Although effective school-based alcohol prevention programs do exist, the overall efficacy of these programs has been compromised by implementation failure. The CLIMATE Schools: Alcohol Module was developed to overcom...Although effective school-based alcohol prevention programs do exist, the overall efficacy of these programs has been compromised by implementation failure. The CLIMATE Schools: Alcohol Module was developed to overcome some of the obstacles to high fidelity program implementation. This paper details this development of the CLIMATE Schools: Alcohol Module. The development involved two stages, both of which were considered essential. The first stage, involved reviewing the literature to ensure the program was based on the most effecttive pedagogy and health promotion practice and the second stage involved collaborating with teachers, students and specialists in the area of alcohol and other drugs, to ensure these goals were realised. The final CLIMATE Schools: Alcohol Module consists of computer-driven harm minimisation program which is based on a social influence approach. The program consists of six lessons, each with two components. The first component involves students completing an interactive computer-based program, with the second consisting of a variety of individual, small group and class-based activities. This program was developed to provide an innovative new platform for the delivery of drug education and has proven to be both feasible and effective in the school environment. The success of this program is considered to be testament to this collaborative development approach.展开更多
Sustainable development and environmental protection are the themes of the day. One popular policy tool that government uses to promote sustainable development and to protect the environment is green public procuremen...Sustainable development and environmental protection are the themes of the day. One popular policy tool that government uses to promote sustainable development and to protect the environment is green public procurement. Chinese government established its public procurement system in the late 1990s. It has moved to implement green procurement since 2004. In this paper, the authors will first trace the development of Chinese green public procurement program. The authors will then examine the issues involved in its implementation and make suggestions as to how to make green public procurement program more effective. This is one of the first papers examining China’s green public procurement program.展开更多
Background: Preventing anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injuries is important to avoid long-term adverse health consequences. Identifying barriers to implementation of these prevention programs is crucial to reducing t...Background: Preventing anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injuries is important to avoid long-term adverse health consequences. Identifying barriers to implementation of these prevention programs is crucial to reducing the incidence of these injuries. Our purpose was to identify barriers of implementation for ACL injury prevention programs and suggest mechanisms for reducing the barriers through application of a SocioEcological Model(SEM).Methods: Studies investigating ACL prevention program effectiveness were searched in Medline via PubMed and the Cochrane Library, and a subsequent review of the references of the identified articles, yielded 15 articles total. Inclusion criteria encompassed prospective controlled trials, published in English, with ACL injuries as the primary outcome. Studies were independently appraised by 2 reviewers for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Barriers to implementation were identified when reported in at least 2 separate studies. A SEM was used to suggest ways to reduce the identified barriers.Results: Five barriers were identified: motivation, time requirements, skill requirements for program facilitators, compliance, and cost. The SEM suggested ways to minimize the barriers at all levels of the model from the individual through policy levels.Conclusion: Identification of barriers to program implementation and suggesting how to reduce them through the SEM is a critical first step toward enabling ACL prevention programs to be more effective and ultimately reducing the incidence of these injuries.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to develop an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery for a parallel hydraulic hybrid bus. Based on brake process analysis, a dynamic programming algorithm of brake energy recovery...The purpose of this paper is to develop an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery for a parallel hydraulic hybrid bus. Based on brake process analysis, a dynamic programming algorithm of brake energy recovery is established. And then an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery is proposed by the constraint variable trajectories analysis of the dynamic programming algorithm in the typical urban bus cycle. The simulation results indicate the brake energy recovery efficiency of the accumulator can reach 60% in the dynamic programming algorithm. And the hydraulic hybrid system can output braking torque as much as possible.Moreover, the accumulator has almost equal efficiency of brake energy recovery between the implementable strategy and the dynamic programming algorithm. Therefore, the implementable strategy is very effective in improving the efficiency of brake energy recovery.The road tests show the fuel economy of the hydraulic hybrid bus improves by 22.6% compared with the conventional bus.展开更多
CAS has decided to readjust the way of implementing its Century Program (or Hundred-Talents Program), to give more independence to research institutes in head hunting and guarantee the support for the Program recr... CAS has decided to readjust the way of implementing its Century Program (or Hundred-Talents Program), to give more independence to research institutes in head hunting and guarantee the support for the Program recruits on a selective basis. ……展开更多
On June 6, the State S&T leading group convened its first conference and ratified in principle the "Briefing Outlines for Carrying through a Pilot Project for the National Program of Knowledge Innovation (NPK...On June 6, the State S&T leading group convened its first conference and ratified in principle the "Briefing Outlines for Carrying through a Pilot Project for the National Program of Knowledge Innovation (NPKI) in the CAS System" submitted by the Academy. The following is my initial understanding and inspirations drawn from the展开更多
The gap that exists between research and the dissemination and implementation of research findings has been well established. Food fortification, one of the most cost-effective means of addressing micronutrient malnut...The gap that exists between research and the dissemination and implementation of research findings has been well established. Food fortification, one of the most cost-effective means of addressing micronutrient malnutrition, is no exception. With decades of implementation experience, there is need to strengthen mechanisms that effectively broadcast proven strategies to promote the successful implementation of fortification programs in changing, challenging, and dynamic environments. This requires clear channels of communication, well-defined in-country leadership, and a streamlined and focused approach that can be adapted to country-specific contexts. Based on experience designing and implementing fortification programs throughout Africa and a broad understanding of past successes and failures, a model is proposed that articulates often over-looked program elements critical to design and implementation.展开更多
ERP mainly relates to business management software which consists of several modules that are important for the growth and survival of different types of businesses and organisations. The integration of related busine...ERP mainly relates to business management software which consists of several modules that are important for the growth and survival of different types of businesses and organisations. The integration of related business applications in an organisation can bring significant advantages to the business by enabling faster supply chain management. ERP implementation enables firms to adapt and configure information flows and integrate business processes in order to enhance business performance. System implementation has been reviewed with adequate literature to significantly support the importance of arithmetic and logical concepts and basic errors in programming including typographical errors in a programme, identification of syntax errors and programme output process errors. It has further discussed the variables declaration, significance of modularization and necessity of supporting accessories along with the usability of library files and the importance of the use of frameworks. Enhancement of coding formatting and significance of coding syntax were also critically reviewed with sufficient literature to identify the system implementation failures in the ERP development process.展开更多
During the last years, we have developed the FLOPER platform for providing a practical support to the so-called Multi-Adjoint Logic Programming approach (MALP in brief), which represents an extremely flexible framewor...During the last years, we have developed the FLOPER platform for providing a practical support to the so-called Multi-Adjoint Logic Programming approach (MALP in brief), which represents an extremely flexible framework into the Fuzzy Logic Programming arena. Nowadays, FLOPER is useful for compiling (to standard Prolog code), executing and debugging (by drawing execution trees) MALP programs, and it is ready for being extended in the near future with powerful transformation and optimization techniques designed in our research group during the recent past. Our last update consists in the integration of a graphical interface for a comfortable interaction with the system which allows, among other capabilities, the use of projects for packing scripts and auxiliary definitions of fuzzy sets/connectives, together with fuzzy programs and their associated lattices modeling truth-degrees beyond the simpler crisp case ﹛true;false﹜.展开更多
Introduction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introduce them into their vaccination schedules. Malawi has recently introduced several new vaccines and plans to introduce more. ...Introduction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introduce them into their vaccination schedules. Malawi has recently introduced several new vaccines and plans to introduce more. This study was conducted to identify key factors that need to be considered when deciding to introduce a new vaccine and current challenges faced by low and middle income countries using Malawi as an example. Methodology: The study employed a desk review approach, examining published literature from various sources such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. Policy documents from organizations like the World Health Organization, GAVI the Alliance, and the Ministry of Health for Malawi were also included. A total of 99 articles and documents on new vaccine introduction, challenges of immunization, policy documents in immunization and health systems strengthening were included. The review focused on addressing five key areas critical to new vaccine introduction namely: the need for a vaccine, availability of the vaccine, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, demand for the vaccine, and the prudent use of public or private funds. Results: Malawi considered the burden of cervical cancer and the significance of malaria in the country when introducing the HPV and malaria vaccines. The country opted for vaccines that can be handled by the cold chain capacity and available human resources. Despite that malaria vaccine and Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine trials were done in country, there are limited vaccine safety and efficacy trials conducted in Malawi, leading to a reliance on WHO-prequalified vaccines. Demand for newly introduced vaccines varied, with high demand for Oral Cholera Vaccine during a cholera outbreak, while demand for COVID-19 vaccines decreased over time. Although cost-effectiveness studies were limited in the country, 2 studies indicated that Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine and malaria vaccine would be cost effective. All these have been implemented despite having challenges like lack of accurate surveillance data, inadequate cold chain capacity, limited safety and efficacy vaccine clinical trials, political influence, and limited funding. Conclusion: Despite several challenges Malawi set a good example of the careful considerations required before introducing a new vaccine. The process involves data review, priority setting, precise planning, and consultation with stakeholders. Low-income countries should invest in vaccine safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness trials.展开更多
文摘Although effective school-based alcohol prevention programs do exist, the overall efficacy of these programs has been compromised by implementation failure. The CLIMATE Schools: Alcohol Module was developed to overcome some of the obstacles to high fidelity program implementation. This paper details this development of the CLIMATE Schools: Alcohol Module. The development involved two stages, both of which were considered essential. The first stage, involved reviewing the literature to ensure the program was based on the most effecttive pedagogy and health promotion practice and the second stage involved collaborating with teachers, students and specialists in the area of alcohol and other drugs, to ensure these goals were realised. The final CLIMATE Schools: Alcohol Module consists of computer-driven harm minimisation program which is based on a social influence approach. The program consists of six lessons, each with two components. The first component involves students completing an interactive computer-based program, with the second consisting of a variety of individual, small group and class-based activities. This program was developed to provide an innovative new platform for the delivery of drug education and has proven to be both feasible and effective in the school environment. The success of this program is considered to be testament to this collaborative development approach.
文摘Sustainable development and environmental protection are the themes of the day. One popular policy tool that government uses to promote sustainable development and to protect the environment is green public procurement. Chinese government established its public procurement system in the late 1990s. It has moved to implement green procurement since 2004. In this paper, the authors will first trace the development of Chinese green public procurement program. The authors will then examine the issues involved in its implementation and make suggestions as to how to make green public procurement program more effective. This is one of the first papers examining China’s green public procurement program.
文摘Background: Preventing anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injuries is important to avoid long-term adverse health consequences. Identifying barriers to implementation of these prevention programs is crucial to reducing the incidence of these injuries. Our purpose was to identify barriers of implementation for ACL injury prevention programs and suggest mechanisms for reducing the barriers through application of a SocioEcological Model(SEM).Methods: Studies investigating ACL prevention program effectiveness were searched in Medline via PubMed and the Cochrane Library, and a subsequent review of the references of the identified articles, yielded 15 articles total. Inclusion criteria encompassed prospective controlled trials, published in English, with ACL injuries as the primary outcome. Studies were independently appraised by 2 reviewers for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Barriers to implementation were identified when reported in at least 2 separate studies. A SEM was used to suggest ways to reduce the identified barriers.Results: Five barriers were identified: motivation, time requirements, skill requirements for program facilitators, compliance, and cost. The SEM suggested ways to minimize the barriers at all levels of the model from the individual through policy levels.Conclusion: Identification of barriers to program implementation and suggesting how to reduce them through the SEM is a critical first step toward enabling ACL prevention programs to be more effective and ultimately reducing the incidence of these injuries.
基金supported by Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(No.0904H155100)
文摘The purpose of this paper is to develop an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery for a parallel hydraulic hybrid bus. Based on brake process analysis, a dynamic programming algorithm of brake energy recovery is established. And then an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery is proposed by the constraint variable trajectories analysis of the dynamic programming algorithm in the typical urban bus cycle. The simulation results indicate the brake energy recovery efficiency of the accumulator can reach 60% in the dynamic programming algorithm. And the hydraulic hybrid system can output braking torque as much as possible.Moreover, the accumulator has almost equal efficiency of brake energy recovery between the implementable strategy and the dynamic programming algorithm. Therefore, the implementable strategy is very effective in improving the efficiency of brake energy recovery.The road tests show the fuel economy of the hydraulic hybrid bus improves by 22.6% compared with the conventional bus.
文摘 CAS has decided to readjust the way of implementing its Century Program (or Hundred-Talents Program), to give more independence to research institutes in head hunting and guarantee the support for the Program recruits on a selective basis. ……
文摘On June 6, the State S&T leading group convened its first conference and ratified in principle the "Briefing Outlines for Carrying through a Pilot Project for the National Program of Knowledge Innovation (NPKI) in the CAS System" submitted by the Academy. The following is my initial understanding and inspirations drawn from the
文摘The gap that exists between research and the dissemination and implementation of research findings has been well established. Food fortification, one of the most cost-effective means of addressing micronutrient malnutrition, is no exception. With decades of implementation experience, there is need to strengthen mechanisms that effectively broadcast proven strategies to promote the successful implementation of fortification programs in changing, challenging, and dynamic environments. This requires clear channels of communication, well-defined in-country leadership, and a streamlined and focused approach that can be adapted to country-specific contexts. Based on experience designing and implementing fortification programs throughout Africa and a broad understanding of past successes and failures, a model is proposed that articulates often over-looked program elements critical to design and implementation.
文摘ERP mainly relates to business management software which consists of several modules that are important for the growth and survival of different types of businesses and organisations. The integration of related business applications in an organisation can bring significant advantages to the business by enabling faster supply chain management. ERP implementation enables firms to adapt and configure information flows and integrate business processes in order to enhance business performance. System implementation has been reviewed with adequate literature to significantly support the importance of arithmetic and logical concepts and basic errors in programming including typographical errors in a programme, identification of syntax errors and programme output process errors. It has further discussed the variables declaration, significance of modularization and necessity of supporting accessories along with the usability of library files and the importance of the use of frameworks. Enhancement of coding formatting and significance of coding syntax were also critically reviewed with sufficient literature to identify the system implementation failures in the ERP development process.
文摘During the last years, we have developed the FLOPER platform for providing a practical support to the so-called Multi-Adjoint Logic Programming approach (MALP in brief), which represents an extremely flexible framework into the Fuzzy Logic Programming arena. Nowadays, FLOPER is useful for compiling (to standard Prolog code), executing and debugging (by drawing execution trees) MALP programs, and it is ready for being extended in the near future with powerful transformation and optimization techniques designed in our research group during the recent past. Our last update consists in the integration of a graphical interface for a comfortable interaction with the system which allows, among other capabilities, the use of projects for packing scripts and auxiliary definitions of fuzzy sets/connectives, together with fuzzy programs and their associated lattices modeling truth-degrees beyond the simpler crisp case ﹛true;false﹜.
文摘Introduction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introduce them into their vaccination schedules. Malawi has recently introduced several new vaccines and plans to introduce more. This study was conducted to identify key factors that need to be considered when deciding to introduce a new vaccine and current challenges faced by low and middle income countries using Malawi as an example. Methodology: The study employed a desk review approach, examining published literature from various sources such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. Policy documents from organizations like the World Health Organization, GAVI the Alliance, and the Ministry of Health for Malawi were also included. A total of 99 articles and documents on new vaccine introduction, challenges of immunization, policy documents in immunization and health systems strengthening were included. The review focused on addressing five key areas critical to new vaccine introduction namely: the need for a vaccine, availability of the vaccine, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, demand for the vaccine, and the prudent use of public or private funds. Results: Malawi considered the burden of cervical cancer and the significance of malaria in the country when introducing the HPV and malaria vaccines. The country opted for vaccines that can be handled by the cold chain capacity and available human resources. Despite that malaria vaccine and Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine trials were done in country, there are limited vaccine safety and efficacy trials conducted in Malawi, leading to a reliance on WHO-prequalified vaccines. Demand for newly introduced vaccines varied, with high demand for Oral Cholera Vaccine during a cholera outbreak, while demand for COVID-19 vaccines decreased over time. Although cost-effectiveness studies were limited in the country, 2 studies indicated that Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine and malaria vaccine would be cost effective. All these have been implemented despite having challenges like lack of accurate surveillance data, inadequate cold chain capacity, limited safety and efficacy vaccine clinical trials, political influence, and limited funding. Conclusion: Despite several challenges Malawi set a good example of the careful considerations required before introducing a new vaccine. The process involves data review, priority setting, precise planning, and consultation with stakeholders. Low-income countries should invest in vaccine safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness trials.
