A new multi-target filtering algorithm, termed as the Gaussian sum probability hypothesis density （GSPHD） filter, is proposed for nonlinear non-Gaussian tracking models. Provided that the initial prior intensity of ...A new multi-target filtering algorithm, termed as the Gaussian sum probability hypothesis density （GSPHD） filter, is proposed for nonlinear non-Gaussian tracking models. Provided that the initial prior intensity of the states is Gaussian or can be identified as a Gaussian sum, the analytical results of the algorithm show that the posterior intensity at any subsequent time step remains a Gaussian sum under the assumption that the state noise, the measurement noise, target spawn intensity, new target birth intensity, target survival probability, and detection probability are all Gaussian sums. The analysis also shows that the existing Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density （GMPHD） filter, which is unsuitable for handling the non-Gaussian noise cases, is no more than a special case of the proposed algorithm, which fills the shortage of incapability of treating non-Gaussian noise. The multi-target tracking simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed GSPHD.展开更多
Understanding the historical development of civilization in the Western Regions of China necessitates a detailed chronology and an in-depth analysis of the developmental dynamics of Ancient Loulan City(LA).However,sys...Understanding the historical development of civilization in the Western Regions of China necessitates a detailed chronology and an in-depth analysis of the developmental dynamics of Ancient Loulan City(LA).However,systematic chronological investigations of specific archaeological sites within LA remain scarce,leaving the construction and occupation dates of many sites,along with the urban extent and development phases,unclear.To address these gaps,we established the Loulan Radiocarbon Dating Database and applied the summed probability distribution(SPD)method to reconstruct the chronology of individual sites and the urban development trajectory of LA.Our findings reveal the following:(1)Between~500 BC and~200 BC,only site units LA-Ⅰand LA-Ⅷexisted,representing a nascent village phase;(2)From~200 BC to~AD 100,the construction of LA-IV marked the transition to an urban phase,as evidenced by abundant plant and animal remains that indicate a blend of agricultural and pastoral practices;(3)From~AD 100 to~AD 400,the remaining site units were constructed,occupied,and utilized,signifying the urban phase.This period saw the emergence of complex social stratification,with roles such as monks,soldiers,officials,and blacksmiths shaping the city's structure.These chronological insights provide a new understanding of LA's urban evolution,offering critical evidence for its socio-economic transformation.展开更多
How various peoples crossed geographical barriers,were affected by climate change and human-made technologies comprise some of the most interesting quandaries in the history of cultures.This paper considers the Hu lin...How various peoples crossed geographical barriers,were affected by climate change and human-made technologies comprise some of the most interesting quandaries in the history of cultures.This paper considers the Hu line,which is a major boundary between population centres and different environments in China.The boundary became evident approximately 11,400 years ago;however,evidence suggests that people crossed through at 5200,3800,and 2800 cal a BP,facilitating the increases of the trans-Eurasian exchange.The timings of the crossings correspond to the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon that triggers seesaw changes of precipitation in western and eastern China.This analysis demonstrates that climate change on a millennial-to-centennial scale can have a profound influence on population distribution with long-term consequences.展开更多
Let X, X1, X2,… be i.i.d, random variables, and set Sn =X1＋…＋Xn,Mn=maxk≤n｜Sk｜,n≥1.Let an=o（√log n）.By using the strong approximation, we prove that, if EX = 0,
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (60572023)
文摘A new multi-target filtering algorithm, termed as the Gaussian sum probability hypothesis density （GSPHD） filter, is proposed for nonlinear non-Gaussian tracking models. Provided that the initial prior intensity of the states is Gaussian or can be identified as a Gaussian sum, the analytical results of the algorithm show that the posterior intensity at any subsequent time step remains a Gaussian sum under the assumption that the state noise, the measurement noise, target spawn intensity, new target birth intensity, target survival probability, and detection probability are all Gaussian sums. The analysis also shows that the existing Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density （GMPHD） filter, which is unsuitable for handling the non-Gaussian noise cases, is no more than a special case of the proposed algorithm, which fills the shortage of incapability of treating non-Gaussian noise. The multi-target tracking simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed GSPHD.
基金Strategy Priority Research Program(Category B)of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.XDB0710000National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFF0801502National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42071103,No.42471175,No.42242104。
文摘Understanding the historical development of civilization in the Western Regions of China necessitates a detailed chronology and an in-depth analysis of the developmental dynamics of Ancient Loulan City(LA).However,systematic chronological investigations of specific archaeological sites within LA remain scarce,leaving the construction and occupation dates of many sites,along with the urban extent and development phases,unclear.To address these gaps,we established the Loulan Radiocarbon Dating Database and applied the summed probability distribution(SPD)method to reconstruct the chronology of individual sites and the urban development trajectory of LA.Our findings reveal the following:(1)Between~500 BC and~200 BC,only site units LA-Ⅰand LA-Ⅷexisted,representing a nascent village phase;(2)From~200 BC to~AD 100,the construction of LA-IV marked the transition to an urban phase,as evidenced by abundant plant and animal remains that indicate a blend of agricultural and pastoral practices;(3)From~AD 100 to~AD 400,the remaining site units were constructed,occupied,and utilized,signifying the urban phase.This period saw the emergence of complex social stratification,with roles such as monks,soldiers,officials,and blacksmiths shaping the city's structure.These chronological insights provide a new understanding of LA's urban evolution,offering critical evidence for its socio-economic transformation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41888101,41830322)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB26000000)+1 种基金the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2020YFC1521605)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘How various peoples crossed geographical barriers,were affected by climate change and human-made technologies comprise some of the most interesting quandaries in the history of cultures.This paper considers the Hu line,which is a major boundary between population centres and different environments in China.The boundary became evident approximately 11,400 years ago;however,evidence suggests that people crossed through at 5200,3800,and 2800 cal a BP,facilitating the increases of the trans-Eurasian exchange.The timings of the crossings correspond to the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon that triggers seesaw changes of precipitation in western and eastern China.This analysis demonstrates that climate change on a millennial-to-centennial scale can have a profound influence on population distribution with long-term consequences.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10771192)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.J20091364)
文摘Let X, X1, X2,… be i.i.d, random variables, and set Sn =X1＋…＋Xn,Mn=maxk≤n｜Sk｜,n≥1.Let an=o（√log n）.By using the strong approximation, we prove that, if EX = 0,
