Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves(MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbon market, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However,...Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves(MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbon market, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex, dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared. Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties' total reduction requirements range from 503—1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140—612 MtC after USA's withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21—77 BUSD with USA and from 5—36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions' share in the all mitigation strategies drops to only 0—16%.展开更多
Lightweight and safety are two essential features for large-scale application of radio frequency identification （RFID） tags. Based on the analysis of potential safety problem of RFID and the characteristics of exist...Lightweight and safety are two essential features for large-scale application of radio frequency identification （RFID） tags. Based on the analysis of potential safety problem of RFID and the characteristics of existing typical authentication protocol, a new low-cost RFID tags authentication protocol was proposed. The performance of the new protocol was analyzed. The results show that the protocol can resist replay attacks and concurrent attacks and has nontracking, authenticity, and service availability. In addition, the protocol can also reduce the storage of tags and computation burden to meet the application requirements of low-cost tags.展开更多
针对低成本无线射频识别(RFID)系统存在的安全性问题,提出一种基于PUF的低成本RFID安全协议。利用PUF的物理不可克隆性识别标签的身份,并利用线性反馈移位寄存器(LFSR)产生随机系列,加密阅读器与标签之间的通信,能抵抗重放攻击、跟踪攻...针对低成本无线射频识别(RFID)系统存在的安全性问题,提出一种基于PUF的低成本RFID安全协议。利用PUF的物理不可克隆性识别标签的身份,并利用线性反馈移位寄存器(LFSR)产生随机系列,加密阅读器与标签之间的通信,能抵抗重放攻击、跟踪攻击、物理攻击、窃听攻击等多种攻击。在Altera DE2板上使用FPGA实现PUF和LFSR,采用Quartus II 8.0编程。实验结果证明,该协议的执行时间和门电路数量能达到低成本标签的要求。展开更多
对低成本RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)系统存在的安全性问题进行了分析,并提出了一种新的安全认证协议。该协议使用散列函数、异或运算及移位运算等常见算法,既解决了安全问题又降低了标签要求。通过在服务器上保存每个标签的...对低成本RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)系统存在的安全性问题进行了分析,并提出了一种新的安全认证协议。该协议使用散列函数、异或运算及移位运算等常见算法,既解决了安全问题又降低了标签要求。通过在服务器上保存每个标签的新、旧标识,有效地解决了服务器和标签的同步问题,同时能抵御窃听、重放、跟踪、阻断、模拟等多种攻击。通过性能分析,该协议比常用的Duc、CC协议在标签的存储空间和计算能力等方面要求更低,适合低成本标签使用。展开更多
文摘Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves(MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbon market, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex, dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared. Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties' total reduction requirements range from 503—1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140—612 MtC after USA's withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21—77 BUSD with USA and from 5—36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions' share in the all mitigation strategies drops to only 0—16%.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(6097011561003268)
文摘Lightweight and safety are two essential features for large-scale application of radio frequency identification （RFID） tags. Based on the analysis of potential safety problem of RFID and the characteristics of existing typical authentication protocol, a new low-cost RFID tags authentication protocol was proposed. The performance of the new protocol was analyzed. The results show that the protocol can resist replay attacks and concurrent attacks and has nontracking, authenticity, and service availability. In addition, the protocol can also reduce the storage of tags and computation burden to meet the application requirements of low-cost tags.
文摘针对低成本无线射频识别(RFID)系统存在的安全性问题,提出一种基于PUF的低成本RFID安全协议。利用PUF的物理不可克隆性识别标签的身份,并利用线性反馈移位寄存器(LFSR)产生随机系列,加密阅读器与标签之间的通信,能抵抗重放攻击、跟踪攻击、物理攻击、窃听攻击等多种攻击。在Altera DE2板上使用FPGA实现PUF和LFSR,采用Quartus II 8.0编程。实验结果证明,该协议的执行时间和门电路数量能达到低成本标签的要求。
文摘对低成本RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)系统存在的安全性问题进行了分析,并提出了一种新的安全认证协议。该协议使用散列函数、异或运算及移位运算等常见算法,既解决了安全问题又降低了标签要求。通过在服务器上保存每个标签的新、旧标识,有效地解决了服务器和标签的同步问题,同时能抵御窃听、重放、跟踪、阻断、模拟等多种攻击。通过性能分析,该协议比常用的Duc、CC协议在标签的存储空间和计算能力等方面要求更低,适合低成本标签使用。
