle size can be ascertained. The characteristic temperature of pulverized coal can be obtained from the thermogravimetry curve, and the combustion of coal can be divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion according to the differential thermal analysis curve. The activation energy of a single type of coal ranking from low to high is as follows： bituminous coal, meager-lean coal, and anthracite. In the first mixing method, with more low-price meager-lean coal B replacing high price anthracite A, the activation energy slightly decreases; with more bituminous coal replacing meager-lean coal, total tendency makes a declining of activation. In the later mixing method, with an increase in particle size, a declining activation energy can be seen in total tendency.展开更多
The side reaction between the active material and liquid-electrolyte cause structural damage and particle pulverization is one of the important factors leading to the capacity decay of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2(NCA)mater...The side reaction between the active material and liquid-electrolyte cause structural damage and particle pulverization is one of the important factors leading to the capacity decay of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2(NCA)materials in Li ion batteries(LIBs).Surface modification is an effective strategy for NCA cathodes,which could alleviate the degradation associated with surface processes.Herein,a surface structure rearrangement of NCA cathode secondary particles was reported by in-situ forming a solid electrolyte LiBO2.The LiBO2 is beneficial for alleviating the stress during charge/discharge process,thereby slowing down the rate of cracks formation in the secondary particles,which facilitates the Li+de-intercalation as well as prevents penetration of the liquid-electrolyte into the interior of the particles.As a result,the surface structure rearrangement NCA(RS-NCA)delivers a high discharge capacity of 202.5 m Ah g^-1 at 0.1 C,and exhibits excellent cycle stability with discharge capacity retaining 148 m Ah g^-1 after 200 cycles at 2 C.This surface structure rearrangement approach provides a new viewpoint in designing high-performance high-voltage LIBs.展开更多
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2009AA043202)the Special Project of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China (No.200807054)
文摘Baizhi, as a medicinal plant, has been demonstrated to be useful for the treatment of aches and pains in China. The physicochemical characterization of Baizhi particles is greatly influenced by ultrafine pulverization. To study the physicochemical characterization of Baizhi, the raw plant material of Baizhi was ground to 6 μm particles by a high speed centrifugal sheering （HSCS） pulverizer. The micron particles were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Imperatorin is one of the active ingredients of Baizhi, and its extraction yield is determined to evaluate the chemical characterization of Baizhi powder. Imperatorin was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The results show that after ultrafine pulverization, the plant cell walls are broken into pieces and the extraction yield of imperatorin is increased by 11.93% compared with the normal particles.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51761032)the Natural Science Foundation Application of Inner Mongolia (No. 2014MS0526)
文摘Degradation behaviors of three typical La-Mg-Ni alloys, La2MgNi9, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19, were studied. La1.5- Mg0.5Ni7 with （La,Mg）2Ni7 as main phase presents better discharge capacity and cycling stability. The three alloys suffer severe pulverization and corrosion after electrochemical cycles, which are considered to be the significant factor attributing to the capacity deterioration. However, the overall corrosion extent of the three cycled alloys aggravates successively, which is inconsistent with the result that LaEMgNi9 presented poor cycling stability and also the assumption that alloy with high Mg content is easy to be corroded. The intrinsic anti-corrosion and anti-pulverization characteristics of the three alloys are mainly focused in this work. Immersion corrosion experiments demonstrate that the Mg-rich phases are more easily to be corroded. The corrosion resistance of the three alloys presents an improved trend which is inversely proportional to abundance of the Mg-rich phases. However, the anti-pulverization abilities present an inverse trend, which is closely related to the mechanical property of various phase structures. LaNi5 with the highest hardness is easy to crack, but the soft （La,Mg）Ni2 is more resistant to crack formation and spreading. Thus, the weaker corrosion of La2MgNi9 after electro- chemical cycling is attributed to the better intrinsic anti-pulverization capability though the anti-corrosion is poor. As La4MgNi19 possesses excellent corrosion resistance, enhancement of the anti-pulverization ability is urgent for improvement in the cycling stability.
文摘The crude drug of Liuwei Dihuang was pulverized to nano particles to improve its bioavailability. The appropriate technique parameters were studied. Paeonol, typical marker of Liuwei Dihuang , was extracted with organic solveat in ultrasonic and its content was determined by HPLC. The appropriate techrdques parameters are as follows ： rotating speed control 1200 r/ min , grinding time control 50min and mass percent concentration control 3.8% . The experimental results show that the average particle diameter is 161.9 nm and the great majority of the plant cell wall is broken into pieces after nano pulverization. The extraction efficiency of paeonol is increased by 23.5% .
文摘Measurements of hydrogen absorption desorption behavior of Nb Al alloys, Nb ss (Nb solid sloution), Nb ss +Nb 3Al, Nb 3Al, Nb 3Al+Nb 2Al, were carried out under hydrogen pressure from 0 to 3.4 MPa at 353 and 357 K, along with mircostructural observation and X ray diffraction analysis. It was found that single phase alloys of Nb ss and Nb 3Al are not pulverized regardless of a considerable amount of hydrogen absorption, while two phase alloys of Nb ss +Nb 3Al and Nb 3Al+Nb 2Al are readily pulverized. X ray diffraction analysis indicated that no hydride with crystal structure different from constituent phases is formed by hydrogen absorption, but lattice parameters of Nb ss and Nb 3Al are increased. Pulverization of Nb Cr alloys was investigated under a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.1 MPa in an arc melting chamber without exposure to air after arc melting. Similarly, hydrogen pulverization occurs only in two phase alloys consisting of Nb ss and NbCr 2. Based on the measured lattice parameters of Nb ss and Nb 3Al(NbCr 2) in the hydrogenated two phase alloys and the microstructural observations, a mechanism for hydrogen pulverization is discussed.
文摘A thermal power plant of Sinopec has 9 boilers, which generally have problems of high exhaust gas temperature and high flying ash carbon content. In order to improve the adaptability of coals, the stability of coal powder ignition, the burn-off rate of pulverized coals and the boiler efficiency, a series of renovation projects about importing hot air into mill exhauster are proposed. For the sake of verifying the renovation effects, an efficiency performance test is conducted on the renovated #5 boiler. The test result shows that the boiler heat efficiency has improved by 0.4% and it operates more safely and reliably after the renovation. At last, this paper recommends an optimized operation mode.
文摘According to a great deal of experimental findings and theoretical analysis, when the COD of inlet is 1 000-1 200 mg/L, NH3--N is 200~250 mg/L, the periodic time of operation is 24 h, the aeration time is 16 h and the sludge density is 5 000-7 000 mg/L, COD of outlet is 150-200 mg/L, NH3--N is less than 25 mg/L, the volume load of COD and NH3--N remove 0.50 and 0.12 kg/（m3od） respectively. Meanwhile, studied the influence of various crafts parameter change on the treating effect and absorbing the yielding water of the SBR reactor with pulverized coal ash for improving the removing effect of COD and chromaticity further.
文摘In this study, jet milling was used to recycle tin bronze machining chips into powder. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the microstructure of tin bronze machining chips on their breakage behavior. An experimental target jet mill was used to pulverize machining chips of three different tin bronze alloys containing 7wt%, 10wt%, and 12wt% of tin. Optical and electron microscopy, as well as sieve analysis, were used to follow the trend of pulverization. Each alloy exhibited a distinct rate of size reduction, particle size distribution, and fracture surface appearance. The results showed that the degree of pulverization substantially increased with increasing tin content. This behavior was attributed to the higher number of machining cracks as well as the increased volume fraction of brittle δ phase in the alloys with higher tin contents. The δ phase was observed to strongly influence the creation of machining cracks as well as the nucleation and propagation of cracks during jet milling. In addition, a direct relationship was observed between the mean δ-phase spacing and the mean size of the jet-milled product; i.e., a decrease in the δ-phase spacing resulted in smaller particles.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.06500108)。
文摘Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized coal co-injection in blast furnace tuyere was established through numerical simulation,and the effect of hydrogen injection and oxygen enrichment interaction on pulverized coal combustion and raceway smelting was investigated.The simulation results indicate that when the coal injection rate decreased from 36 to 30t/h and the hydrogen injection increased from 0 to 3600 m^(3)/h,the CO_(2)emissions decreased from 1860 to 1551 kg/t,which represents a16.6%reduction,and the pulverized coal burnout decreased from 70.1%to 63.7%.The heat released from hydrogen combustion can not only promote the volatilization of pulverized coal but also affect the combustion reaction between volatilization and oxygen,which resulted in a decrease in the temperature at the end of the raceway.Co-injection of hydrogen with PCI increased the wall temperature near the upper half part of the raceway and at the outlet of the tuyere,which required a high cooling efficiency to extend the service life of the blast furnace.The increase in oxygen level compensated for the decreased average temperature in the raceway due to hydrogen injection.The increase in the oxygen content by 3%while maintaining constant hydrogen and PCI injection rates increased the burnout and average raceway temperature by 4.2%and 43 K,respectively.The mole fraction of CO and H_(2) production increased by 0.04 and 0.02,respectively.Burnout can be improved through optimization of the particle size distribution of pulverized coal.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23A20574,52201242)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20240179).
文摘materials,despite its intensive application in Li/Na-ion batteries.The existing mechanisms of AVE's effects mainly focus on charge transfer but fail to clarify other critical issues.Here,we propose a new insight into AVE's effect on K-ion storage by introducing Te vacancies into a representative conversion-type NiTe.In addition to existing mechanisms,we demonstrate Te vacancies play three other unprecedented roles.(1)Te vacancies minimize the intrinsic volume strain from 15%to 6%,significantly suppressing anode pulverization and element dissolution.(2)Te vacancies induce the in-situ formation of a thin yet robust KF-based inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase,further accommodating volume strain and element dissolution.(3)Te vacancies reduce Ni-Te bond lengths and promote K-ion diffusion by modulating local atomic structure.Therefore,NiTe_(1-x)delivers an outstanding cycling performance(229.5 mAh g1 at 3.0 A g^(-1)for 1350 cycles)and rate capability(171.7 mAh g^(-1)at 5.0 A g^(-1)1).Furthermore,NiTe_(1-x)-based full cells showcase a remarkable energy density of 200.4 Wh kg^(-1).This work comprehensively elucidates the AVE's effects on alkali-ion storage,promoting the development of advanced conversion-type anode materials for practical applications.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51934001)。
文摘Gas rapid unloading(GRU)is an innovative technology for ore comminution.Increasing the production of fine powder in each ore grinding cycle is vital for scaling up the GRU method to industrial applications.This study utilizes laboratory experiments to demon-strate that moderately reducing the orifice size significantly enhances pulverization and increases fine particle yield.Numerical simulations suggest that smaller orifices improve pulverization by increasing jet speed,reducing pressure drop,and creating a larger pressure difference inside and outside the unloading orifice.The orifice size should be optimized based on feed size to ensure efficient ore discharge.Reducing the unloading orifice size improves GRU grinding efficiency and energy use,offering guidance for the design of ore discharge ports in future industrial-scale equipment.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2020209010)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Tangshan(No.19150225E)the Key R&D Projects of North China University of Science and Technology(No.ZD-ST-202301)。
文摘In view of the volume instability of steel slag aggregate leading to the quality problem of expansion damage in asphalt road construction,the 4.75-9.5 mm steel slag particles were treated by autoclaved carbonation technology,and the effects of the carbonation system(temperature and time)on the autoclaved pulverization rate,f-CaO content,and the relationship between them for the carbonated steel slag were investigated.In addition,the microstructure of the carbonated steel slag was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD),scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS),metallographic microscope and X-ray fluorescence imaging spectrometer(XRF).The experimental results indicate that,under the initial CO_(2)pressure of 1.0 MPa,increasing the carbonation temperature leads to the increase in the crystal plane spacing of Ca(OH)_(2)that was generated by the hydration of minerals in steel slag,and promotes the transformation of carbonated CaCO_(3)from the orthorhombic system to the hexagonal system,resulting in the increase of the crystal planes spacing of them,meantime,accelerates the decomposition of RO phases and also the outward migration of Ca^(2+),Fe^(2+),and Mn^(2+)ions to cover and coat on the Si^(4+),Al^(3+)ions,and impels the formation of hydroxides such as Fe(OH)_(3)and the formation of carbonates such as Ca(Mg)CO_(3),FeCO_(3)and MnCO_(3).Carbonation at the temperature of 90℃for 3 h can reach the center of 4.75-9.5 mm steel slag particles.Meanwhile,the increase of temperature can promote the mineral reaction in steel slag,resulting in the fuzzy interface between mineral phases,increase of burrs,dispersion,crossover,reduction of grain size,and rearrangement of mineral particles.
基金sponsored by the Major Science and Technology Special Plan“Unveiling and Leading”Project of Shanxi Province(No.202201050201011)Major Science and Technology Projects of Anhui Province(No.202210700037)Special Funding for Science and Technology of China Minmetals Corporation(No.2021ZXD01).
文摘Eggshells,a by-product of the food industry,represent a significant yet often overlooked waste stream.Given their vast production volume and inherent properties,eggshells have the potential to serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly co-fuel.Aiming to explore the co-combustion characteristics and kinetics of pulverized coal blended with eggshells and offer insights into their combined use as a renewable energy source,a systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of Shangwan bituminous coal,Shouyang anthracite coal,eggshell(ES)and their blends.Additionally,comprehensive experimental analyses were performed at different heating rates applying a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings revealed that the addition of ES enhanced the combustion efficiency.The combustion characteristics were significantly influenced by the ES content,with an optimal blend ratio identified for maximum combustion efficiency.To represent the thermal degradation experiments,random pore model and volume model were employed.Furthermore,activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined.The random pore model demonstrated more superior performance compared to the volume model.The activation energies of all the samples ranged between 18.29 and 42.48 kJ/mol,with the lowest value observed for the sample containing 20 mass%ES.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51874171,52074150,and 51974154)for the financial support of current work.
文摘The injection of hydrogen-rich fuel into the blast furnace tuyere is highly significant for reducing carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.However,the hydrogen-rich fuel injection can lead to insufficient kinetic energy of the blast and reduce pulverized coal combustion rate.To solve these problems,a method of coherent jet of hydrogen-rich fuel was developed,and the combustion process of the hydrogen-rich fuel and pulverized coal was simulated by coupling computational fluid dynamics and discrete phase method(CFD-DPM)in blast furnace tuyere.The effects of hydrogen content on the distributions of gas velocity,temperature,and species in the reaction region were systematically analyzed.Results indicate that high-temperature and low-density flame can be generated around the tuyere through hydrogen-rich fuel,which effectively restrain the attenuation of blast energy.Meanwhile,the coherent flame heats the hot gas and pulverized coal at the outlet of the tuyere,which is conducive to enhance the temperature of the reaction region and the burning rate of pulverized coal.The increase in hydrogen content within the hydrogen-rich fuel leads to a gradual contraction of the CO_(2) high concentration region at the center of the reaction region,while simultaneously expanding the high concentration region of water vapor(H_(2)O).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51804024 and 52474342)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IC-20-09)the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy of University of Science and Technology Beijing(No.41621002).
文摘To study the combustion behavior of municipal solid waste(MSW)in blast furnace,the combustion process within the raceway was simulated using computational fluid dynamics.Based on the parameters of an actual blast furnace,a three-dimensional model including coal lance,blowpipe,tuyere,and raceway was established.The model was then used to compare the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal and MSW in the raceway and to investigate the effects of blast temperature and particle size on the combustion characteristics of MSW in the raceway.The results showed that MSW combusted more rapidly,achieving a maximum temperature of 3839 K in the raceway,comparing to 2974 K during pulverized coal injection.However,the average temperature during MSW injection was 1790 K,which was 73 K lower than that of pulverized coal injection.The maximum velocity during MSW injection was 120 m/s,lower than 188 m/s obtained during pulverized coal injection.MSW could be completely burned out in the middle of the raceway,while the burnout of pulverized coal at this position was only 50%.The combustion effect of MSW makes no difference when the blast temperature increased from 1273 to 1673 K,due to its excellent combustion characteristic.When the MSW particle size was increased from 0.074 to 2 mm,the burnout was 75%,which was still higher than that of pulverized coal injection with a particle size of 0.074 mm.However,injecting larger-sized fuel might increase the risk of tuyere wear.To ensure stable furnace conditions and great combustion,a blast temperature of 1473 K and a MSW particle size of about 1 mm will be better.
基金financial support of the project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51174054,51104041 and 51374065)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.N130402010)
文摘The mineral transition mechanism and physicochemical property of calcium aluminate clinker sintered at 1350 ℃ were systematically studied using analytical reagent α-Al 2O 3,CaCO 3 and SiO 2 when the molar ratio of CaO to Al 2O 3 is 1.0.The results show that the formation of Ca 2SiO 4 accelerates the diffusion of CaO and Al 2O 3,which promotes the formation of CaAl 2O 4 determined by dilatometer,X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy methods.CaAl 4O 7,Ca 3Al 2O 6,Ca 3SiO 5 and Ca 2Al 2SiO 7 only exist in the initial stage of reactions,the amounts of which decrease with the increase of sintering duration.Ca 3Al 2O 6 and Ca 12Al 14O 33 react with Al 2O 3 and CaAl 4O 7 to form CaAl 2O 4,while Ca 2Al 2SiO 7 reacts with CaO and Ca 12Al 14O 33 to form Ca 2SiO 4 and CaAl 2O 4.The sintered clinker contains CaAl 2O 4 and γ-Ca 2SiO 4 as well as some Ca 12Al 14O 33 when the sintering duration is longer than 1.0 h.The differential scanning calorimetry results reveal that Ca 2SiO 4,Ca 2Al 2SiO 7 and CaAl 2O 4 are formed at985 ℃,1045℃ and 1339 ℃,respectively.Increasing the sintering duration contributes to the transition of β-Ca 2SiO 4 to γ-Ca 2SiO 4,which improves the pulverization and alumina leaching property of the sintered clinker.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shanghai Baosteel Group Co Ltd United Research Foundation(50374085)
文摘The two-dimensional steady-state discrete phase mathematical model is developed to analyze gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics of coal particles, as well as components concentration and temperature distribu- tion of coal gas in the process of pulverized coal injection of blast furnace raceway. The results show that a great deal of coal gas discharges on the top of raceway away from the tuyere, and the residence time of coal particles in the re- gion of blowpipe and tuyere is 20 ms or so and 50 ms when it reaches raceway boundary. The pressure is the highest at the bottom of raceway and the maximal temperature is about 2 423 K. The char combustion is mainly carried out in the raceway and the maximum of char burn-out rate attains 3× 10-4 kg/s.
文摘The properties of mixed coals were studied on the basis of known various properties of the injecting coals in the treatise.The structure of the injecting coals was optimized and put into practical application.It was found that the ignition point was lowered with mixed coals,however,both combustibility and grindability were improved,and explosibility of the mixed coals were decreased as well.Hence,mixed coals injection not only can improve the amount of the injecting coals greatly,but also improve the economical and technical indexes of the blast furnace.
文摘One of the effective methods of reducing coke consumption is pulverized coal injection. The most important problems encountered in this method are reduced permeability, unburned and high ash content. To select the best coal for injection, suitable tests can be used. Therefore, experiments such as proximate and ultimate analysis, Rock- Eval and combustion tests were performed on four kinds of coals from different mines, including Sarakhs, Sangrood, Karmozd, and Tabas. The results of proximate and ultimate analysis indicated that although the sulfur content and ash content of selected coals were a little high, they were suitable for coal injection. The results of combustion experiments and Rock-Eval tests showed that Karmozd coal was the best one to be injected into blast furnace. The result indicated that the mixing of coals could improve the combustion properties of pulverized coals.
基金Item Sponsored by National Key Technology Research and Development Programin 11th Five-Year Plan of China(2008BAB32B05)
文摘The combustion process of pulverized coal was investigated by non-isothermic integral thermogravimetry. The thermogravimetry curves were fitted by the Coats-Redferm approximation function, and kinetic parameters and characteristic temperatures were obtained. The optimal mixing ratio and particle size can be ascertained. The characteristic temperature of pulverized coal can be obtained from the thermogravimetry curve, and the combustion of coal can be divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion according to the differential thermal analysis curve. The activation energy of a single type of coal ranking from low to high is as follows： bituminous coal, meager-lean coal, and anthracite. In the first mixing method, with more low-price meager-lean coal B replacing high price anthracite A, the activation energy slightly decreases; with more bituminous coal replacing meager-lean coal, total tendency makes a declining of activation. In the later mixing method, with an increase in particle size, a declining activation energy can be seen in total tendency.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51764048,51703118 and 51474191)Yunnan Province Thousand Youth Talents Plan+1 种基金the Application Basis Research Project of Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department(2017FD144)Key Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province China(2018FA28)for providing the financial support。
文摘The side reaction between the active material and liquid-electrolyte cause structural damage and particle pulverization is one of the important factors leading to the capacity decay of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2(NCA)materials in Li ion batteries(LIBs).Surface modification is an effective strategy for NCA cathodes,which could alleviate the degradation associated with surface processes.Herein,a surface structure rearrangement of NCA cathode secondary particles was reported by in-situ forming a solid electrolyte LiBO2.The LiBO2 is beneficial for alleviating the stress during charge/discharge process,thereby slowing down the rate of cracks formation in the secondary particles,which facilitates the Li+de-intercalation as well as prevents penetration of the liquid-electrolyte into the interior of the particles.As a result,the surface structure rearrangement NCA(RS-NCA)delivers a high discharge capacity of 202.5 m Ah g^-1 at 0.1 C,and exhibits excellent cycle stability with discharge capacity retaining 148 m Ah g^-1 after 200 cycles at 2 C.This surface structure rearrangement approach provides a new viewpoint in designing high-performance high-voltage LIBs.
