In order to eliminate mal-distribution and ensure the side arm to produce desirable gas quality a special distributor is proposed. The experimental distributor mainly consists of a straight through section,a gas extra...In order to eliminate mal-distribution and ensure the side arm to produce desirable gas quality a special distributor is proposed. The experimental distributor mainly consists of a straight through section,a gas extraction line,a liquid extraction line and a side arm branch. A gas orifice and a liquid orifice are mounted at the gas and liquid extraction line respectively to control the outlet gas quality. The diameter of the liquid orifice was set to 2. 50 mm and three gas orifices with different size( dG= 2. 65,5. 00,10. 00 mm) were tested. The experiments were carried out at an air-water two-phase flow loop. The gas superficial velocity ranged from 6. 0 to 20. 0 m /s and the liquid superficial velocity was in the range of 0. 02- 0. 18 m /s. Flow patterns such as wave flow,slug flow and annular flow were observed. The gas quality of the side arm branch was found mainly determined by the flow area ratio of the gas orifice to the liquid orifice and independent of gas and liquid superficial velocity,flow patterns and extraction flux.展开更多
The low-density imaging performance of a zone plate-based nano-resolution hard x-ray computed tomography(CT)system can be significantly improved by incorporating a grating-based Lau interferometer. Due to the diffract...The low-density imaging performance of a zone plate-based nano-resolution hard x-ray computed tomography(CT)system can be significantly improved by incorporating a grating-based Lau interferometer. Due to the diffraction, however,the acquired nano-resolution phase signal may suffer splitting problem, which impedes the direct reconstruction of phase contrast CT(nPCT) images. To overcome, a new model-driven nPCT image reconstruction algorithm is developed in this study. In it, the diffraction procedure is mathematically modeled into a matrix B, from which the projections without signal splitting can be generated invertedly. Furthermore, a penalized weighted least-square model with total variation(PWLSTV) is employed to denoise these projections, from which nPCT images with high accuracy are directly reconstructed.Numerical experiments demonstrate that this new algorithm is able to work with phase projections having any splitting distances. Moreover, results also reveal that nPCT images of higher signal-to-noise-ratio(SNR) could be reconstructed from projections having larger splitting distances. In summary, a novel model-driven nPCT image reconstruction algorithm with high accuracy and robustness is verified for the Lau interferometer-based hard x-ray nano-resolution phase contrast imaging.展开更多
Reactive distillation could be utilized to produce cyclohexanol through the cyclohexene hydration. By means of highly active zeolite catalyst HZSM-5, the kinetic-thermodynamic analysis of this reactive distillation ha...Reactive distillation could be utilized to produce cyclohexanol through the cyclohexene hydration. By means of highly active zeolite catalyst HZSM-5, the kinetic-thermodynamic analysis of this reactive distillation has been carried out to get the characteristics of the reactive distillation. Results from kinetic and thermodynamic analysis indicate that the optimal pressure of this reactive distillation process should be set to higher pressure such as 0.3 or 0.4 MPa. To avoid the recovery of cyclohexanol at the top of the column, an unreactive section should be allocated at the upper column. In addition, the inert component benzene is more unfavorable to the reactive distillation process in comparison with the inert cyclohexane.展开更多
We propose a novel on-line beam diagnostic method based on single-shot beam splitting phase retrieval. The incident beam to be measured is diffracted into many replicas by a Dammann grating and then propagates through...We propose a novel on-line beam diagnostic method based on single-shot beam splitting phase retrieval. The incident beam to be measured is diffracted into many replicas by a Dammann grating and then propagates through a weakly scattering phase plate with a known structure; the exiting beams propagate along their original direction and form an array of diffraction patterns on the detector plane. By applying the intensity of diffraction patterns into an iterative algorithm and calculating between the grating plane, weakly scattering plane, and detector plane, the complex field of the incident beam can be reconstructed rapidly; the feasibility of this method is verified experimentally with wavelengths of 1053 and 632.8 nm.展开更多
Numerical thermodynamic models are proposed for the quaternary fluid system H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl-CaCl_(2)and its ternary subsystems H_(2)O-NaCl-CaCl_(2),H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl,and H_(2)O-CO_(2)-CaCl_(2).The models are valid...Numerical thermodynamic models are proposed for the quaternary fluid system H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl-CaCl_(2)and its ternary subsystems H_(2)O-NaCl-CaCl_(2),H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl,and H_(2)O-CO_(2)-CaCl_(2).The models are valid for temperatures from 150℃to 350℃,pressures from 0.2 to 1.4 kbar,and for arbitrary concentrations of salts.The latter feature is inherited from the earlier developed models of binary systems H_(2)O-NaCl and H_(2)O-CaCl_(2).All the models are formulated in terms of the Gibbs free energy.The entropy term in the equation for the Gibbs free energy of mixing is introduced in a general form,based on the number of different ways of arranging particles in the system that lead to the same total energy.The parameters of the energy terms corresponding to the interactions of particles in binary and ternary subsystems are obtained by fitting published experimental data.The concentrations of salts in the gas phase are simulated based on the salt evaporation free energy.Our model,also available as a computer code,makes it possible to predict the physicochemical properties of fluids involved in hydrothermal processes in the upper crust:the phase state of the system(homogeneous or two-phase fluid),activities of the components,densities,and compositions of the(coexisting)fluid phases.The model offers a numerical tool for analyzing fluid inclusion data and better understanding of metamorphic and metasomatic processes in the upper crust.Fluids at studied P-T conditions play a decisive role in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits,including most of the world's gold deposits.展开更多
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51006123)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No.14CX05028A)
文摘In order to eliminate mal-distribution and ensure the side arm to produce desirable gas quality a special distributor is proposed. The experimental distributor mainly consists of a straight through section,a gas extraction line,a liquid extraction line and a side arm branch. A gas orifice and a liquid orifice are mounted at the gas and liquid extraction line respectively to control the outlet gas quality. The diameter of the liquid orifice was set to 2. 50 mm and three gas orifices with different size( dG= 2. 65,5. 00,10. 00 mm) were tested. The experiments were carried out at an air-water two-phase flow loop. The gas superficial velocity ranged from 6. 0 to 20. 0 m /s and the liquid superficial velocity was in the range of 0. 02- 0. 18 m /s. Flow patterns such as wave flow,slug flow and annular flow were observed. The gas quality of the side arm branch was found mainly determined by the flow area ratio of the gas orifice to the liquid orifice and independent of gas and liquid superficial velocity,flow patterns and extraction flux.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12027812)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.2021A1515111031)。
文摘The low-density imaging performance of a zone plate-based nano-resolution hard x-ray computed tomography(CT)system can be significantly improved by incorporating a grating-based Lau interferometer. Due to the diffraction, however,the acquired nano-resolution phase signal may suffer splitting problem, which impedes the direct reconstruction of phase contrast CT(nPCT) images. To overcome, a new model-driven nPCT image reconstruction algorithm is developed in this study. In it, the diffraction procedure is mathematically modeled into a matrix B, from which the projections without signal splitting can be generated invertedly. Furthermore, a penalized weighted least-square model with total variation(PWLSTV) is employed to denoise these projections, from which nPCT images with high accuracy are directly reconstructed.Numerical experiments demonstrate that this new algorithm is able to work with phase projections having any splitting distances. Moreover, results also reveal that nPCT images of higher signal-to-noise-ratio(SNR) could be reconstructed from projections having larger splitting distances. In summary, a novel model-driven nPCT image reconstruction algorithm with high accuracy and robustness is verified for the Lau interferometer-based hard x-ray nano-resolution phase contrast imaging.
文摘Reactive distillation could be utilized to produce cyclohexanol through the cyclohexene hydration. By means of highly active zeolite catalyst HZSM-5, the kinetic-thermodynamic analysis of this reactive distillation has been carried out to get the characteristics of the reactive distillation. Results from kinetic and thermodynamic analysis indicate that the optimal pressure of this reactive distillation process should be set to higher pressure such as 0.3 or 0.4 MPa. To avoid the recovery of cyclohexanol at the top of the column, an unreactive section should be allocated at the upper column. In addition, the inert component benzene is more unfavorable to the reactive distillation process in comparison with the inert cyclohexane.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61675215)the Shanghai Sailing Program(No.18YF1426600)
文摘We propose a novel on-line beam diagnostic method based on single-shot beam splitting phase retrieval. The incident beam to be measured is diffracted into many replicas by a Dammann grating and then propagates through a weakly scattering phase plate with a known structure; the exiting beams propagate along their original direction and form an array of diffraction patterns on the detector plane. By applying the intensity of diffraction patterns into an iterative algorithm and calculating between the grating plane, weakly scattering plane, and detector plane, the complex field of the incident beam can be reconstructed rapidly; the feasibility of this method is verified experimentally with wavelengths of 1053 and 632.8 nm.
基金the Research Program of the IPGG RAS FMUW-2021-0002.
文摘Numerical thermodynamic models are proposed for the quaternary fluid system H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl-CaCl_(2)and its ternary subsystems H_(2)O-NaCl-CaCl_(2),H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl,and H_(2)O-CO_(2)-CaCl_(2).The models are valid for temperatures from 150℃to 350℃,pressures from 0.2 to 1.4 kbar,and for arbitrary concentrations of salts.The latter feature is inherited from the earlier developed models of binary systems H_(2)O-NaCl and H_(2)O-CaCl_(2).All the models are formulated in terms of the Gibbs free energy.The entropy term in the equation for the Gibbs free energy of mixing is introduced in a general form,based on the number of different ways of arranging particles in the system that lead to the same total energy.The parameters of the energy terms corresponding to the interactions of particles in binary and ternary subsystems are obtained by fitting published experimental data.The concentrations of salts in the gas phase are simulated based on the salt evaporation free energy.Our model,also available as a computer code,makes it possible to predict the physicochemical properties of fluids involved in hydrothermal processes in the upper crust:the phase state of the system(homogeneous or two-phase fluid),activities of the components,densities,and compositions of the(coexisting)fluid phases.The model offers a numerical tool for analyzing fluid inclusion data and better understanding of metamorphic and metasomatic processes in the upper crust.Fluids at studied P-T conditions play a decisive role in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits,including most of the world's gold deposits.
