The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of rocks is a vital geomechanical parameter widely used for rock mass classification,stability analysis,and engineering design in rock engineering.Various UCS testing methods and ...The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of rocks is a vital geomechanical parameter widely used for rock mass classification,stability analysis,and engineering design in rock engineering.Various UCS testing methods and apparatuses have been proposed over the past few decades.The objective of the present study is to summarize the status and development in theories,test apparatuses,data processing of the existing testing methods for UCS measurement.It starts with elaborating the theories of these test methods.Then the test apparatus and development trends for UCS measurement are summarized,followed by a discussion on rock specimens for test apparatus,and data processing methods.Next,the method selection for UCS measurement is recommended.It reveals that the rock failure mechanism in the UCS testing methods can be divided into compression-shear,compression-tension,composite failure mode,and no obvious failure mode.The trends of these apparatuses are towards automation,digitization,precision,and multi-modal test.Two size correction methods are commonly used.One is to develop empirical correlation between the measured indices and the specimen size.The other is to use a standard specimen to calculate the size correction factor.Three to five input parameters are commonly utilized in soft computation models to predict the UCS of rocks.The selection of the test methods for the UCS measurement can be carried out according to the testing scenario and the specimen size.The engineers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the UCS testing methods and its potential developments in various rock engineering endeavors.展开更多
Background The diverse types and processing methods of grains intricately influence the sites and digestibility of starch digestion,thereby impacting energy utilization.This study aimed to explore the impact of grain ...Background The diverse types and processing methods of grains intricately influence the sites and digestibility of starch digestion,thereby impacting energy utilization.This study aimed to explore the impact of grain variety and processing methods on the net energy(NE)in dairy goats,analyzing these effects at the level of nutrient digestion and metabolism.Methods Eighteen castrated Guanzhong dairy goats(44.25±3.59 kg BW)were randomly divided into 3 groups,each consisting of 6 replicates.The substitution method was employed to determine the NE values of the dry-rolled corn(DRC),dry-rolled wheat(DRW)or steam-flaked corn(SFC,360 g/L).Briefly,two phases were performed.Throughout the basal phase,all goats were fed the same basal diet.In the substitution phase,30%of the basal diet was replaced with DRC,DRW and SFC,respectively.Results In this study,the NE values of the DRC,DRW and SFC were 7.65,7.54 and 7.44 MJ/kg DM,respectively.Compared to the DRC group,the DRW group showed increased digestibility of starch and crude protein(CP).Similarly,the SFC group exhibited increased organic matter(OM)and starch digestibility and a trend towards higher dry matter(DM)digestibility,reduced fecal OM and starch content.Additionally,fecal volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentrations decreased in goats fed SFC.Correspondingly,digestible energy(DE)in the DRW and SFC groups tended to be higher than in the DRC group.DRW increased total VFA concentration compared to DRC,while SFC increased the proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio in the rumen.Both the DRW and SFC diets elevated serum glucose levels.Furthermore,heat increment(HI)and gaseous energy(Gas E)related to fermentation were significantly higher in the DRW and SFC groups compared to the DRC group.Conclusion Our findings indicated that DRW and SFC increased rumen starch fermentation in goats,thereby improving total tract starch digestion and DE.However,DRW and SFC failed to improve NE value due to increased heat and gas energy production from fermentation.Therefore,excessively refined grains processing in the diet of dairy goats does not effectively improve energy efficiency.展开更多
In micro milling machining,tool wear directly affects workpiece quality and accuracy,making effective tool wear monitoring a key factor in ensuring product integrity.The use of machine vision-based methods can provide...In micro milling machining,tool wear directly affects workpiece quality and accuracy,making effective tool wear monitoring a key factor in ensuring product integrity.The use of machine vision-based methods can provide an intuitive and efficient representation of tool wear conditions.However,micro milling tools have non-flat flanks,thin coatings can peel off,and spindle orientation is uncertain during downtime.These factors result in low pixel values,uneven illumination,and arbitrary tool position.To address this,we propose an image-based tool wear monitoring method.It combines multiple algorithms to restore lost pixels due to uneven illumination during segmentation and accurately extract wear areas.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits high robustness to such images,effectively addressing the effects of illumination and spindle orientation.Additionally,the algorithm has low complexity,fast execution time,and significantly reduces the detection time in situ.展开更多
Agricultural Products Processing and Storage(ISSN 3059-4510,Owner:Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.Production and hosting:Springer Nature)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal with the aim ...Agricultural Products Processing and Storage(ISSN 3059-4510,Owner:Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.Production and hosting:Springer Nature)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal with the aim to offer a platform for the rapid dissemination of significant,novel,and high-impact research in the fields of agricultural product processing science,technology,engineering,and nutrition.Additionally,supplemental issues are curated and published to facilitate in-depth discussions on special topics.展开更多
A principle was proposed for designing a method to seal anodized aluminum used in semiconductor processing apparatuses.Thermodynamic calculations and Fick’s second law were used to reveal trends in the metal ion depo...A principle was proposed for designing a method to seal anodized aluminum used in semiconductor processing apparatuses.Thermodynamic calculations and Fick’s second law were used to reveal trends in the metal ion deposition,deposition product stability,vapor pressures of halides for selected metal ions,the holding temperature,and time.Interactions between ion concentrations and the sealing temperature were also revealed.According to the design principles,anodized aluminum dipped in 1 mM Cr^(3+)ion solution and steam-sealed for 18 h exhibited the highest corrosion resistance when exposed to 5 wt.%HCl solution and HCl gas,verifying the designed results.展开更多
A clock bias data processing method based on interval correlation coefficient wavelet threshold denoising is suggested for minor mistakes in clock bias data in order to increase the efficacy of satellite clock bias pr...A clock bias data processing method based on interval correlation coefficient wavelet threshold denoising is suggested for minor mistakes in clock bias data in order to increase the efficacy of satellite clock bias prediction.Wavelet analysis was first used to break down the satellite clock frequency data into several levels,producing high and low frequency coefficients for each layer.The correlation coefficients of the high and low frequency coefficients in each of the three sub-intervals created by splitting these coefficients were then determined.The major noise region—the sub-interval with the lowest correlation coefficient—was chosen for thresholding treatment and noise threshold computation.The clock frequency data was then processed using wavelet reconstruction and reconverted to clock data.Lastly,three different kinds of satellite clock data—RTS,whu-o,and IGS-F—were used to confirm the produced data.Our method enhanced the stability of the Quadratic Polynomial(QP)model’s predictions for the C16 satellite by about 40%,according to the results.The accuracy and stability of the Auto Regression Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)model improved up to 41.8%and 14.2%,respectively,whilst the Wavelet Neural Network(WNN)model improved by roughly 27.8%and 63.6%,respectively.Although our method has little effect on forecasting IGS-F series satellites,the experimental findings show that it can improve the accuracy and stability of QP,ARIMA,and WNN model forecasts for RTS and whu-o satellite clock bias.展开更多
In order to improve the quality of 3D printed raspberry preserves after post-processing,microwave ovens combining infrared and microwave methods were utilized.The effects of infrared heating temperature,infrared heati...In order to improve the quality of 3D printed raspberry preserves after post-processing,microwave ovens combining infrared and microwave methods were utilized.The effects of infrared heating temperature,infrared heating time,microwave power,microwave heating time on the center temperature,moisture content,the chroma(C*),the total color difference(ΔE*),shape fidelity,hardness,and the total anthocyanin content of 3D printed raspberry preserves were analyzed by response surface method(RSM).The results showed that under combining with the two methods,infrared heating improved the fidelity and quality degradation of printed products,while microwave heating enhanced the efficiency of infrared heating.Infrared-microwave combination cooking could maintain relatively stable color appearance and shape of 3D printed raspberry preserves.The AHP–CRITIC hybrid weighting method combined with the response surface test to determine the comprehensive weights of the evaluation indicators optimized the process parameters,and the optimal process parameters were obtained:infrared heating temperature of 190℃,infrared heating time of 10 min and 30 s,microwave power of 300 W,and microwave heating time of 2 min and 6 s.The 3D printed raspberry cooking methods obtained under the optimal conditions seldom had color variation,porous structure,uniform texture,and high shape fidelity,which retained the characteristics of personalized manufacturing by 3D printing.This study could provide a reference for the postprocessing and quality control of 3D cooking methods.展开更多
The hot compression deformation behavior of Mg-6Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca(ZM61-0.5Ca)and Mg-6Zn-1Mn-2Sn-0.5Ca(ZMT612-0.5Ca)alloys was investigated at deformation temperatures ranging from 250℃to 400℃and strain rates varying from...The hot compression deformation behavior of Mg-6Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca(ZM61-0.5Ca)and Mg-6Zn-1Mn-2Sn-0.5Ca(ZMT612-0.5Ca)alloys was investigated at deformation temperatures ranging from 250℃to 400℃and strain rates varying from 0.001 s^(-1) to 1 s^(-1).The results show that the addition of Sn promotes dynamic recrystallization(DRX),and CaMgSn phases can act as nucleation sites during the compression deformation.Flow stress increases with increasing the strain rate and decreasing the temperature.Both the ZM61-0.5Ca and ZMT612-0.5Ca alloys exhibit obvious DRX characteristics.CaMgSn phases can effectively inhibit dislocation motion with the addition of Sn,thus increasing the peak fl ow stress of the alloy.The addition of Sn increases the hot deformation activation energy of the ZM61-0.5Ca alloy from 199.654 kJ/mol to 276.649 kJ/mol,thus improving the thermal stability of the alloy.For the ZMT612-0.5Ca alloy,the optimal hot deformation parameters are determined to be a deformation temperature range of 350–400℃and a strain rate range of 0.001–0.01 s^(-1).展开更多
Agricultural Products Processing and Storage(ISSN 3059-4510,Owner:Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.Production and hosting:Springer Nature)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal with the aim ...Agricultural Products Processing and Storage(ISSN 3059-4510,Owner:Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.Production and hosting:Springer Nature)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal with the aim to offer a platform for the rapid dissemination of signifi cant,novel,and high-impact research in the fi elds of agricultural product processing science,technology,engineering,and nutrition.Additionally,supplemental issues are curated and published to facilitate in-depth discussions on special topics.展开更多
To improve braking performance and achieve lightweight in transport equipment,it is necessary to implement overall plastic forming manufacturing of the brake pad baseboard(BPB),which is the core safety component of th...To improve braking performance and achieve lightweight in transport equipment,it is necessary to implement overall plastic forming manufacturing of the brake pad baseboard(BPB),which is the core safety component of the brake system.This study presents an innovative multi-DOF envelope forming(MDFEF)process to realize the plastic forming of BPB with thin skin and high reinforcing ribs.The MDFEF principle for BPB,and the design methods for the envelope mold are first presented.Through FE simulations,the behavior of metal flow,uneven growth pattern of reinforcing ribs,evolution of equivalent strain and evolution of forming force in MDFEF of BPB are investigated.To realize MDFEF,an innovative MDFEF equipment driven by parallel linkages is exploited.The force states of linkages in MDFEF are calculated,and the reasonable mold position is determined to reduce the maximum force on the linkages and improve the service performance of MDFEF equipment.The MDFEF experiments of BPB are conducted and qualified BPB is obtained,which demonstrates that the presented MDFEF process and equipment are applicable to manufacture BPB with thin skin and high reinforcing ribs.展开更多
Calcium carboaluminate was successfully prepared by a simple and efficient one-step method,and the effects of temperature,time,raw material ratio,carbonate type and heavy CaCO_(3)particle size on the products were inv...Calcium carboaluminate was successfully prepared by a simple and efficient one-step method,and the effects of temperature,time,raw material ratio,carbonate type and heavy CaCO_(3)particle size on the products were investigated in detail.The results show that increasing the temperature and extending the reaction time can enhance the yield and crystallisation degree of calcium carboaluminate.The proportion of Ca(OH)_(2),Al(OH)_(3)and CaCO_(3)is a pivotal factor in the synthesis of calcium carboaluminate.When the ratio of Ca(OH)_(2),Al(OH)_(3)and CaCO_(3)is 3:2:1,the diffraction peaks of calcium carboaluminate in the products are relatively sharp and strong.Furthermore,the purity and crystallinity of the synthesized calcium carboaluminate are higher when heavy CaCO_(3)with the particle size of 120 mesh is used as the carbonate raw material,in comparison to CO_(2),Na_(2)CO_(3)and light CaCO_(3).As results,a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of calcium carboaluminate is proposed,which will provide a solid experimental foundation and technical support for the industrial application of calcium carboaluminate in marine concrete.展开更多
This study systematically conducted preparation optimization and performance investigations on Co-modified Ce/TiO_(2) catalysts,with a focus on examining how preparation methods and Co loading regulate the catalyst’s...This study systematically conducted preparation optimization and performance investigations on Co-modified Ce/TiO_(2) catalysts,with a focus on examining how preparation methods and Co loading regulate the catalyst’s low-temperature denitrification activity.After identifying optimal preparation parameters via condition screening,multiple characterization techniques-including BET,XRD,XPS,H_(2)-TPR and in situ DRIFTS-were employed to deeply analyze the catalyst’s physicochemical properties and reaction mechanism.Results demonstrated that compared to the impregnation and co-precipitation methods,the Ce-Co_(0.025)/TiO_(2)-SG catalyst(prepared by the sol-gel method with a Co/Ti mass ratio of 0.025)exhibited significantly superior denitrification activity:NO conversion remained stably above 95%in the 225−350℃ temperature range,and it displayed high N_(2) selectivity.Characterization analysis revealed that abundant surface oxygen vacancies,a high proportion of Ce^(3+) species,and prominent acidic sites collectively contributed to enhancing its low-temperature denitrification performance.This work provides reference value for the development of highly efficient low-temperature denitrification catalysts.展开更多
In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to ...In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to obtain the maximal positive definite solution of nonlinear matrix equation X+A^(*)X|^(-α)A=Q with the case 0<α≤1.Based on this method,a new iterative algorithm is developed,and its convergence proof is given.Finally,two numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
This study presents an effective hybrid simulation approach for simulating broadband ground motion in complex near-fault locations.The approach utilizes a deterministic approach based on the spectral element method(SE...This study presents an effective hybrid simulation approach for simulating broadband ground motion in complex near-fault locations.The approach utilizes a deterministic approach based on the spectral element method(SEM),which is used to simulate low-frequency ground motion(f<1 Hz)by incorporating an innovative efficient discontinuous Galerkin(DG)method for grid division to accurately model basin sedimentary layers at reduced costs.It also introduces a comprehensive hybrid source model for high-frequency random scattering and a nonlinear analysis module for basin sedimentary layers.Deterministic outcomes are combined with modified three-dimensional stochastic finite fault method(3D-EXSIM)simulations of high-frequency ground motion(f>1 Hz).A fourth-order Butterworth filter with zero phase shift is employed for time-domain filtering of low-and high-frequency time series at a crossover frequency of 1 Hz,merging the low and high-frequency ground motions into a broadband time series.Taking an Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake,as an example,this hybrid method was used for a rapid and efficient simulation analysis of broadband ground motion in the region.The accuracy and efficiency of this hybrid method were verified through comparisons with actually observed station data and empirical attenuation curves.Deterministic method simulation results revealed the effects of mountainous topography,basin effects,nonlinear effects within the basin’s sedimentary layers,and a coupling interaction between the basin and the mountains.The findings are consistent with similar studies,showing that near-fault sedimentary basins significantly focus and amplify strong ground motion,and the soil’s nonlinear behavior in the basin influences ground motion to varying extents at different distances from the fault.The mountainous topography impacts the basin’s response to ground motion,leading to barrier effects.This research provides a scientific foundation for seismic zoning,urban planning,and seismic design in nearfault mountain basin regions.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of xu-argument-based continuation writing on learners’processing of source texts.Seventy-five participants were randomly assigned to three conditions:(1)continuation writing,(2)sum...This study investigated the effects of xu-argument-based continuation writing on learners’processing of source texts.Seventy-five participants were randomly assigned to three conditions:(1)continuation writing,(2)summary writing,or(3)reading comprehension.Eye-tracking data were collected during reading,measuring early(first fixation duration,first pass duration)and late(go-past time,total fixation duration)eye movements.During writing,source-text rereading was tracked via fixation counts and durations.Results showed that task type did not affect initial lexical access,as first fixation duration showed no group differences.However,both production groups exhibited significantly longer first pass durations than the reading comprehension group.Late measures revealed a gradient pattern:the continuation writing group spent significantly longer gopast time and total fixation duration than the summary writing group,which exceeded the reading comprehension group.This indicates that continuation tasks promoted deeper cognitive engagement during reading.During writing,the continuation writing group spent more time rereading the source text with higher fixation counts than the summary writing group.These findings suggest that continuation writing triggers more intensive reader-text interaction during pre-writing and enhances comprehension-production coupling through sustained attention to input during writing.This study sheds light on the cognitive mechanisms underlying the theoretical and pedagogical value of xu-argument.展开更多
Suancai has a lengthy history and a wide range of categories,which has some influence on the pickled diet culture around the world.Suancai production is transitioning to a large-scale,standardized production due to th...Suancai has a lengthy history and a wide range of categories,which has some influence on the pickled diet culture around the world.Suancai production is transitioning to a large-scale,standardized production due to the growth of the market.It has a unique flavor and is rich in nutrients,and its abundance of free amino acids,vitamins and phenolics has many positive effects on the human body.This review gives the types and history of suancai,as well as its impact on the world’s pickled culture.The changes in nutritional composition and flavor of suancai during fermentation are summarized.It presented the production technology and influencing factors of the northeast suancai,examined the quality and safety issues in suancai,and put forth some ideas and opinions on the standardization development of the suancai industry.It also summarized the geographic distribution and flora diversity of pickles around the world.In order to provide some knowledge and guidance for the promotion of modern industrial production in the suancai industry.展开更多
Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable pat...Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable patterning,arraying capabilities,three-dimensional(3D)processing,and high precision.Recent advancements in laser technologies have demonstrated their effectiveness as powerful tools for micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials.By utilizing various laser techniques—such as laser-induced polymerization,laser ablation,laser-induced transfer,laser-directed assembly,and laser-assisted crystallization—broad applications in image sensors,displays,solar cells,lasers,anti-counterfeiting,and information encryption have been enabled.This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the laser micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials,including the technologies used for preparation,patterning,arraying,and modification.These laser fabrication methods uniquely provide capabilities such as annealing,phase transitions,and ion exchange in optoelectronic materials.We also discuss the perspectives and challenges for future developments,including the advantages,disadvantages,and potential applications of different laser micro-nano processing technologies.With the rapid advancements in laser micro-nanofabrication,we foresee significant growth in advanced,high-performance optoelectronic applications.This review aims to provide researchers with insights into the current state and future prospects of laser-based micro-nano processing,encouraging further exploration and innovation in this promising field.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a quantitative assessment method for the textural quality of chieh-qua fruit.[Methods]Using two modes of a texture analyzer,namely TPA(texture profile analysis)and pun...[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a quantitative assessment method for the textural quality of chieh-qua fruit.[Methods]Using two modes of a texture analyzer,namely TPA(texture profile analysis)and puncture,the index data of the fruit were obtained by setting different trigger forces,deformation levels,test speeds,as well as puncture speeds and puncture depths.The data included TPA hardness,adhesiveness,springiness,cohesiveness,gumminess,chewiness,resilience,as well as skin hardness,skin toughness,flesh hardness,fracturability,and compactness.[Results]Different deformation levels had a significant impact on all parameters.Hardness,adhesiveness,gumminess and chewiness showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the deformation level increasing.When the deformation level was 30%,the adhesiveness,gumminess and chewiness reached their maximum values.When the deformation level was 50%,TPA hardness reached its maximum.When the compression speed was 3 mm/s,the measured values of TPA hardness,adhesiveness,chewiness,and resilience were at their maximums.The skin hardness varied significantly under different trigger forces.When the trigger force was 15 g,the skin hardness reached a maximum value of 944.63 g,and the skin toughness,flesh hardness,fracturability,and compactness also reach their maximum values respectively.When the puncture depth was 12 mm,the flesh hardness and skin toughness reached their maximums of 682.51 g and 1.82 mm,respectively.In the TPA mode,the flesh hardness of chieh-qua showed an extremely significant negative correlation with springiness,cohesiveness,and resilience(P<0.01).The fruit fracturability detected by puncture had an extremely significant positive correlation with compactness(P<0.01).[Conclusions]The evaluation method for measuring chieh-qua texture by combining TPA and the puncture mode could accurately and quantitatively reflect the differences in the flesh texture quality of chieh-qua.The optimal parameters for texture measurement of chieh-qua fruit were determined as a 15 g trigger force with 50%deformation and a 3 mm/s compression speed in TPA mode,and a 15 g trigger force with a 12 mm puncture depth in puncture mode.Puncture speed was found to have no significant effect on the texture indices of chieh-qua.展开更多
Underground engineering projects such as deep tunnel excavation often encounter rockburst disasters accompanied by numerous microseismic events.Rapid interpretation of microseismic signals is crucial for the timely id...Underground engineering projects such as deep tunnel excavation often encounter rockburst disasters accompanied by numerous microseismic events.Rapid interpretation of microseismic signals is crucial for the timely identification of rockbursts.However,conventional processing encompasses multi-step workflows,including classification,denoising,picking,locating,and computational analysis,coupled with manual intervention,which collectively compromise the reliability of early warnings.To address these challenges,this study innovatively proposes the“microseismic stethoscope"-a multi-task machine learning and deep learning model designed for the automated processing of massive microseismic signals.This model efficiently extracts three key parameters that are necessary for recognizing rockburst disasters:rupture location,microseismic energy,and moment magnitude.Specifically,the model extracts raw waveform features from three dedicated sub-networks:a classifier for source zone classification,and two regressors for microseismic energy and moment magnitude estimation.This model demonstrates superior efficiency compared to traditional processing and semi-automated processing,reducing per-event processing time from 0.71 s to 0.49 s to merely 0.036 s.It concurrently achieves 98%accuracy in source zone classification,with microseismic energy and moment magnitude estimation errors of 0.13 and 0.05,respectively.This model has been well applied and validated in the Daxiagu Tunnel case in Sichuan,China.The application results indicate that the model is as accurate as traditional methods in determining source parameters,and thus can be used to identify potential geomechanical processes of rockburst disasters.By enhancing the signal processing reliability of microseismic events,the proposed model in this study presents a significant advancement in the identification of rockburst disasters.展开更多
The testing of large structures is limited by high costs and long cycles, making scaling methods an attractive solution. However, the scaling process of elastic rings introduces complexities in multi-parameter geometr...The testing of large structures is limited by high costs and long cycles, making scaling methods an attractive solution. However, the scaling process of elastic rings introduces complexities in multi-parameter geometric distortions, leading to a diminution in the predictive accuracy of the distorted similitude. To address this challenge, this study formulates a novel set of scaling laws, tailored to account for the intricate geometric distortions associated with elastic rings. The proposed scaling laws are formulated based on the intrinsic deformation characteristics of elastic rings, rather than the traditional systemic governing equations. Numerical and experimental cases are conducted to assess the efficacy and precision of the proposed scaling laws, and the obtained results are compared with those achieved by traditional methods. The outcomes demonstrate that the scaling laws put forth by this study significantly enhance the predictive capabilities for deformations of elastic rings.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52308403 and 52079068)the Yunlong Lake Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering(No.104023005)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M731998)for funding provided to this work.
文摘The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of rocks is a vital geomechanical parameter widely used for rock mass classification,stability analysis,and engineering design in rock engineering.Various UCS testing methods and apparatuses have been proposed over the past few decades.The objective of the present study is to summarize the status and development in theories,test apparatuses,data processing of the existing testing methods for UCS measurement.It starts with elaborating the theories of these test methods.Then the test apparatus and development trends for UCS measurement are summarized,followed by a discussion on rock specimens for test apparatus,and data processing methods.Next,the method selection for UCS measurement is recommended.It reveals that the rock failure mechanism in the UCS testing methods can be divided into compression-shear,compression-tension,composite failure mode,and no obvious failure mode.The trends of these apparatuses are towards automation,digitization,precision,and multi-modal test.Two size correction methods are commonly used.One is to develop empirical correlation between the measured indices and the specimen size.The other is to use a standard specimen to calculate the size correction factor.Three to five input parameters are commonly utilized in soft computation models to predict the UCS of rocks.The selection of the test methods for the UCS measurement can be carried out according to the testing scenario and the specimen size.The engineers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the UCS testing methods and its potential developments in various rock engineering endeavors.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0111800)Shaanxi Livestock and Poultry Breeding Double-chain Fusion Key Project(grant number 2022GD-TSLD-46-0501)。
文摘Background The diverse types and processing methods of grains intricately influence the sites and digestibility of starch digestion,thereby impacting energy utilization.This study aimed to explore the impact of grain variety and processing methods on the net energy(NE)in dairy goats,analyzing these effects at the level of nutrient digestion and metabolism.Methods Eighteen castrated Guanzhong dairy goats(44.25±3.59 kg BW)were randomly divided into 3 groups,each consisting of 6 replicates.The substitution method was employed to determine the NE values of the dry-rolled corn(DRC),dry-rolled wheat(DRW)or steam-flaked corn(SFC,360 g/L).Briefly,two phases were performed.Throughout the basal phase,all goats were fed the same basal diet.In the substitution phase,30%of the basal diet was replaced with DRC,DRW and SFC,respectively.Results In this study,the NE values of the DRC,DRW and SFC were 7.65,7.54 and 7.44 MJ/kg DM,respectively.Compared to the DRC group,the DRW group showed increased digestibility of starch and crude protein(CP).Similarly,the SFC group exhibited increased organic matter(OM)and starch digestibility and a trend towards higher dry matter(DM)digestibility,reduced fecal OM and starch content.Additionally,fecal volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentrations decreased in goats fed SFC.Correspondingly,digestible energy(DE)in the DRW and SFC groups tended to be higher than in the DRC group.DRW increased total VFA concentration compared to DRC,while SFC increased the proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio in the rumen.Both the DRW and SFC diets elevated serum glucose levels.Furthermore,heat increment(HI)and gaseous energy(Gas E)related to fermentation were significantly higher in the DRW and SFC groups compared to the DRC group.Conclusion Our findings indicated that DRW and SFC increased rumen starch fermentation in goats,thereby improving total tract starch digestion and DE.However,DRW and SFC failed to improve NE value due to increased heat and gas energy production from fermentation.Therefore,excessively refined grains processing in the diet of dairy goats does not effectively improve energy efficiency.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52175528)。
文摘In micro milling machining,tool wear directly affects workpiece quality and accuracy,making effective tool wear monitoring a key factor in ensuring product integrity.The use of machine vision-based methods can provide an intuitive and efficient representation of tool wear conditions.However,micro milling tools have non-flat flanks,thin coatings can peel off,and spindle orientation is uncertain during downtime.These factors result in low pixel values,uneven illumination,and arbitrary tool position.To address this,we propose an image-based tool wear monitoring method.It combines multiple algorithms to restore lost pixels due to uneven illumination during segmentation and accurately extract wear areas.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits high robustness to such images,effectively addressing the effects of illumination and spindle orientation.Additionally,the algorithm has low complexity,fast execution time,and significantly reduces the detection time in situ.
文摘Agricultural Products Processing and Storage(ISSN 3059-4510,Owner:Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.Production and hosting:Springer Nature)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal with the aim to offer a platform for the rapid dissemination of significant,novel,and high-impact research in the fields of agricultural product processing science,technology,engineering,and nutrition.Additionally,supplemental issues are curated and published to facilitate in-depth discussions on special topics.
基金supported by the Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52371055)the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program Cast(Grant No.YESS20200139)+1 种基金the Basic Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(Grant No.JYTMS20230618)Special thanks are due to the instrumental analysis from the Analytical and Testing Centre,Northeastern University.
文摘A principle was proposed for designing a method to seal anodized aluminum used in semiconductor processing apparatuses.Thermodynamic calculations and Fick’s second law were used to reveal trends in the metal ion deposition,deposition product stability,vapor pressures of halides for selected metal ions,the holding temperature,and time.Interactions between ion concentrations and the sealing temperature were also revealed.According to the design principles,anodized aluminum dipped in 1 mM Cr^(3+)ion solution and steam-sealed for 18 h exhibited the highest corrosion resistance when exposed to 5 wt.%HCl solution and HCl gas,verifying the designed results.
基金2023 Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology Doctoral Program Launch fund(No.2307B29).
文摘A clock bias data processing method based on interval correlation coefficient wavelet threshold denoising is suggested for minor mistakes in clock bias data in order to increase the efficacy of satellite clock bias prediction.Wavelet analysis was first used to break down the satellite clock frequency data into several levels,producing high and low frequency coefficients for each layer.The correlation coefficients of the high and low frequency coefficients in each of the three sub-intervals created by splitting these coefficients were then determined.The major noise region—the sub-interval with the lowest correlation coefficient—was chosen for thresholding treatment and noise threshold computation.The clock frequency data was then processed using wavelet reconstruction and reconverted to clock data.Lastly,three different kinds of satellite clock data—RTS,whu-o,and IGS-F—were used to confirm the produced data.Our method enhanced the stability of the Quadratic Polynomial(QP)model’s predictions for the C16 satellite by about 40%,according to the results.The accuracy and stability of the Auto Regression Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)model improved up to 41.8%and 14.2%,respectively,whilst the Wavelet Neural Network(WNN)model improved by roughly 27.8%and 63.6%,respectively.Although our method has little effect on forecasting IGS-F series satellites,the experimental findings show that it can improve the accuracy and stability of QP,ARIMA,and WNN model forecasts for RTS and whu-o satellite clock bias.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072352)。
文摘In order to improve the quality of 3D printed raspberry preserves after post-processing,microwave ovens combining infrared and microwave methods were utilized.The effects of infrared heating temperature,infrared heating time,microwave power,microwave heating time on the center temperature,moisture content,the chroma(C*),the total color difference(ΔE*),shape fidelity,hardness,and the total anthocyanin content of 3D printed raspberry preserves were analyzed by response surface method(RSM).The results showed that under combining with the two methods,infrared heating improved the fidelity and quality degradation of printed products,while microwave heating enhanced the efficiency of infrared heating.Infrared-microwave combination cooking could maintain relatively stable color appearance and shape of 3D printed raspberry preserves.The AHP–CRITIC hybrid weighting method combined with the response surface test to determine the comprehensive weights of the evaluation indicators optimized the process parameters,and the optimal process parameters were obtained:infrared heating temperature of 190℃,infrared heating time of 10 min and 30 s,microwave power of 300 W,and microwave heating time of 2 min and 6 s.The 3D printed raspberry cooking methods obtained under the optimal conditions seldom had color variation,porous structure,uniform texture,and high shape fidelity,which retained the characteristics of personalized manufacturing by 3D printing.This study could provide a reference for the postprocessing and quality control of 3D cooking methods.
基金Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2025ZNSFSC1341)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(J2022-090,25CAFUC04087)。
文摘The hot compression deformation behavior of Mg-6Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca(ZM61-0.5Ca)and Mg-6Zn-1Mn-2Sn-0.5Ca(ZMT612-0.5Ca)alloys was investigated at deformation temperatures ranging from 250℃to 400℃and strain rates varying from 0.001 s^(-1) to 1 s^(-1).The results show that the addition of Sn promotes dynamic recrystallization(DRX),and CaMgSn phases can act as nucleation sites during the compression deformation.Flow stress increases with increasing the strain rate and decreasing the temperature.Both the ZM61-0.5Ca and ZMT612-0.5Ca alloys exhibit obvious DRX characteristics.CaMgSn phases can effectively inhibit dislocation motion with the addition of Sn,thus increasing the peak fl ow stress of the alloy.The addition of Sn increases the hot deformation activation energy of the ZM61-0.5Ca alloy from 199.654 kJ/mol to 276.649 kJ/mol,thus improving the thermal stability of the alloy.For the ZMT612-0.5Ca alloy,the optimal hot deformation parameters are determined to be a deformation temperature range of 350–400℃and a strain rate range of 0.001–0.01 s^(-1).
文摘Agricultural Products Processing and Storage(ISSN 3059-4510,Owner:Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.Production and hosting:Springer Nature)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal with the aim to offer a platform for the rapid dissemination of signifi cant,novel,and high-impact research in the fi elds of agricultural product processing science,technology,engineering,and nutrition.Additionally,supplemental issues are curated and published to facilitate in-depth discussions on special topics.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A20131)Innovative Research Team Development Program of Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.IRT17R83)111 Project(Grant No.B17034)。
文摘To improve braking performance and achieve lightweight in transport equipment,it is necessary to implement overall plastic forming manufacturing of the brake pad baseboard(BPB),which is the core safety component of the brake system.This study presents an innovative multi-DOF envelope forming(MDFEF)process to realize the plastic forming of BPB with thin skin and high reinforcing ribs.The MDFEF principle for BPB,and the design methods for the envelope mold are first presented.Through FE simulations,the behavior of metal flow,uneven growth pattern of reinforcing ribs,evolution of equivalent strain and evolution of forming force in MDFEF of BPB are investigated.To realize MDFEF,an innovative MDFEF equipment driven by parallel linkages is exploited.The force states of linkages in MDFEF are calculated,and the reasonable mold position is determined to reduce the maximum force on the linkages and improve the service performance of MDFEF equipment.The MDFEF experiments of BPB are conducted and qualified BPB is obtained,which demonstrates that the presented MDFEF process and equipment are applicable to manufacture BPB with thin skin and high reinforcing ribs.
基金Funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.52078321)。
文摘Calcium carboaluminate was successfully prepared by a simple and efficient one-step method,and the effects of temperature,time,raw material ratio,carbonate type and heavy CaCO_(3)particle size on the products were investigated in detail.The results show that increasing the temperature and extending the reaction time can enhance the yield and crystallisation degree of calcium carboaluminate.The proportion of Ca(OH)_(2),Al(OH)_(3)and CaCO_(3)is a pivotal factor in the synthesis of calcium carboaluminate.When the ratio of Ca(OH)_(2),Al(OH)_(3)and CaCO_(3)is 3:2:1,the diffraction peaks of calcium carboaluminate in the products are relatively sharp and strong.Furthermore,the purity and crystallinity of the synthesized calcium carboaluminate are higher when heavy CaCO_(3)with the particle size of 120 mesh is used as the carbonate raw material,in comparison to CO_(2),Na_(2)CO_(3)and light CaCO_(3).As results,a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of calcium carboaluminate is proposed,which will provide a solid experimental foundation and technical support for the industrial application of calcium carboaluminate in marine concrete.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4102903)。
文摘This study systematically conducted preparation optimization and performance investigations on Co-modified Ce/TiO_(2) catalysts,with a focus on examining how preparation methods and Co loading regulate the catalyst’s low-temperature denitrification activity.After identifying optimal preparation parameters via condition screening,multiple characterization techniques-including BET,XRD,XPS,H_(2)-TPR and in situ DRIFTS-were employed to deeply analyze the catalyst’s physicochemical properties and reaction mechanism.Results demonstrated that compared to the impregnation and co-precipitation methods,the Ce-Co_(0.025)/TiO_(2)-SG catalyst(prepared by the sol-gel method with a Co/Ti mass ratio of 0.025)exhibited significantly superior denitrification activity:NO conversion remained stably above 95%in the 225−350℃ temperature range,and it displayed high N_(2) selectivity.Characterization analysis revealed that abundant surface oxygen vacancies,a high proportion of Ce^(3+) species,and prominent acidic sites collectively contributed to enhancing its low-temperature denitrification performance.This work provides reference value for the development of highly efficient low-temperature denitrification catalysts.
基金Supported in part by Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2023GXNSFAA026246)in part by the Central Government's Guide to Local Science and Technology Development Fund(GuikeZY23055044)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62363003)。
文摘In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to obtain the maximal positive definite solution of nonlinear matrix equation X+A^(*)X|^(-α)A=Q with the case 0<α≤1.Based on this method,a new iterative algorithm is developed,and its convergence proof is given.Finally,two numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.U2139208 and 52278516Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,China Earthquake Administration under Grant No.2024D15Key Laboratory of Soft Soil Characteristic and Engineering Environment,Tianjin Chengjian University under Grant No.2022SCEEKL003。
文摘This study presents an effective hybrid simulation approach for simulating broadband ground motion in complex near-fault locations.The approach utilizes a deterministic approach based on the spectral element method(SEM),which is used to simulate low-frequency ground motion(f<1 Hz)by incorporating an innovative efficient discontinuous Galerkin(DG)method for grid division to accurately model basin sedimentary layers at reduced costs.It also introduces a comprehensive hybrid source model for high-frequency random scattering and a nonlinear analysis module for basin sedimentary layers.Deterministic outcomes are combined with modified three-dimensional stochastic finite fault method(3D-EXSIM)simulations of high-frequency ground motion(f>1 Hz).A fourth-order Butterworth filter with zero phase shift is employed for time-domain filtering of low-and high-frequency time series at a crossover frequency of 1 Hz,merging the low and high-frequency ground motions into a broadband time series.Taking an Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake,as an example,this hybrid method was used for a rapid and efficient simulation analysis of broadband ground motion in the region.The accuracy and efficiency of this hybrid method were verified through comparisons with actually observed station data and empirical attenuation curves.Deterministic method simulation results revealed the effects of mountainous topography,basin effects,nonlinear effects within the basin’s sedimentary layers,and a coupling interaction between the basin and the mountains.The findings are consistent with similar studies,showing that near-fault sedimentary basins significantly focus and amplify strong ground motion,and the soil’s nonlinear behavior in the basin influences ground motion to varying extents at different distances from the fault.The mountainous topography impacts the basin’s response to ground motion,leading to barrier effects.This research provides a scientific foundation for seismic zoning,urban planning,and seismic design in nearfault mountain basin regions.
文摘This study investigated the effects of xu-argument-based continuation writing on learners’processing of source texts.Seventy-five participants were randomly assigned to three conditions:(1)continuation writing,(2)summary writing,or(3)reading comprehension.Eye-tracking data were collected during reading,measuring early(first fixation duration,first pass duration)and late(go-past time,total fixation duration)eye movements.During writing,source-text rereading was tracked via fixation counts and durations.Results showed that task type did not affect initial lexical access,as first fixation duration showed no group differences.However,both production groups exhibited significantly longer first pass durations than the reading comprehension group.Late measures revealed a gradient pattern:the continuation writing group spent significantly longer gopast time and total fixation duration than the summary writing group,which exceeded the reading comprehension group.This indicates that continuation tasks promoted deeper cognitive engagement during reading.During writing,the continuation writing group spent more time rereading the source text with higher fixation counts than the summary writing group.These findings suggest that continuation writing triggers more intensive reader-text interaction during pre-writing and enhances comprehension-production coupling through sustained attention to input during writing.This study sheds light on the cognitive mechanisms underlying the theoretical and pedagogical value of xu-argument.
基金supported by the Foundation of National Dairy Technology Innovation Center(2022-Open Funding Project-12)Foundation of National Dairy Technology Innovation Center(2022-Scientific Research-9)+2 种基金Key Project of National Dairy Innovation Research Center of Inner Mongolia(2021-National Dairy Innovation Research Center-8)Key Projects of Research Operating Expenses of Provincial Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province(CZKYF2021-2-B017)Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(ZD2022C007).
文摘Suancai has a lengthy history and a wide range of categories,which has some influence on the pickled diet culture around the world.Suancai production is transitioning to a large-scale,standardized production due to the growth of the market.It has a unique flavor and is rich in nutrients,and its abundance of free amino acids,vitamins and phenolics has many positive effects on the human body.This review gives the types and history of suancai,as well as its impact on the world’s pickled culture.The changes in nutritional composition and flavor of suancai during fermentation are summarized.It presented the production technology and influencing factors of the northeast suancai,examined the quality and safety issues in suancai,and put forth some ideas and opinions on the standardization development of the suancai industry.It also summarized the geographic distribution and flora diversity of pickles around the world.In order to provide some knowledge and guidance for the promotion of modern industrial production in the suancai industry.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project under Grants 2020YFA0715000,62075081,and 20220402011GH。
文摘Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable patterning,arraying capabilities,three-dimensional(3D)processing,and high precision.Recent advancements in laser technologies have demonstrated their effectiveness as powerful tools for micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials.By utilizing various laser techniques—such as laser-induced polymerization,laser ablation,laser-induced transfer,laser-directed assembly,and laser-assisted crystallization—broad applications in image sensors,displays,solar cells,lasers,anti-counterfeiting,and information encryption have been enabled.This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the laser micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials,including the technologies used for preparation,patterning,arraying,and modification.These laser fabrication methods uniquely provide capabilities such as annealing,phase transitions,and ion exchange in optoelectronic materials.We also discuss the perspectives and challenges for future developments,including the advantages,disadvantages,and potential applications of different laser micro-nano processing technologies.With the rapid advancements in laser micro-nanofabrication,we foresee significant growth in advanced,high-performance optoelectronic applications.This review aims to provide researchers with insights into the current state and future prospects of laser-based micro-nano processing,encouraging further exploration and innovation in this promising field.
基金Supported by Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program (Grant No.T20220120).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a quantitative assessment method for the textural quality of chieh-qua fruit.[Methods]Using two modes of a texture analyzer,namely TPA(texture profile analysis)and puncture,the index data of the fruit were obtained by setting different trigger forces,deformation levels,test speeds,as well as puncture speeds and puncture depths.The data included TPA hardness,adhesiveness,springiness,cohesiveness,gumminess,chewiness,resilience,as well as skin hardness,skin toughness,flesh hardness,fracturability,and compactness.[Results]Different deformation levels had a significant impact on all parameters.Hardness,adhesiveness,gumminess and chewiness showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the deformation level increasing.When the deformation level was 30%,the adhesiveness,gumminess and chewiness reached their maximum values.When the deformation level was 50%,TPA hardness reached its maximum.When the compression speed was 3 mm/s,the measured values of TPA hardness,adhesiveness,chewiness,and resilience were at their maximums.The skin hardness varied significantly under different trigger forces.When the trigger force was 15 g,the skin hardness reached a maximum value of 944.63 g,and the skin toughness,flesh hardness,fracturability,and compactness also reach their maximum values respectively.When the puncture depth was 12 mm,the flesh hardness and skin toughness reached their maximums of 682.51 g and 1.82 mm,respectively.In the TPA mode,the flesh hardness of chieh-qua showed an extremely significant negative correlation with springiness,cohesiveness,and resilience(P<0.01).The fruit fracturability detected by puncture had an extremely significant positive correlation with compactness(P<0.01).[Conclusions]The evaluation method for measuring chieh-qua texture by combining TPA and the puncture mode could accurately and quantitatively reflect the differences in the flesh texture quality of chieh-qua.The optimal parameters for texture measurement of chieh-qua fruit were determined as a 15 g trigger force with 50%deformation and a 3 mm/s compression speed in TPA mode,and a 15 g trigger force with a 12 mm puncture depth in puncture mode.Puncture speed was found to have no significant effect on the texture indices of chieh-qua.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42130719 and 42177173)the Doctoral Direct Train Project of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.CSTB2023NSCQ-BSX0029).
文摘Underground engineering projects such as deep tunnel excavation often encounter rockburst disasters accompanied by numerous microseismic events.Rapid interpretation of microseismic signals is crucial for the timely identification of rockbursts.However,conventional processing encompasses multi-step workflows,including classification,denoising,picking,locating,and computational analysis,coupled with manual intervention,which collectively compromise the reliability of early warnings.To address these challenges,this study innovatively proposes the“microseismic stethoscope"-a multi-task machine learning and deep learning model designed for the automated processing of massive microseismic signals.This model efficiently extracts three key parameters that are necessary for recognizing rockburst disasters:rupture location,microseismic energy,and moment magnitude.Specifically,the model extracts raw waveform features from three dedicated sub-networks:a classifier for source zone classification,and two regressors for microseismic energy and moment magnitude estimation.This model demonstrates superior efficiency compared to traditional processing and semi-automated processing,reducing per-event processing time from 0.71 s to 0.49 s to merely 0.036 s.It concurrently achieves 98%accuracy in source zone classification,with microseismic energy and moment magnitude estimation errors of 0.13 and 0.05,respectively.This model has been well applied and validated in the Daxiagu Tunnel case in Sichuan,China.The application results indicate that the model is as accurate as traditional methods in determining source parameters,and thus can be used to identify potential geomechanical processes of rockburst disasters.By enhancing the signal processing reliability of microseismic events,the proposed model in this study presents a significant advancement in the identification of rockburst disasters.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52405095,12272089,and 92360305)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of China(No.2023A1515110557)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China(No.2023-BSBA-102)the Open Fund of National Key Laboratory of Particle Transport and Separation Technology of China(No.WZKF-2024-6)the Open Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automobile Components and Vehicle Technology of China(Nos.2024GKLACVTKF07 and 2024GKLACVTKF06)the Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education of China(No.JYTQN2023162)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.N2403022)。
文摘The testing of large structures is limited by high costs and long cycles, making scaling methods an attractive solution. However, the scaling process of elastic rings introduces complexities in multi-parameter geometric distortions, leading to a diminution in the predictive accuracy of the distorted similitude. To address this challenge, this study formulates a novel set of scaling laws, tailored to account for the intricate geometric distortions associated with elastic rings. The proposed scaling laws are formulated based on the intrinsic deformation characteristics of elastic rings, rather than the traditional systemic governing equations. Numerical and experimental cases are conducted to assess the efficacy and precision of the proposed scaling laws, and the obtained results are compared with those achieved by traditional methods. The outcomes demonstrate that the scaling laws put forth by this study significantly enhance the predictive capabilities for deformations of elastic rings.
