In 2005,the Chinese Company Law was revised for the first time in statutory form introduced Piercing the Corporate Veil.The establishment of this article will benefit Chinese legal system to prevent misuse of company ...In 2005,the Chinese Company Law was revised for the first time in statutory form introduced Piercing the Corporate Veil.The establishment of this article will benefit Chinese legal system to prevent misuse of company law risk,ensure the safety of transactions,safeguard the interests of the creditors,maintenance social and economic order,and to promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Nevertheless,as the abstraction of the provisions,lack of maneuverability,waiting in further refined standstill.展开更多
Based on test data from the hot forge experiments on Gleeble 1500, a Kumar type constitutive equation for 33Mn2V steel is established. Applying this constitutive equation in commercial FEM software of MSC/SuperForm 20...Based on test data from the hot forge experiments on Gleeble 1500, a Kumar type constitutive equation for 33Mn2V steel is established. Applying this constitutive equation in commercial FEM software of MSC/SuperForm 2005, the piercing process of 33Mn2V steel in Mannesmann mill is then simulated. The modeling results visualized the dynamic evolution of equivalent stress, especially inside the workpieee. It is shown that the non-uniform distribu- tion of stress on the internal and external surface of the workpiece is a distinct characteristic of processing tube pierc- ing. The numerical model was verified by comparing the values of calculated force parameters of the piercing process with those measured in laboratory eonditions. And it shows that the Kumar-type constitutive relationship meets the practical needs.展开更多
Demand for high-speed marine vehicles (HSMVs) is high among both commercial and naval users. It is the duty of the marine vessel's designer to provide a hull and propulsion system that diminishes drag, improves pr...Demand for high-speed marine vehicles (HSMVs) is high among both commercial and naval users. It is the duty of the marine vessel's designer to provide a hull and propulsion system that diminishes drag, improves propulsive efficiency, increases safety and improves maneuverability. From the propulsor side, surface piercing propellers (SPPs) should improve performance. Unlike immersed propellers, behavior of the SPP is affected by depth of immersion, Weber number and shaft inclination angle. This paper uses a practical numerical method to predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of an SPP. The critical advance velocity ratio is derived using the Weber number and pitch ratio in the transition mode, then the potential based boundary element method (BEM) is used on the engaged surfaces. Two models of three and six-bladed SPPs (SPP-1 and SPP-2) were selected and some results are shown.展开更多
Mg alloy seamless tubes(MASTs)were prepared through three-high rotary piercing process,effect of billet temperature,feed angle and plug advance on microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of tubes were investi...Mg alloy seamless tubes(MASTs)were prepared through three-high rotary piercing process,effect of billet temperature,feed angle and plug advance on microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of tubes were investigated.The effect on the deformation mechanism and improving mechanical properties mechanism of this process for MASTs were studied.The results show that the grain size could be refined to 11.3-31.1%of the initial grain size and the microstructure was more uniform due to the accumulation of strain.The formation of high strain gradient at the grain boundary activated the non-basal slip.This piercing process could change the grain orientation of as-extruded billet and eliminate the initial basal texture to produce new favorable texture.And the process could accelerate the continuous dynamic recrystallization process.After piercing,yield strength of pierced tubes decreased by 6.7%,ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and elongation increased by 32.4 and 45%,respectively,at optimal parameters.The plate-shapedβ_(1)-Mg_(17)Al_(12) orientation transformed from basal plates to prismatic plates,facilitating the increase in UTS and ductility.The decrease size of nanoscale precipitates could reduce the cracking possibility.The critical resolved shear stress ratios of pyramidal(10−11)slip and(11−22)slip to basal slip for the sample including prismatic plates both decreased compared to that including basal plates.This could enhance the ductility of tube sample.Moreover,grain boundary sliding could contribute to a better ductility via coordinating deformation and reducing stress concentration during piercing process.展开更多
Present paper researches the theoretical method for calculating the wave resistance of wave piercing catamarans.As an example the wave resistance of a wave piercing csatamaran is calculated.The comparison among the th...Present paper researches the theoretical method for calculating the wave resistance of wave piercing catamarans.As an example the wave resistance of a wave piercing csatamaran is calculated.The comparison among the theoretical calculation results,the model test results and the diagram evaluation results shows the efficiency of present theoretical method.At last the dependence wave resistance of wave piercing catamarans on some parameters is investigated based on the theoretical method.展开更多
Energy consumption is an important quality index in the production of seamless tubes. The complex factors affecting energy consumption make it difficult to build its mechanism model, and optimization is also very diff...Energy consumption is an important quality index in the production of seamless tubes. The complex factors affecting energy consumption make it difficult to build its mechanism model, and optimization is also very difficult, if not impossible. The piercing process was divided into three parts based on the production process, and an energy consumption prediction model was proposed based on the step mean value staged multiway partial least square meth- od. On the basis of the batch process prediction model, a genetic algorithm was adopted to calculate the optimum mean value of each process parameter and the minimum piercing energy consumption. Simulation proves that the op- timization method based on the energy consumption prediction model can obtain the optimum process parameters effectively and also provide reliable evidences for practical production.展开更多
Keloids are tissue repair formed by exuberant fibrosis appearing after a skin wound, burn, vaccination or post inflammatory (folliculitis or acne lesion). This condition causes standard aesthetic prejudice to those wh...Keloids are tissue repair formed by exuberant fibrosis appearing after a skin wound, burn, vaccination or post inflammatory (folliculitis or acne lesion). This condition causes standard aesthetic prejudice to those who are affected. Its management is difficult and its evolution meshes recurrences. We report here a case of giant keloid in the right ear lobe after a piercing and its support.展开更多
This paper takes the practice of through jack in steel beam demolition as the research object. Firstly, it briefly introduces the case of steel beam demolition. Then, combined with this engineering case, it discusses ...This paper takes the practice of through jack in steel beam demolition as the research object. Firstly, it briefly introduces the case of steel beam demolition. Then, combined with this engineering case, it discusses and analyzes the application method of through jack in steel beam demolition, focuses on the construction process scheme of vertical lowering of through jack, and analyzes the principle of the scheme. Finally, some practical points of through jack in steel beam erection are put forward, hoping to provide some reference for relevant research.展开更多
The development and application of large Die⁃Casting Al Alloy(DCAA)parts and Thermo⁃Formed Steel Sheets(TFSS)in Body⁃in⁃White(BIW)have created higher demands for the joining technology of high⁃strength steel/Al dissim...The development and application of large Die⁃Casting Al Alloy(DCAA)parts and Thermo⁃Formed Steel Sheets(TFSS)in Body⁃in⁃White(BIW)have created higher demands for the joining technology of high⁃strength steel/Al dissimilar materials.As an emerging technology,Flush Self⁃Piercing Riveting(FSPR)is still in the experimental phase and undergoing small batch equipment verification.This paper focuses on the joining methods for DCAA and TFSS in BIW,investigating the joining mechanisms,technical features,and forming principles of FSPR for steel/Al dissimilar materials with two⁃layer or three⁃layer plate combinations.Considering the TL4225/C611/CR5 sheet combination as a subject,the forming mechanism of high⁃quality joints was studied,and a physical and mathematical model was established to depict the relationship between the filling amount of the arc⁃gap and die dimensions,as well as the extrusion amount.This model effectively illustrates the relationship between the filling amount of the flowing metal in the arc⁃gap and critical parameters,such as die dimensions and feeding amounts.By simplifying the process of selecting joining parameters,it significantly reduces both the time and experimental workload associated with parameter selection.This provides a technical foundation for the application of DAAA and TFSS parts in BIW,enabling the rapid choice of appropriate joining parameters to meet the requirements for obtaining high⁃quality joints.The model can be effectively utilized to investigate the relationships between key parameters,including arc⁃gap radius,plate thickness,rivet arc radius,nail head radius,groove width,and feeding amount,while keeping other parameters constant.This approach provides a theoretical foundation for the design of Friction Stir Processing(FSP)joints and aids in the selection of optimal parameters.展开更多
This paper analyses the geometrical analogue rules of explosively formed projectile (EFP) penetrating armours with the help of similarity theory, and establishes EFP penetrating armour simulation law. Based on the si...This paper analyses the geometrical analogue rules of explosively formed projectile (EFP) penetrating armours with the help of similarity theory, and establishes EFP penetrating armour simulation law. Based on the simulation law established here, prototype experiments and model experiments with the simulation ratio of 1.33 are designed, and the penetrating armour experiments with 45 # carbon steel plates are separately conducted. By means of data processing of experimental results, it is concluded that EFP penetrating armour simulation law established is tenable.展开更多
This paper designs a high-frequency stable wireless amplitude modulation(AM)system based on a Pierce circuit.The system utilizes an oscillator and comparator to generate a 20 kHz square wave with an adjustable duty cy...This paper designs a high-frequency stable wireless amplitude modulation(AM)system based on a Pierce circuit.The system utilizes an oscillator and comparator to generate a 20 kHz square wave with an adjustable duty cycle,combined with a 41 MHz carrier wave produced by a passive crystal oscillator Pierce circuit.A 100% modulation index amplitude modulation is achieved through the AD835 multiplier.The modulated signal is amplified by a power amplifier circuit and transmitted wirelessly via the transmitter antenna.Upon reception,the signal undergoes two-stage highfrequency amplification before passing through a Schottky diode envelope detector.The NE5532 shaping circuit then restores the square wave.Experimental results demonstrate reliable 11-meter transmission with carrier frequency deviation<0.75% and demodulation error<1%.展开更多
With the aid of FE （finite element） code MSC.Superform 2005, 2-D coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of center-crack occurrence in round billet during 2-roll rotary rolling process was presented using Oyane ductile...With the aid of FE （finite element） code MSC.Superform 2005, 2-D coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of center-crack occurrence in round billet during 2-roll rotary rolling process was presented using Oyane ductile fracture criteria. A simple modeling is put forward based on the spiral motion of the workpiece as an essential characteristic in movement. The influence of the feed angle and the entry cone angle of the main roll on the process was taken into account in the modeling. The soundness for simplifying the 3-D rotary rolling into a 2-D problem was discussed. By adopting the parameters of Diescher piercer in 140mm mandrel mill of Bao Steel, the distribution and development of strain/stress were analyzed, and the eigen value of ductile fracture as well. The critical percentage of diameter reduction was obtained from the simulation. The result showed a good agreement with the experimental value, and therefore was of widely guiding significance to the practical process for rationally formulating the deformation parameters of steel tube piercing.展开更多
The finite element method(FEM)is used for simulation of the tube piercing process in Mannesmann mill.The numerical model is described with taking into consideration thermal phenomena in metal during forming. The simul...The finite element method(FEM)is used for simulation of the tube piercing process in Mannesmann mill.The numerical model is described with taking into consideration thermal phenomena in metal during forming. The simulated results visualize dynamic distributions of mean stresses,temperature,velocity and shear stresses, especially inside the workpiece.On the basis of the basic parameters,the phenomenon in the piercing process is analyzed.The model is verified by comparing the values of calculated force parameters of the piercing process and those measured in laboratory conditions.展开更多
The isothermal compression tests of C71500 copper-nickel alloy at different temperatures (1 073-1 273 K) and strain rates (0.01-10 s^-1) were carried out on Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator.The real stress-str...The isothermal compression tests of C71500 copper-nickel alloy at different temperatures (1 073-1 273 K) and strain rates (0.01-10 s^-1) were carried out on Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator.The real stress-strain data were obtained.On the basis of dynamic material model,the power dissipation was established.The peak efficiency of the power dissipation is 57%.At the same time,Prasad’s,Murty’s and Babu’s instability criteria based on Ziegler’s expectant rheology theory,and Gegel’s and Malas’s instability criteria based on Lyaponov’s function theory,were used to predict the unstable regions in the processing map.The maximum entropy generation rate and large plastic deformation principle are more in line with the hot deformation process of C71500 alloy,so the accuracy of Prasad’s instability criterion is much better.According to the obtained macro-crack and micro-metallographic structure morphologies,the temperature range of 1 098-1 156 K and the strain rate range of 2.91-10 s^-1,and the temperature range of 1 171-1 273 K and the strain rate range of 0.01-0.33 s^-1 are more suitable for the processing area of C71500 alloy.The accuracy of the above conclusions were verified by the forging of materials and the analysis of hot piercing tubes.The significance of this paper is to provide theoretical basis and technological conditions for hot-press processing of C71500 alloy.展开更多
High velocity ballistic impact deformation behaviour of Titanium/GFRP Fiber Metal Laminates(FML)has been explored.Both single and multiple projectiles impact conditions were considered.Ti/GFRP FML targets were fabrica...High velocity ballistic impact deformation behaviour of Titanium/GFRP Fiber Metal Laminates(FML)has been explored.Both single and multiple projectiles impact conditions were considered.Ti/GFRP FML targets were fabricated with addition of 5%and 10%weight percentage of boron carbide(B_(4)C)particles.Mechanical properties of Ti/GFRP FML targets were determined as per ASTM standards.High velocity ballistic experiments were conducted using Armour Piercing Projectile(APP)of diameter 7.62 mm and velocity ranging between 350 and 450 m/s.Depth of penetration of the projectile into the target was measured.The deformation behaviour of Ti/GFRP targets with and without the presence of ceramic powder(B_(4)C)was investigated.“Ductile hole growth”failure mode was observed for pure GFRP target when subjected to single projectile impact whereas“plugging”failure mode was noted for Ti/GFRP targets.The presence of B_(4)C(5%by weight)particles has significantly improved the ballistic resistance of the Ti/GFRP FML target by offering frictional resistance to the projectile penetration.Further addition(10%by weight)of B_(4)C has reduced the ballistic performance due to agglomeration.None of the targets showed‘brittle cracking’or‘fragmentation’failures.When compared to the published results of Aluminium(Al 1100/GFRP and Al 6061/GFRP)FMLs,Ti/GFRP FML showed lesser DoP which increases its potential application to aerospace industry.展开更多
文摘In 2005,the Chinese Company Law was revised for the first time in statutory form introduced Piercing the Corporate Veil.The establishment of this article will benefit Chinese legal system to prevent misuse of company law risk,ensure the safety of transactions,safeguard the interests of the creditors,maintenance social and economic order,and to promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Nevertheless,as the abstraction of the provisions,lack of maneuverability,waiting in further refined standstill.
基金Item Sponsored by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation of China(06YFJ MJC02200,11JCZDJC22600)
文摘Based on test data from the hot forge experiments on Gleeble 1500, a Kumar type constitutive equation for 33Mn2V steel is established. Applying this constitutive equation in commercial FEM software of MSC/SuperForm 2005, the piercing process of 33Mn2V steel in Mannesmann mill is then simulated. The modeling results visualized the dynamic evolution of equivalent stress, especially inside the workpieee. It is shown that the non-uniform distribu- tion of stress on the internal and external surface of the workpiece is a distinct characteristic of processing tube pierc- ing. The numerical model was verified by comparing the values of calculated force parameters of the piercing process with those measured in laboratory eonditions. And it shows that the Kumar-type constitutive relationship meets the practical needs.
文摘Demand for high-speed marine vehicles (HSMVs) is high among both commercial and naval users. It is the duty of the marine vessel's designer to provide a hull and propulsion system that diminishes drag, improves propulsive efficiency, increases safety and improves maneuverability. From the propulsor side, surface piercing propellers (SPPs) should improve performance. Unlike immersed propellers, behavior of the SPP is affected by depth of immersion, Weber number and shaft inclination angle. This paper uses a practical numerical method to predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of an SPP. The critical advance velocity ratio is derived using the Weber number and pitch ratio in the transition mode, then the potential based boundary element method (BEM) is used on the engaged surfaces. Two models of three and six-bladed SPPs (SPP-1 and SPP-2) were selected and some results are shown.
基金the PhD Scientific Research Startup Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.20202002)the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.202103021223287)+1 种基金the Shanxi Province Key Technology Project(No.20191102009)the Shanxi Province Key Project of Research and Development Plan(No.201903D121049).
文摘Mg alloy seamless tubes(MASTs)were prepared through three-high rotary piercing process,effect of billet temperature,feed angle and plug advance on microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of tubes were investigated.The effect on the deformation mechanism and improving mechanical properties mechanism of this process for MASTs were studied.The results show that the grain size could be refined to 11.3-31.1%of the initial grain size and the microstructure was more uniform due to the accumulation of strain.The formation of high strain gradient at the grain boundary activated the non-basal slip.This piercing process could change the grain orientation of as-extruded billet and eliminate the initial basal texture to produce new favorable texture.And the process could accelerate the continuous dynamic recrystallization process.After piercing,yield strength of pierced tubes decreased by 6.7%,ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and elongation increased by 32.4 and 45%,respectively,at optimal parameters.The plate-shapedβ_(1)-Mg_(17)Al_(12) orientation transformed from basal plates to prismatic plates,facilitating the increase in UTS and ductility.The decrease size of nanoscale precipitates could reduce the cracking possibility.The critical resolved shear stress ratios of pyramidal(10−11)slip and(11−22)slip to basal slip for the sample including prismatic plates both decreased compared to that including basal plates.This could enhance the ductility of tube sample.Moreover,grain boundary sliding could contribute to a better ductility via coordinating deformation and reducing stress concentration during piercing process.
文摘Present paper researches the theoretical method for calculating the wave resistance of wave piercing catamarans.As an example the wave resistance of a wave piercing csatamaran is calculated.The comparison among the theoretical calculation results,the model test results and the diagram evaluation results shows the efficiency of present theoretical method.At last the dependence wave resistance of wave piercing catamarans on some parameters is investigated based on the theoretical method.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (60674063)
文摘Energy consumption is an important quality index in the production of seamless tubes. The complex factors affecting energy consumption make it difficult to build its mechanism model, and optimization is also very difficult, if not impossible. The piercing process was divided into three parts based on the production process, and an energy consumption prediction model was proposed based on the step mean value staged multiway partial least square meth- od. On the basis of the batch process prediction model, a genetic algorithm was adopted to calculate the optimum mean value of each process parameter and the minimum piercing energy consumption. Simulation proves that the op- timization method based on the energy consumption prediction model can obtain the optimum process parameters effectively and also provide reliable evidences for practical production.
文摘Keloids are tissue repair formed by exuberant fibrosis appearing after a skin wound, burn, vaccination or post inflammatory (folliculitis or acne lesion). This condition causes standard aesthetic prejudice to those who are affected. Its management is difficult and its evolution meshes recurrences. We report here a case of giant keloid in the right ear lobe after a piercing and its support.
文摘This paper takes the practice of through jack in steel beam demolition as the research object. Firstly, it briefly introduces the case of steel beam demolition. Then, combined with this engineering case, it discusses and analyzes the application method of through jack in steel beam demolition, focuses on the construction process scheme of vertical lowering of through jack, and analyzes the principle of the scheme. Finally, some practical points of through jack in steel beam erection are put forward, hoping to provide some reference for relevant research.
文摘The development and application of large Die⁃Casting Al Alloy(DCAA)parts and Thermo⁃Formed Steel Sheets(TFSS)in Body⁃in⁃White(BIW)have created higher demands for the joining technology of high⁃strength steel/Al dissimilar materials.As an emerging technology,Flush Self⁃Piercing Riveting(FSPR)is still in the experimental phase and undergoing small batch equipment verification.This paper focuses on the joining methods for DCAA and TFSS in BIW,investigating the joining mechanisms,technical features,and forming principles of FSPR for steel/Al dissimilar materials with two⁃layer or three⁃layer plate combinations.Considering the TL4225/C611/CR5 sheet combination as a subject,the forming mechanism of high⁃quality joints was studied,and a physical and mathematical model was established to depict the relationship between the filling amount of the arc⁃gap and die dimensions,as well as the extrusion amount.This model effectively illustrates the relationship between the filling amount of the flowing metal in the arc⁃gap and critical parameters,such as die dimensions and feeding amounts.By simplifying the process of selecting joining parameters,it significantly reduces both the time and experimental workload associated with parameter selection.This provides a technical foundation for the application of DAAA and TFSS parts in BIW,enabling the rapid choice of appropriate joining parameters to meet the requirements for obtaining high⁃quality joints.The model can be effectively utilized to investigate the relationships between key parameters,including arc⁃gap radius,plate thickness,rivet arc radius,nail head radius,groove width,and feeding amount,while keeping other parameters constant.This approach provides a theoretical foundation for the design of Friction Stir Processing(FSP)joints and aids in the selection of optimal parameters.
文摘This paper analyses the geometrical analogue rules of explosively formed projectile (EFP) penetrating armours with the help of similarity theory, and establishes EFP penetrating armour simulation law. Based on the simulation law established here, prototype experiments and model experiments with the simulation ratio of 1.33 are designed, and the penetrating armour experiments with 45 # carbon steel plates are separately conducted. By means of data processing of experimental results, it is concluded that EFP penetrating armour simulation law established is tenable.
文摘This paper designs a high-frequency stable wireless amplitude modulation(AM)system based on a Pierce circuit.The system utilizes an oscillator and comparator to generate a 20 kHz square wave with an adjustable duty cycle,combined with a 41 MHz carrier wave produced by a passive crystal oscillator Pierce circuit.A 100% modulation index amplitude modulation is achieved through the AD835 multiplier.The modulated signal is amplified by a power amplifier circuit and transmitted wirelessly via the transmitter antenna.Upon reception,the signal undergoes two-stage highfrequency amplification before passing through a Schottky diode envelope detector.The NE5532 shaping circuit then restores the square wave.Experimental results demonstrate reliable 11-meter transmission with carrier frequency deviation<0.75% and demodulation error<1%.
文摘With the aid of FE （finite element） code MSC.Superform 2005, 2-D coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of center-crack occurrence in round billet during 2-roll rotary rolling process was presented using Oyane ductile fracture criteria. A simple modeling is put forward based on the spiral motion of the workpiece as an essential characteristic in movement. The influence of the feed angle and the entry cone angle of the main roll on the process was taken into account in the modeling. The soundness for simplifying the 3-D rotary rolling into a 2-D problem was discussed. By adopting the parameters of Diescher piercer in 140mm mandrel mill of Bao Steel, the distribution and development of strain/stress were analyzed, and the eigen value of ductile fracture as well. The critical percentage of diameter reduction was obtained from the simulation. The result showed a good agreement with the experimental value, and therefore was of widely guiding significance to the practical process for rationally formulating the deformation parameters of steel tube piercing.
基金the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (Nos.06YFJMJC02200 and 11JCZDJC22600)Wuxi Steel Tube Factory for its financial support
文摘The finite element method(FEM)is used for simulation of the tube piercing process in Mannesmann mill.The numerical model is described with taking into consideration thermal phenomena in metal during forming. The simulated results visualize dynamic distributions of mean stresses,temperature,velocity and shear stresses, especially inside the workpiece.On the basis of the basic parameters,the phenomenon in the piercing process is analyzed.The model is verified by comparing the values of calculated force parameters of the piercing process and those measured in laboratory conditions.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51801149)the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China(TC170A2KN-8)。
文摘The isothermal compression tests of C71500 copper-nickel alloy at different temperatures (1 073-1 273 K) and strain rates (0.01-10 s^-1) were carried out on Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator.The real stress-strain data were obtained.On the basis of dynamic material model,the power dissipation was established.The peak efficiency of the power dissipation is 57%.At the same time,Prasad’s,Murty’s and Babu’s instability criteria based on Ziegler’s expectant rheology theory,and Gegel’s and Malas’s instability criteria based on Lyaponov’s function theory,were used to predict the unstable regions in the processing map.The maximum entropy generation rate and large plastic deformation principle are more in line with the hot deformation process of C71500 alloy,so the accuracy of Prasad’s instability criterion is much better.According to the obtained macro-crack and micro-metallographic structure morphologies,the temperature range of 1 098-1 156 K and the strain rate range of 2.91-10 s^-1,and the temperature range of 1 171-1 273 K and the strain rate range of 0.01-0.33 s^-1 are more suitable for the processing area of C71500 alloy.The accuracy of the above conclusions were verified by the forging of materials and the analysis of hot piercing tubes.The significance of this paper is to provide theoretical basis and technological conditions for hot-press processing of C71500 alloy.
基金the financial support received from the management of SSN。
文摘High velocity ballistic impact deformation behaviour of Titanium/GFRP Fiber Metal Laminates(FML)has been explored.Both single and multiple projectiles impact conditions were considered.Ti/GFRP FML targets were fabricated with addition of 5%and 10%weight percentage of boron carbide(B_(4)C)particles.Mechanical properties of Ti/GFRP FML targets were determined as per ASTM standards.High velocity ballistic experiments were conducted using Armour Piercing Projectile(APP)of diameter 7.62 mm and velocity ranging between 350 and 450 m/s.Depth of penetration of the projectile into the target was measured.The deformation behaviour of Ti/GFRP targets with and without the presence of ceramic powder(B_(4)C)was investigated.“Ductile hole growth”failure mode was observed for pure GFRP target when subjected to single projectile impact whereas“plugging”failure mode was noted for Ti/GFRP targets.The presence of B_(4)C(5%by weight)particles has significantly improved the ballistic resistance of the Ti/GFRP FML target by offering frictional resistance to the projectile penetration.Further addition(10%by weight)of B_(4)C has reduced the ballistic performance due to agglomeration.None of the targets showed‘brittle cracking’or‘fragmentation’failures.When compared to the published results of Aluminium(Al 1100/GFRP and Al 6061/GFRP)FMLs,Ti/GFRP FML showed lesser DoP which increases its potential application to aerospace industry.
