Cancer cell lines have been used widely in cancer biology, and as biological or functional cell systems in many biomedical research fields. These cells are usually defective for many normal activities or functions due...Cancer cell lines have been used widely in cancer biology, and as biological or functional cell systems in many biomedical research fields. These cells are usually defective for many normal activities or functions due to significant genetic and epigenetic changes. Normal primary cell yields and viability from any original tissue specimens are usually relatively low or highly variable. These normal cells cease after a few passages or population doublings due to very limited proliferative capacity. Animal models(ferret, mouse, etc.) are often used to study virus-host interaction. However, viruses usually need to be adapted to the animals by several passages due to tropism restrictions including viral receptors and intracellular restrictions. Here we summarize applications of conditionally reprogrammed cells(CRCs), long-term cultures of normal airway epithelial cells from human nose to lung generated by conditional cell reprogramming(CR) technology, as an ex vivo model in studies of emerging viruses. CR allows to robustly propagate cells from non-invasive or minimally invasive specimens, for example, nasal or endobronchial brushing. This process is rapid(2 days) and conditional. The CRCs maintain their differentiation potential and lineage functions, and have been used for studies of adenovirus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, parvovirus, and SARS-CoV. The CRCs can be easily used for airliquid interface(ALI) polarized 3 D cultures, and these coupled CRC/ALI cultures mimic physiological conditions and are suitable for studies of viral entry including receptor binding and internalization, innate immune responses, viral replications, and drug discovery as an ex vivo model for emerging viruses.展开更多
Ca2+has an important role in the maintenance of the skeleton and is involved in the main physiological processes.Its homeostasis is controlled by the intestine,kidney,bone and parathyroid glands.The intestinal Ca2+abs...Ca2+has an important role in the maintenance of the skeleton and is involved in the main physiological processes.Its homeostasis is controlled by the intestine,kidney,bone and parathyroid glands.The intestinal Ca2+absorption occurs mainly via the paracellular and the transcellular pathways.The proteins involved in both ways are regulated by calcitriol and other hormones as well as dietary factors.Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF-23)is a strong antagonist of vitamin D action.Part of the intestinal Ca2+movement seems to be vitamin D independent.Intestinal Ca2+absorption changes according to different physiological conditions.It is promoted under high Ca2+demands such as growth,pregnancy,lactation,dietary Ca2+deficiency and high physical activity.In contrast,the intestinal Ca2+transport decreases with aging.Oxidative stress inhibits the intestinal Ca2+absorption whereas the antioxidants counteract the effects of prooxidants leading to the normalization of this physiological process.Several pathologies such as celiac disease,inflammatory bowel diseases,Turner syndrome and others occur with inhibition of intestinal Ca2+absorption,some hypercalciurias show Ca2+hyperabsorption,most of these alterations are related to the vitamin D endocrine system.Further research work should be accomplished in order not only to know more molecular details but also to detect possible therapeutic targets to ameliorate or avoid the consequences of altered intestinal Ca2+absorption.展开更多
The seasonality of Haemaphysalis longicornis in the United States comprises overlapping life stages in the spring and summer.This is partially attributed to the ability of all stages to survive the winter.Physiologica...The seasonality of Haemaphysalis longicornis in the United States comprises overlapping life stages in the spring and summer.This is partially attributed to the ability of all stages to survive the winter.Physiological condition in ticks refers to nutritional reserve levels and is often used to characterize tick populations.To determine if lipids were suitable for estimating the physiological condition in H.longicornis,lipid content was measured in unfed laboratory-reared ticks for up to 480 d.The results showed that lipids decrease significantly over time in adults(36%at 183 d),nymphs(33%at 63 d)and larvae(28%at 102 d)and could be used to study the population structure of field-collected H.longicornis.Lipids extracted from field-collected ticks(March to October)were measured to determine if different groups or cohorts could be identified during the season.The spring nymph population included high-and low-lipid groups that partially overlapped in April and May.In larvae,the lipid content of ticks in the spring was significantly higher than in the fall,suggesting that active larvae in the early fall do not overwinter.The analysis of lipids in adults showed that high-and low-lipid adults were present throughout the season,suggesting a continuous influx of recently molted adults until the end of the adult season,where only low-lipid ticks are found.The analysis of physiological condition in the Asian longhorned tick demonstrated a complex univoltine structure with some overlap in adults from different years.展开更多
Regeneration,as a fascinating scientific field,refers to the ability of animals replacing lost tissue or body parts.Many metazoan organisms have been reported with the regeneration phenomena,but showing evolutionarily...Regeneration,as a fascinating scientific field,refers to the ability of animals replacing lost tissue or body parts.Many metazoan organisms have been reported with the regeneration phenomena,but showing evolutionarily variable abilities.As the most diverse metazoan taxon,hundreds of insects show strong appendage regeneration ability.The regeneration process and ability are dependent on many factors,including macroscopic physiological conditions and microscopic molecular mechanisms.This article reviews research progress on the physiological conditions and internal underlying mechanisms controlling appendage regeneration in insects.展开更多
The metabolic state of an organism reflects both external environmental factors and internal genetic influences, providing insights into physiological conditions and potential disease mechanisms. Historically, our und...The metabolic state of an organism reflects both external environmental factors and internal genetic influences, providing insights into physiological conditions and potential disease mechanisms. Historically, our understanding of organismal metabolism was relatively limited by technological constraints. With the rapid advancement of mass spectrometrybased methods and strategies for studying endogenous small molecules.展开更多
The integration of spatiotemporally resolved clearance pathway tracking(SRCPT)provides a new lens for evaluating drug clearance pathways,enabling precise mapping of physiological conditions of metabolic organs,such as...The integration of spatiotemporally resolved clearance pathway tracking(SRCPT)provides a new lens for evaluating drug clearance pathways,enabling precise mapping of physiological conditions of metabolic organs,such as liver or kidney impairment.展开更多
The hibernation of amphibians can offer a unique window into overwintering adaptation processes and host–gut microbiota interactions through changes in metabolic availability and homeostasis.We attempted to identify ...The hibernation of amphibians can offer a unique window into overwintering adaptation processes and host–gut microbiota interactions through changes in metabolic availability and homeostasis.We attempted to identify differences in the physiology and gut microbiome during and after hibernation in Japanese wrinkled frogs(Glandirana rugosa),an aquatic overwintering amphibian.After hibernation,the high alpha and beta diversity of the gut bacterial community appears to reflect the more diverse and complex environmental conditions.During winter,Proteobacteria dominated the majority of the gut bacterial community,likely due to high oxygen saturation.After hibernation,Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased,which are supportive of host metabolism by gut microbiota.Corticosterone also showed high values and variances after hibernation,presumably allowing the population to remain adaptable across a broad range of environmental gradients.Innate immunity was high after hibernation but exhibited low variation among populations,which supports the idea of a prioritized investment in immunity after hibernation.Blood biochemistry suggests that aquatic overwintering frogs have a mechanism to adapt through overhydration and regulate homeostasis through water excretion associated with the kidney and urine after hibernation.Frog populations exhibit variations and adaptability in gut microbiota and physiology during and after hibernation:Through this,they may demonstrate an adaptive response that regulates metabolic availability in preparation for unpredictable environmental changes.We also propose that the maintenance of Proteobacteria during hibernation can support the colonization of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes after hibernation,underscoring the need to study the complex effects of gut microbiota across multiple life stages.展开更多
The introduction of super-resolution microscopy(SRM)has significantly advanced our understanding of cellular and molecular dynamics,offering a detailed view previously beyond our reach.Implementing SRM in biophysical ...The introduction of super-resolution microscopy(SRM)has significantly advanced our understanding of cellular and molecular dynamics,offering a detailed view previously beyond our reach.Implementing SRM in biophysical research,however,presents numerous challenges.This review addresses the crucial aspects of utilizing SRM effectively,from selecting appropriate fluorophores and preparing samples to analyzing complex data sets.We explore recent technological advancements and methodological improvements that enhance the capabilities of SRM.Emphasizing the integration of SRM with other analytical methods,we aim to overcome inherent limitations and expand the scope of biological insights achievable.By providing a comprehensive guide for choosing the most suitable SRM methods based on specific research objectives,we aim to empower researchers to explore complex biological processes with enhanced precision and clarity,thereby advancing the frontiers of biophysical research.展开更多
基金part support by a GUMC COVID-19 grant (to XL)the support from Center for Cell Reprogramming,GUMC。
文摘Cancer cell lines have been used widely in cancer biology, and as biological or functional cell systems in many biomedical research fields. These cells are usually defective for many normal activities or functions due to significant genetic and epigenetic changes. Normal primary cell yields and viability from any original tissue specimens are usually relatively low or highly variable. These normal cells cease after a few passages or population doublings due to very limited proliferative capacity. Animal models(ferret, mouse, etc.) are often used to study virus-host interaction. However, viruses usually need to be adapted to the animals by several passages due to tropism restrictions including viral receptors and intracellular restrictions. Here we summarize applications of conditionally reprogrammed cells(CRCs), long-term cultures of normal airway epithelial cells from human nose to lung generated by conditional cell reprogramming(CR) technology, as an ex vivo model in studies of emerging viruses. CR allows to robustly propagate cells from non-invasive or minimally invasive specimens, for example, nasal or endobronchial brushing. This process is rapid(2 days) and conditional. The CRCs maintain their differentiation potential and lineage functions, and have been used for studies of adenovirus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, parvovirus, and SARS-CoV. The CRCs can be easily used for airliquid interface(ALI) polarized 3 D cultures, and these coupled CRC/ALI cultures mimic physiological conditions and are suitable for studies of viral entry including receptor binding and internalization, innate immune responses, viral replications, and drug discovery as an ex vivo model for emerging viruses.
基金Supported by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas,Argentina PIP 2017-2019,No.11220170100012COSecretaría de Ciencia y Técnica de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,Argentina(Programa 2018-2019),No.30920180100056CB。
文摘Ca2+has an important role in the maintenance of the skeleton and is involved in the main physiological processes.Its homeostasis is controlled by the intestine,kidney,bone and parathyroid glands.The intestinal Ca2+absorption occurs mainly via the paracellular and the transcellular pathways.The proteins involved in both ways are regulated by calcitriol and other hormones as well as dietary factors.Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF-23)is a strong antagonist of vitamin D action.Part of the intestinal Ca2+movement seems to be vitamin D independent.Intestinal Ca2+absorption changes according to different physiological conditions.It is promoted under high Ca2+demands such as growth,pregnancy,lactation,dietary Ca2+deficiency and high physical activity.In contrast,the intestinal Ca2+transport decreases with aging.Oxidative stress inhibits the intestinal Ca2+absorption whereas the antioxidants counteract the effects of prooxidants leading to the normalization of this physiological process.Several pathologies such as celiac disease,inflammatory bowel diseases,Turner syndrome and others occur with inhibition of intestinal Ca2+absorption,some hypercalciurias show Ca2+hyperabsorption,most of these alterations are related to the vitamin D endocrine system.Further research work should be accomplished in order not only to know more molecular details but also to detect possible therapeutic targets to ameliorate or avoid the consequences of altered intestinal Ca2+absorption.
基金supported by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture,Multi-State project NE1943(NJ08510)to ATthe State of New Jersey FY22 Tick Research and Control-Special Purpose Funding to NJAES/CVBsupported in part by Cooperative Agreement Number 1U01CK000509 between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)and the Northeast Center of Excellence in Vector-Borne Diseases.
文摘The seasonality of Haemaphysalis longicornis in the United States comprises overlapping life stages in the spring and summer.This is partially attributed to the ability of all stages to survive the winter.Physiological condition in ticks refers to nutritional reserve levels and is often used to characterize tick populations.To determine if lipids were suitable for estimating the physiological condition in H.longicornis,lipid content was measured in unfed laboratory-reared ticks for up to 480 d.The results showed that lipids decrease significantly over time in adults(36%at 183 d),nymphs(33%at 63 d)and larvae(28%at 102 d)and could be used to study the population structure of field-collected H.longicornis.Lipids extracted from field-collected ticks(March to October)were measured to determine if different groups or cohorts could be identified during the season.The spring nymph population included high-and low-lipid groups that partially overlapped in April and May.In larvae,the lipid content of ticks in the spring was significantly higher than in the fall,suggesting that active larvae in the early fall do not overwinter.The analysis of lipids in adults showed that high-and low-lipid adults were present throughout the season,suggesting a continuous influx of recently molted adults until the end of the adult season,where only low-lipid ticks are found.The analysis of physiological condition in the Asian longhorned tick demonstrated a complex univoltine structure with some overlap in adults from different years.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2021B1515020044 and 2020A1515011267)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32070500,31930014,32100384 and 31702055)+3 种基金the Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project(Grant No.NT2021003)the Department of Science and Technology in Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2019B090905003 and 2019A0102006)the Department of Science and Technology in Guangzhou(Grant No.202102020110)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.KQTD20180411143628272).
文摘Regeneration,as a fascinating scientific field,refers to the ability of animals replacing lost tissue or body parts.Many metazoan organisms have been reported with the regeneration phenomena,but showing evolutionarily variable abilities.As the most diverse metazoan taxon,hundreds of insects show strong appendage regeneration ability.The regeneration process and ability are dependent on many factors,including macroscopic physiological conditions and microscopic molecular mechanisms.This article reviews research progress on the physiological conditions and internal underlying mechanisms controlling appendage regeneration in insects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (T2341004,82274403,82321004, 82174054)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFC3507200,2024YFA0919800)+7 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023B1515020020,2023B1515040016, 2021B1515120023)Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research (2023B0303000013)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2024A04J6406)China Association of Chinese Medicine (CACM-2022-QNRC2-B08)K.C.Wong Education FoundationInnovation Team Project of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education (2020KCXTD003)Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility (2024A03J090)Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Universities Joint Laboratory for the Internationalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2023LSYS002)。
文摘The metabolic state of an organism reflects both external environmental factors and internal genetic influences, providing insights into physiological conditions and potential disease mechanisms. Historically, our understanding of organismal metabolism was relatively limited by technological constraints. With the rapid advancement of mass spectrometrybased methods and strategies for studying endogenous small molecules.
基金supported by a grant of the Korea-Us Collaborative Research Fund(KUCRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(grant number:RS-2024-00466887).
文摘The integration of spatiotemporally resolved clearance pathway tracking(SRCPT)provides a new lens for evaluating drug clearance pathways,enabling precise mapping of physiological conditions of metabolic organs,such as liver or kidney impairment.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2022R1A2C1004240)by the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute(KEITI)through the Wetland Ecosystem Value Evaluation and Carbon Absorption Value Promotion Technology Development Project,funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(No.2022003640001).
文摘The hibernation of amphibians can offer a unique window into overwintering adaptation processes and host–gut microbiota interactions through changes in metabolic availability and homeostasis.We attempted to identify differences in the physiology and gut microbiome during and after hibernation in Japanese wrinkled frogs(Glandirana rugosa),an aquatic overwintering amphibian.After hibernation,the high alpha and beta diversity of the gut bacterial community appears to reflect the more diverse and complex environmental conditions.During winter,Proteobacteria dominated the majority of the gut bacterial community,likely due to high oxygen saturation.After hibernation,Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased,which are supportive of host metabolism by gut microbiota.Corticosterone also showed high values and variances after hibernation,presumably allowing the population to remain adaptable across a broad range of environmental gradients.Innate immunity was high after hibernation but exhibited low variation among populations,which supports the idea of a prioritized investment in immunity after hibernation.Blood biochemistry suggests that aquatic overwintering frogs have a mechanism to adapt through overhydration and regulate homeostasis through water excretion associated with the kidney and urine after hibernation.Frog populations exhibit variations and adaptability in gut microbiota and physiology during and after hibernation:Through this,they may demonstrate an adaptive response that regulates metabolic availability in preparation for unpredictable environmental changes.We also propose that the maintenance of Proteobacteria during hibernation can support the colonization of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes after hibernation,underscoring the need to study the complex effects of gut microbiota across multiple life stages.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences 'Hundred Talent program' and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U1532151)to X.Z.and by Chinese national high magnetic field facilities,the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.WK2340000035) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.U1232210,11204306,and 11374278) to Q.Y.L.
基金support from the National Institutes of Health(Grant R35GM133505)the National Science Foundation(Grant no.2237129)the University of Houston.
文摘The introduction of super-resolution microscopy(SRM)has significantly advanced our understanding of cellular and molecular dynamics,offering a detailed view previously beyond our reach.Implementing SRM in biophysical research,however,presents numerous challenges.This review addresses the crucial aspects of utilizing SRM effectively,from selecting appropriate fluorophores and preparing samples to analyzing complex data sets.We explore recent technological advancements and methodological improvements that enhance the capabilities of SRM.Emphasizing the integration of SRM with other analytical methods,we aim to overcome inherent limitations and expand the scope of biological insights achievable.By providing a comprehensive guide for choosing the most suitable SRM methods based on specific research objectives,we aim to empower researchers to explore complex biological processes with enhanced precision and clarity,thereby advancing the frontiers of biophysical research.
