Respiratory infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality and are a major global health problem[1].Acute respiratory infections are caused by multiple respiratory pathogens,including viruses and bacteria...Respiratory infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality and are a major global health problem[1].Acute respiratory infections are caused by multiple respiratory pathogens,including viruses and bacteria.Viral-bacterial co-infections,which have become increasingly common and a global concern,can lead to substantial complications,causing higher morbidity and adverse prognosis[2].Previous studies have reported low positive detection rates of targeted pathogens related to acute respiratory infections,owing to the limited number of detected pathogens and variations in the sensitivity of diagnostic methods[3-4].Low positive detection rates may impede our understanding of respiratory pathogen characteristics and hamper the development of precise treatment and prevention strategies.展开更多
Reductive soil disinfestation(RSD)is commonly employed for soil remediation in greenhouse cultivation.However,its influence on antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in soil remains uncertain.This study investigated the dyn...Reductive soil disinfestation(RSD)is commonly employed for soil remediation in greenhouse cultivation.However,its influence on antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in soil remains uncertain.This study investigated the dynamic changes in soil communities,potential bacterial pathogens,and ARG profiles under various organicmaterial treatments during RSD,including distillers’grains,potato peel,peanut vine,and peanut vine combined with charcoal.Results revealed that applying diverse organic materials in RSD significantly altered bacterial community composition and diminished the relative abundance of potential bacterial pathogens(P<0.05).The relative abundance of high-risk ARGs decreased by 10.7%-30.6%after RSD treatments,the main decreased ARG subtypeswere AAC(3)_Via,dfrA1,ErmB,lnuB,aadA.Actinobacteria was the primary host of ARGs and was suppressed by RSD.Soil physicochemical properties,such as total nitrogen,soil pH,total carbon,were crucial factors affecting ARG profiles.Our findings demonstrated that RSD treatment inhibited pathogenic bacteria and could be an option for reducing high-risk ARG proliferation in soil.展开更多
In order to ensure food safety,controlling foodborne pathogen contamination is of utmost importance.Growing apprehensions regarding the safety of synthetic antimicrobials,due to their adverse health effects,have promp...In order to ensure food safety,controlling foodborne pathogen contamination is of utmost importance.Growing apprehensions regarding the safety of synthetic antimicrobials,due to their adverse health effects,have prompted a search for alternative options.Plant natural products(PNPs)with antimicrobial activity are being explored as a viable alternative.Among the various antimicrobial natural products studied,plant essential oils,plant flavonoids,plant polyphenols,plant polysaccharides,and plant antimicrobial peptides have been identified as potential candidates.PNPs demonstrate a diverse array of antimicrobial mechanisms,encompassing cell wall and membrane damage,interference with genetic replication,disruption of energy metabolism,and induction of oxidative stress at the single-cell level,as well as inhibition of biofilm formation and quorum sensing at the population level.Certain PNPs have been harnessed as natural antimicrobial agents for the food preservation.The utilization of encapsulation technology proves to be an effective strategy in protecting PNPs,thereby ensuring good antimicrobial efficacy,enhanced dispersibility,and controlled release within food products.The utilization of nanoemulsions,nanoliposomes,edible packaging,electrospun nanofibers,and microcapsules formed by encapsulation has enriched the ways in which PNPs can be applied in food preservation.Although PNPs have great potential in food preservation,their widespread application in the food industry is currently constrained by factors such as production costs,safety concerns,and legal considerations.Chemical synthesis and biosynthesis pathways offer viable strategies for reducing the cost of producing PNPs,and ongoing efforts to assess safety and improve regulatory frameworks are likely to facilitate the broader adoption of PNPs in food preservation practices.This article provides an overview of the main types of PNPs with antimicrobial activity and their properties,focusing on their mechanisms of action.Additionally,it summarizes the use of PNPs in food preservation and discusses the characteristics and applications of different encapsulation technologies.Lastly,the paper briefly analyzes current limitations and proposes potential future trends for this field.展开更多
Litopenaeus vannamei is the most extensively cultured shrimp species globally,recognized for its scale,production,and economic value.However,its aquaculture is plagued by frequent disease outbreaks,resulting in rapid ...Litopenaeus vannamei is the most extensively cultured shrimp species globally,recognized for its scale,production,and economic value.However,its aquaculture is plagued by frequent disease outbreaks,resulting in rapid and massive mortality.etiological research often lags behind the emergence of new diseases,leaving the causal agents of some shrimp diseases unidentified and leading to nomenclature based on symptomatic presentations,especially in cases involving co-and polymicrobial pathogens.Comprehensive data on shrimp disease statuses remain limited.In this review,we summarize current knowledge on shrimp diseases and their effects on the gut microbiome.Furthermore,we also propose a workflow integrating primary colonizers,“driver”taxa in gut networks from healthy to diseased states,disease-discriminatory taxa,and virulence genes to identify potential polymicrobial pathogens.We examine both abiotic and biotic factors(e.g.,external and internal sources and specific-disease effects)that influence shrimp gut microbiota,with an emphasis on the“holobiome”concept and common features of gut microbiota response to diverse diseases.After excluding the effects of confounding factors,we provide a diagnosis model for quantitatively predicting shrimp disease incidence using disease common-discriminatory taxa,irrespective of the causal agents.Due to the conservation of functional genes used in designing specific primers,we propose a practical strategy applying qPCR-assayed abundances of disease common-discriminatory functional genes.This review updates the roles of the gut microbiota in exploring shrimp etiology,polymicrobial pathogens,and disease incidence,offering a refined perspective for advancing shrimp aquaculture health management.展开更多
Method: In Cameroon limited data are available regarding the prevalence of enteric bacteria associated with table egg consuming infections. As such, a situational-based study was performed in patients with complains o...Method: In Cameroon limited data are available regarding the prevalence of enteric bacteria associated with table egg consuming infections. As such, a situational-based study was performed in patients with complains of stomach disorders after egg consumption. Data related to sociodemographic characteristics and other factors were collected using a structured based questionnaire. Stool culture of utmost importance in stomach disorders patients and serum were collected for typhoid serological test. Results: A total of 207 participants took part in the survey, Results indicated nontyphoidal Salmonella infections were highest in the 3 areas of study with Mfoundi (73.44%) having the highest level of infection compared to other bacterial infection. other enteric bacteria associated to this infection were E. coli serotype 157, Aeromonas, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloaca and typhi salmonella. Meanwhile salmonelosis caused by typhic salmonella had highest prevalence in the Lekie Division (13.11%) as a result of poor hygienic practices associated with the conservation and preparation of eggs, Stool culture was observed to detect more positive cases in the diagnosis of typhoid fever than Widal test, but with no statistically significant (p > 0.05) difference between the stool culture and Widal test in the 3 areas of study. Conclusion: this study revealed that egg consumers are pruned to enteric bacterial and salmonella infections depending on how and where egg is consumed.展开更多
Fungicides are an indispensable tool in plant disease control.Various modes of action(MOAs)have been identified in different fungicides to suppress plant pathogens.The combined use of fungicides with distinct MOAs has...Fungicides are an indispensable tool in plant disease control.Various modes of action(MOAs)have been identified in different fungicides to suppress plant pathogens.The combined use of fungicides with distinct MOAs has been recommended to prevent the development of pathogen resistance.In studying MOAs,metabolomics has been proven to be a robust and high-throughput method.Because metabolites are unique and distinct depending on the biological activities of an organism,MOAs can be identified and classified by establishing metabolic fingerprinting and metabolic profiles.Similarly,if fungicide resistance is developed in a pathogen,the metabolome will change,which can be identified.In this review,we have discussed the principles and advanced applications of metabolomics in the study of MOAs and resistance mechanisms of fungicides,and the potential of metabolic data in understanding the interaction between fungicides and pathogens.Challenges are also discussed in the application of metabolomics,improvement of the study on the mechanism of fungicides in their functions against pathogens and advancing the development of novel fungicides.展开更多
Dictyophora rubrovalvata is an edible fungus with rich nutritional value.It contains various nutrients and bioactive components,and has immunomodulation,anti-tumor,anti-oxidation,anti-fatigue,anti-aging,anti-inflammat...Dictyophora rubrovalvata is an edible fungus with rich nutritional value.It contains various nutrients and bioactive components,and has immunomodulation,anti-tumor,anti-oxidation,anti-fatigue,anti-aging,anti-inflammation and alcoholic hepatitis-protection effects.With the continuous expansion of planting area of Dictyophora,the disease problem has become a major problem affecting the development of Dictyophora industry.In this paper,the pathogens,harmful symptoms and causes of main diseases in Dictyophora were summarized,so as to provide reference for comprehensive control of Dictyophora diseases and promote the high-quality development of Dictyophora industry.展开更多
The pathogens and opinion for antibiotic treatment in adult patients with 1-14 fecal white blood cells per high power field （WBC/HPF） of acute non-bloody diarrhea remain obscure. The study attempts to clarify it. St...The pathogens and opinion for antibiotic treatment in adult patients with 1-14 fecal white blood cells per high power field （WBC/HPF） of acute non-bloody diarrhea remain obscure. The study attempts to clarify it. Stool specimens of adult patients with acute non-bloody diarrhea and stool examination showing 1-14 fecal WBC/HPF were collected for bacterial culture and viral detection. Patients included in this study were 196 cases with mean age of （37.9±17.4） years and 42.3% was women. The bacterial and viral detection rates were 63 （32.1%） and 21 （10.7%）, respectively. Of the isolated pathogens, campylobacteria was present in 14 （22.0%） samples and was the most common bacteria and calicivirus was found in 10 （47.6%） samples and was the most common virus. Based on single pathogens, 46 cases were caused by invasive pathogens, 26 cases were caused by non-invasive pathogens. The body temperature was significantly higher in feverish patients caused by invasive pathogens than those caused by non-invasive pathogens （（38.44-0.7） ℃ vs （37.74-0.4） ℃, P = 0.002）. The probability of diarrhea caused by invasive pathogens was higher in patients with T〉38.4℃ than those with T_〈38.4℃ （RR = 1.5）. When T〉38.4℃ is used as the threshold for antibiotic treatment, the misuse rate of antibiotics would decrease from 26.9% to 3.8% （P = 0.021）. So T〉38.4 ℃ may be used as a possible reference value for antibiotic treatment in adult patients with 1-14 fecal WBC/HPF of acute non-bloody diarrhea.展开更多
Study Objective: The purpose of the study is to present independent laboratory testing for a novel technology in air and on surfaces. Since 2020, public health goals have focused on improving indoor air quality. This ...Study Objective: The purpose of the study is to present independent laboratory testing for a novel technology in air and on surfaces. Since 2020, public health goals have focused on improving indoor air quality. This includes protection from airborne pathogens, such as tuberculosis, RSV, SARS-CoV-2, common cold or influenza viruses, measles, and others. Engineering controls are highly effective at reducing hazardous pathogens found in indoor air and from recontamination of surfaces. This occurs from a continuous cycle of settling of small, sustained airborne pathogens, which may become dehumidified, becoming airborne again, carried by room air currents around indoor spaces, then repeating the cycle. Methods: The novel technology utilizes a catalytic process to produce safe levels of hydrogen peroxide gas that are effective in reducing pathogens in the air and on surfaces. Air testing was performed with the MS2 bacteriophage, the test organism for ASHRAE standard 241, and methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Surface testing was performed with SARS-COV-2 (Coronavirus COVID-19) and H1N1 (Influenza). Typical ventilation and filtration does not effectively remove disbursed pathogens from the entire facility, due to inconsistent air circulation and surface deposits of pathogens. Results: MS2 was reduced by 99.9%;MRSA was reduced by 99.9%;SARS-CoV-2 was reduced by 99.9%;H1N1 was reduced by 99.9%. Conclusion: This novel catalytic converter reduces a variety of pathogens in the air (99%) and on surfaces (99%), by actively disinfecting with the introduction of gaseous hydrogen peroxide. This active disinfection provides a strong solution for protecting the entire facility and its occupants.展开更多
Soybean root diseases are associated with numerous fungal and oomycete pathogens;however,the community dynamics and interactions of these pathogens are largely unknown.We performed 13 loop-mediated isothermal amplific...Soybean root diseases are associated with numerous fungal and oomycete pathogens;however,the community dynamics and interactions of these pathogens are largely unknown.We performed 13 loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)assays that targeted specific soybean root pathogens,and traditional isolation assays.A total of 159 samples were collected from three locations in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China at three soybean growth stages(30,60,and 90 days after planting)in 2016.In LAMP results,we found that pathogen communities differed slightly among locations,but changed dramatically between soybean growth stages.Phytophthora sojae,Rhizoctonia solani,and Fusarium oxysporum were most frequently detected at the early stage,whereas Phomopsis longicolla,Fusarium equiseti,and Fusarium virguliforme were most common in the later stages.Most samples(86%)contained two to six pathogen species.Interestingly,the less detectable species tended to exist in the samples containing more detected species,and some pathogens preferentially co-occurred in diseased tissue,including P.sojae–R.solani–F.oxysporum and F.virguliforme–Calonectria ilicicola,implying potential interactions during infection.The LAMP detection results were confirmed by traditional isolation methods.The isolated strains exhibited different virulence to soybean,further implying a beneficial interaction among some pathogens.展开更多
AIM：To analyze the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/sulbactam against pathogens isolated from patients with acute cholangitis. METHODS： In this prospective study a total of 65 patients with acute c...AIM：To analyze the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/sulbactam against pathogens isolated from patients with acute cholangitis. METHODS： In this prospective study a total of 65 patients with acute cholangitis due to biliary stone obstruction （n = 7）, benign biliary stricture （n = 16）, and malignant biliary stricture （n = 42） were investigated with regard to spectrum of bacterial infection and antibiotic resistance. Pathogens were isolated from bile cultures in all study patients. In 22 febrile patients, blood cultures were also obtained. In vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/ sulbactam was determined by agar diffusion. RESULTS： Thirty-one out of 65 patients had positive bile and/or blood cultures. In 31 patients, 63 isolates with 17 different species were identified. The predominant strains were Enterococcus species （26/63）, Ecoli （13/63） and Klebsiella species （8/63）. A comparable in vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/sulbactam was observed for E.coli and Klebsiella species. In contrast, Enterococcus species had higher resistances towards moxifloxacin. Overall bacteria showed antibiotic resistances in vitro of 34.9% for piperacillin/sulbactam and 36.5% for moxifioxacin.CONCLUSION： Enterococcus species, E.co/i and Klebsiella species were the most common bacteria isolated from bile and/or blood from patients with acute cholangitis. Overall, a mixed infection with several species was observed, and bacteria showed a comparable in vitro activity for piperacillin/sulbactam and moxifloxacin.展开更多
The effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors （ARs）. The corrosion process and most probable num...The effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors （ARs）. The corrosion process and most probable number （MPN） analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O3/Cl2 induced higher Fe304 formation in corrosion scales. These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl2 alone. O3/Cl2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria. Moreover, ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties. The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection. Compared with the AR treated with Cl2 alone, the opportunistic pathogens M. auium and L. pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O3/Cl2, and decreased to （4.60 ± 0.14） and （3.09 ± 0.12） loglo （gene copies/g corrosion scales） in biofilms, respectively. The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O3/Cl2. Therefore, O3/Cl2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.展开更多
In this study, qPCR was used to quantify opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens(OPPPs) and free-living amoebae in 11 tap water samples collected over four seasons from a city in northern China. Results demonstrated ...In this study, qPCR was used to quantify opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens(OPPPs) and free-living amoebae in 11 tap water samples collected over four seasons from a city in northern China. Results demonstrated that the average numbers of gene copies of Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were significantly higher than those of Aeromonas spp.(p < 0.05). Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were 100%(44/44) positively detected while P. aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. were 79.54%(35/44) and 77.27%(34/44) positively detected. Legionella pneumophila was only detected in 4 samples(4/44), demonstrating its occasional occurrence. No Mycobacterium avium or Naegleria fowleri was detected in any of the samples. The average gene copy numbers of target OPPPs were the highest in summer,suggesting seasonal prevalence of OPPPs. Average gene copy numbers of OPPPs in the taps of low-use-frequency were higher than in taps of high-use-frequency, but the difference was not significant for some OPPPs(p > 0.05). Moderate negative correlations between the chlorine concentration and the gene copy numbers of OPPPs were observed by Spearman analysis(rsranged from -0.311 to -0.710, p < 0.05). However, no significant correlations existed between OPPPs and AOC, BDOC, or turbidity. Moderate positive correlations were observed between the target microorganisms, especially for Acanthamoeba spp., through Spearman analysis(p < 0.05). Based on our studies, it is proposed that disinfectant concentration, season, taps with different-use frequency, OPPP species, and potential microbial correlations should be considered for control of OPPPs in tap water.展开更多
The importance of pyrimidines lies in the fact that they are structural components of a broad spectrum of key molecules that participate in diverse cellular functions, such as synthesis of DNA, RNA, lipids, and carboh...The importance of pyrimidines lies in the fact that they are structural components of a broad spectrum of key molecules that participate in diverse cellular functions, such as synthesis of DNA, RNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. Pyrimidine metabolism encompasses all enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, salvage, interconversion and transport of these molecules. In this review, we summarize recent publications that document how pyrimidine metabolism changes under a variety of conditions, including, when possible, those studies based on techniques of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. First, we briefly look at the dynamics of pyrimidine metabolism during nonpathogenic cellular events. We then focus on changes that pathogen infections cause in the pyrimidine metabolism of their host. Next, we discuss the effects of antimetabolites and inhibitors, and finally we consider the consequences of genetic ma- nipulations, such as knock-downs, knock-outs, and knock-ins, of pyrimidine enzymes on pyrimidine metabolism in the cell.展开更多
Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation （ASD...Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation （ASD） is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry （e.g., rice bran） and liquid （e.g., ethanol） carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.展开更多
Objective Lower respiratory tract infections continue to pose a significant threat to human health. It is important to accurately and rapidly detect respiratory bacteria. To compensate for the limits of current respir...Objective Lower respiratory tract infections continue to pose a significant threat to human health. It is important to accurately and rapidly detect respiratory bacteria. To compensate for the limits of current respiratory bacteria detection methods, we developed a combination of multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and capillary electrophoresis （MPCE） assay to detect thirteen bacterial pathogens responsible for lower respiratory tract infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catorrholis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Corynebactefium diphthefiae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods Three multiplex PCR reactions were built, and the products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using the high-throughput DNA analyzer. The specificity of the MPCE assay was examined and the detection limit was evaluated using DNA samples from each bacterial strain and the simulative samples of each strain. This assay was further evaluated using 152 clinical specimens and compared with real-time PCR reactions. For this assay, three nested-multiplex-PCRs were used to detect these clinical specimens. Results The detection limits of the MPCE assay for the 13 pathogens were very low and ranged from 10-7 to 10-2 ng/μL. Furthermore, analysis of the 252 clinical specimens yielded a specificity ranging from 96.5%-100.0%, and a sensitivity of 100.0% for the 13 pathogens. Conclusion This study revealed that the MPCE with high specificity and sensitivity. This assay survey of respiratory pathogens. assay is a rapid, reliable, and high-throughput method has great potential in the molecular epidemiological.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Clitoria ternatea(C.ternatea) against the fish pathogens viz.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),Escherichia coli(E.coli),Klebsiella pneumonia(K.pneumonia),Baci...Objective:To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Clitoria ternatea(C.ternatea) against the fish pathogens viz.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),Escherichia coli(E.coli),Klebsiella pneumonia(K.pneumonia),Bacillus subtilis(B.subtilis),Aeromonas formican(A.formicans)s, Aeromonas hydrophila(A.hydrophila) and Streptococcus agalactiae(S.agalactiae )isolated from diseased Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).Methods:The extracts of C.ternatea was tested against P.aeruginosa,E.coli,K.pneumonia,B.subtilis,A.formicans,A.hydrophila and S.agalactiae by the agar well diffusion method.Results:Different extracts of C.ternatea showed inhibitory effects against P.aeruginosa,E.coli,K.pneumonia,B.subtilis,A.formicans,A.hydrophila and S. agalactiae.Ethyl acetate extracts of C.ternatea showed maximum of zone of inhibition against A. formicans(18 mm),A.hydrophilia(19 mm),B.subtilis(19 mm) and P.aeruginosa(21 mm) next to that ethanol extract of C.ternatea showed A.formicans(18 mm) and E.coli(14 mm) followed by Acetone extract showed maximum zone of inhibition S.agalactiae(19 mm) and K.pneumonia(17 mm).Conclusions:The antimicrobial activities of all the four plant extracts are comparable and their potential as alternative in the treatment of infectious by these microorganisms was present in the fish.Susceptibility testing is conducted on isolates using drugs selected on the basis of their importance to human medicine and use in fish production.展开更多
Objective:To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance rates of nosocomial pathogens isolated from cancer patients and hospital environments.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted betwee...Objective:To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance rates of nosocomial pathogens isolated from cancer patients and hospital environments.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2010 to May 2013 at Radiation and Isotopes Centre of Khartoum,Sudan.A total of 1 503 samples(505 clinical and 998 environmental)were examined.Isolates were identified,and their antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using standard laboratory procedures.Results:Out of 505 clinical samples,nosocomial pathogens were found as 48.1%.Among hospital environment samples,bacterial contaminants were detected in 29.7%of samples.The main microorganisms recovered from cancer patients were Proteus spp.(23.5%),Escherichia coli(22.2%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)(21.0%)and Staphylococcus aureus(20.2%).The most frequent isolates from hospital environments were Bacillus spp.(50.0%),Staphylococcus aureus(14.2%)and P.aeruginosa(11.5%).The proportions of resistance among Gram-negative pathogens from cancer patients were high for ampicillin,cefotaxime,ceftazidime and ceftriaxone.Moderate resistance rates were recorded to ciprofloxacin,such as 51.0%for P.aeruginosa,21.7%for Klebsiella pneumoniae and 55.5%for Escherichia coli.Except Klebsiella,there were no significant differences(P0.05)of resistance rates between Gram-negative isolates from cancer patients to those from the hospital environments.The proportions of extended-spectrum b-lactamase producing isolates from cancer patients were not differ significantly(P=0.763)from those collected from the hospital environments(49.2%;91/185 vs.47%;32/68).Conclusions:The prevalence of nosocomial infection among cancer patients was high(48.1%)with the increasing of antimicrobial resistance rates.Hospital environments are potential reservoirs for nosocomial infections,which calls for intervention program to reduce environmental transmission of pathogens.展开更多
A tremendous amount of imported fresh fruits has been delivered to Shanghai markets, increasing the risk of invasion by harmful plant pathogens. Therefore, it is important to establish an effective detection and super...A tremendous amount of imported fresh fruits has been delivered to Shanghai markets, increasing the risk of invasion by harmful plant pathogens. Therefore, it is important to establish an effective detection and supervision system to survey the outbreak of the market diseases of the imported fruits during marketing. The samples were regularly surveyed in different markets to examine varieties, prices, localities, selling conditions, and diseases of the imported fruits from 2004 to 2008. The survey showed that 58 species of 30 different fruits were imported to Shanghai from 16 countries with more expensive price. The larger products were bananas, grapes, apples, and oranges. During the investigation, we found that the imported fruits frequently brought about the relatively serious market diseases. On the basis of morphology and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer （ITS） of ribosomal DNA （rDNA） analysis, 151 isolates of 15 fungi genera, which shown to be pathogenic after the inoculation assay, were finally identified. Among the identified fungi, Alternaria was the most frequent one with the highest detection rate （47.68%）, followed by Penicillium （14.57%） and Fusarium （11.92%）, respectively. Additionally, Pestalotiopsis microspora （detected in grapes Red-Globe coming from the USA） and Botrytis sp. （detected in black-plums coming from the USA） were first reported in China market. The present study summarized the selling situation of the imported fruits in Shanghai markets and constructed a library of the pathogens detected in the imported fruits during the selling period. The results obtained are useful to offer technical parameters for Chinese quarantine in order to prevent an invasion of the foreign harmful micro-organisms.展开更多
Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades play important roles in plant immunity.Previously,we reported that the potato StMKK1 protein negatively regulates Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to Phytophthora infesta...Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades play important roles in plant immunity.Previously,we reported that the potato StMKK1 protein negatively regulates Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to Phytophthora infestans.However,the functions of StMKK1 in potato immunity are unknown.To investigate the roles of StMKK1 in potato resistance to different pathogens,such as the potato late-blight pathogen P.infestans,the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum,and the gray-mold fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea,we generated StMKK1 transgenic lines and investigated the response of potato transformants to destructive oomycete,bacterial,and fungal pathogens.The results showed that overexpression and silencing of StMKK1 do not alter plant growth and development.Interestingly,we found that StMKK1 negatively regulated potato resistance to the hemibiotrophic/biotrophic pathogens P.infestans and R.solanacearum,while it positively regulated potato resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen B.cinerea.Further investigation showed that overexpression of StMKK1 suppressed potato pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)and salicylic acid(SA)-related responses,while silencing of StMKK1 enhanced PTI and SA-related immune responses.Taken together,our results showed that StMKK1 plays dual roles in potato defense against different plant pathogens via negative regulation of PTI and SA-related signaling pathways.展开更多
基金supported by the Beijing Science and Technology Planning Project of the Beijing Science and Technology Commission(Z241100009024047)the High-Level Public Health Technical Talent Training Plan(lingjunrencai-01-02).
文摘Respiratory infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality and are a major global health problem[1].Acute respiratory infections are caused by multiple respiratory pathogens,including viruses and bacteria.Viral-bacterial co-infections,which have become increasingly common and a global concern,can lead to substantial complications,causing higher morbidity and adverse prognosis[2].Previous studies have reported low positive detection rates of targeted pathogens related to acute respiratory infections,owing to the limited number of detected pathogens and variations in the sensitivity of diagnostic methods[3-4].Low positive detection rates may impede our understanding of respiratory pathogen characteristics and hamper the development of precise treatment and prevention strategies.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(No 2021CXGC010803)Pan’an County Chinese Medicine Industry Project(No.PZYF202103).
文摘Reductive soil disinfestation(RSD)is commonly employed for soil remediation in greenhouse cultivation.However,its influence on antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in soil remains uncertain.This study investigated the dynamic changes in soil communities,potential bacterial pathogens,and ARG profiles under various organicmaterial treatments during RSD,including distillers’grains,potato peel,peanut vine,and peanut vine combined with charcoal.Results revealed that applying diverse organic materials in RSD significantly altered bacterial community composition and diminished the relative abundance of potential bacterial pathogens(P<0.05).The relative abundance of high-risk ARGs decreased by 10.7%-30.6%after RSD treatments,the main decreased ARG subtypeswere AAC(3)_Via,dfrA1,ErmB,lnuB,aadA.Actinobacteria was the primary host of ARGs and was suppressed by RSD.Soil physicochemical properties,such as total nitrogen,soil pH,total carbon,were crucial factors affecting ARG profiles.Our findings demonstrated that RSD treatment inhibited pathogenic bacteria and could be an option for reducing high-risk ARG proliferation in soil.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060520)Science and Technology Talents and Platform Program of Yunnan Province(202105AF150049)University Key Laboratory of Food Microbial Resources and Utilization in Yunnan Province(Yunjiaofa[2018]No.135).
文摘In order to ensure food safety,controlling foodborne pathogen contamination is of utmost importance.Growing apprehensions regarding the safety of synthetic antimicrobials,due to their adverse health effects,have prompted a search for alternative options.Plant natural products(PNPs)with antimicrobial activity are being explored as a viable alternative.Among the various antimicrobial natural products studied,plant essential oils,plant flavonoids,plant polyphenols,plant polysaccharides,and plant antimicrobial peptides have been identified as potential candidates.PNPs demonstrate a diverse array of antimicrobial mechanisms,encompassing cell wall and membrane damage,interference with genetic replication,disruption of energy metabolism,and induction of oxidative stress at the single-cell level,as well as inhibition of biofilm formation and quorum sensing at the population level.Certain PNPs have been harnessed as natural antimicrobial agents for the food preservation.The utilization of encapsulation technology proves to be an effective strategy in protecting PNPs,thereby ensuring good antimicrobial efficacy,enhanced dispersibility,and controlled release within food products.The utilization of nanoemulsions,nanoliposomes,edible packaging,electrospun nanofibers,and microcapsules formed by encapsulation has enriched the ways in which PNPs can be applied in food preservation.Although PNPs have great potential in food preservation,their widespread application in the food industry is currently constrained by factors such as production costs,safety concerns,and legal considerations.Chemical synthesis and biosynthesis pathways offer viable strategies for reducing the cost of producing PNPs,and ongoing efforts to assess safety and improve regulatory frameworks are likely to facilitate the broader adoption of PNPs in food preservation practices.This article provides an overview of the main types of PNPs with antimicrobial activity and their properties,focusing on their mechanisms of action.Additionally,it summarizes the use of PNPs in food preservation and discusses the characteristics and applications of different encapsulation technologies.Lastly,the paper briefly analyzes current limitations and proposes potential future trends for this field.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371596,32071549)Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province(2021C02062)+2 种基金Key Scientific and Technological Grant of Zhejiang for Breeding New Agricultural Varieties(2021C02069-5-2)Key Project of Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau(2023S003)One Health Interdisciplinary Research Project of Ningbo University(HZ202404)。
文摘Litopenaeus vannamei is the most extensively cultured shrimp species globally,recognized for its scale,production,and economic value.However,its aquaculture is plagued by frequent disease outbreaks,resulting in rapid and massive mortality.etiological research often lags behind the emergence of new diseases,leaving the causal agents of some shrimp diseases unidentified and leading to nomenclature based on symptomatic presentations,especially in cases involving co-and polymicrobial pathogens.Comprehensive data on shrimp disease statuses remain limited.In this review,we summarize current knowledge on shrimp diseases and their effects on the gut microbiome.Furthermore,we also propose a workflow integrating primary colonizers,“driver”taxa in gut networks from healthy to diseased states,disease-discriminatory taxa,and virulence genes to identify potential polymicrobial pathogens.We examine both abiotic and biotic factors(e.g.,external and internal sources and specific-disease effects)that influence shrimp gut microbiota,with an emphasis on the“holobiome”concept and common features of gut microbiota response to diverse diseases.After excluding the effects of confounding factors,we provide a diagnosis model for quantitatively predicting shrimp disease incidence using disease common-discriminatory taxa,irrespective of the causal agents.Due to the conservation of functional genes used in designing specific primers,we propose a practical strategy applying qPCR-assayed abundances of disease common-discriminatory functional genes.This review updates the roles of the gut microbiota in exploring shrimp etiology,polymicrobial pathogens,and disease incidence,offering a refined perspective for advancing shrimp aquaculture health management.
文摘Method: In Cameroon limited data are available regarding the prevalence of enteric bacteria associated with table egg consuming infections. As such, a situational-based study was performed in patients with complains of stomach disorders after egg consumption. Data related to sociodemographic characteristics and other factors were collected using a structured based questionnaire. Stool culture of utmost importance in stomach disorders patients and serum were collected for typhoid serological test. Results: A total of 207 participants took part in the survey, Results indicated nontyphoidal Salmonella infections were highest in the 3 areas of study with Mfoundi (73.44%) having the highest level of infection compared to other bacterial infection. other enteric bacteria associated to this infection were E. coli serotype 157, Aeromonas, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloaca and typhi salmonella. Meanwhile salmonelosis caused by typhic salmonella had highest prevalence in the Lekie Division (13.11%) as a result of poor hygienic practices associated with the conservation and preparation of eggs, Stool culture was observed to detect more positive cases in the diagnosis of typhoid fever than Widal test, but with no statistically significant (p > 0.05) difference between the stool culture and Widal test in the 3 areas of study. Conclusion: this study revealed that egg consumers are pruned to enteric bacterial and salmonella infections depending on how and where egg is consumed.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(grant no.2022YFD1400900).
文摘Fungicides are an indispensable tool in plant disease control.Various modes of action(MOAs)have been identified in different fungicides to suppress plant pathogens.The combined use of fungicides with distinct MOAs has been recommended to prevent the development of pathogen resistance.In studying MOAs,metabolomics has been proven to be a robust and high-throughput method.Because metabolites are unique and distinct depending on the biological activities of an organism,MOAs can be identified and classified by establishing metabolic fingerprinting and metabolic profiles.Similarly,if fungicide resistance is developed in a pathogen,the metabolome will change,which can be identified.In this review,we have discussed the principles and advanced applications of metabolomics in the study of MOAs and resistance mechanisms of fungicides,and the potential of metabolic data in understanding the interaction between fungicides and pathogens.Challenges are also discussed in the application of metabolomics,improvement of the study on the mechanism of fungicides in their functions against pathogens and advancing the development of novel fungicides.
基金Supported by Guiyang Science and Technology Planning Project (ZKHT[2020]3-13).
文摘Dictyophora rubrovalvata is an edible fungus with rich nutritional value.It contains various nutrients and bioactive components,and has immunomodulation,anti-tumor,anti-oxidation,anti-fatigue,anti-aging,anti-inflammation and alcoholic hepatitis-protection effects.With the continuous expansion of planting area of Dictyophora,the disease problem has become a major problem affecting the development of Dictyophora industry.In this paper,the pathogens,harmful symptoms and causes of main diseases in Dictyophora were summarized,so as to provide reference for comprehensive control of Dictyophora diseases and promote the high-quality development of Dictyophora industry.
基金Major National Science and Technology Projects(Grant No.2013ZX10004605,2013ZX10004605001004)
文摘The pathogens and opinion for antibiotic treatment in adult patients with 1-14 fecal white blood cells per high power field （WBC/HPF） of acute non-bloody diarrhea remain obscure. The study attempts to clarify it. Stool specimens of adult patients with acute non-bloody diarrhea and stool examination showing 1-14 fecal WBC/HPF were collected for bacterial culture and viral detection. Patients included in this study were 196 cases with mean age of （37.9±17.4） years and 42.3% was women. The bacterial and viral detection rates were 63 （32.1%） and 21 （10.7%）, respectively. Of the isolated pathogens, campylobacteria was present in 14 （22.0%） samples and was the most common bacteria and calicivirus was found in 10 （47.6%） samples and was the most common virus. Based on single pathogens, 46 cases were caused by invasive pathogens, 26 cases were caused by non-invasive pathogens. The body temperature was significantly higher in feverish patients caused by invasive pathogens than those caused by non-invasive pathogens （（38.44-0.7） ℃ vs （37.74-0.4） ℃, P = 0.002）. The probability of diarrhea caused by invasive pathogens was higher in patients with T〉38.4℃ than those with T_〈38.4℃ （RR = 1.5）. When T〉38.4℃ is used as the threshold for antibiotic treatment, the misuse rate of antibiotics would decrease from 26.9% to 3.8% （P = 0.021）. So T〉38.4 ℃ may be used as a possible reference value for antibiotic treatment in adult patients with 1-14 fecal WBC/HPF of acute non-bloody diarrhea.
文摘Study Objective: The purpose of the study is to present independent laboratory testing for a novel technology in air and on surfaces. Since 2020, public health goals have focused on improving indoor air quality. This includes protection from airborne pathogens, such as tuberculosis, RSV, SARS-CoV-2, common cold or influenza viruses, measles, and others. Engineering controls are highly effective at reducing hazardous pathogens found in indoor air and from recontamination of surfaces. This occurs from a continuous cycle of settling of small, sustained airborne pathogens, which may become dehumidified, becoming airborne again, carried by room air currents around indoor spaces, then repeating the cycle. Methods: The novel technology utilizes a catalytic process to produce safe levels of hydrogen peroxide gas that are effective in reducing pathogens in the air and on surfaces. Air testing was performed with the MS2 bacteriophage, the test organism for ASHRAE standard 241, and methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Surface testing was performed with SARS-COV-2 (Coronavirus COVID-19) and H1N1 (Influenza). Typical ventilation and filtration does not effectively remove disbursed pathogens from the entire facility, due to inconsistent air circulation and surface deposits of pathogens. Results: MS2 was reduced by 99.9%;MRSA was reduced by 99.9%;SARS-CoV-2 was reduced by 99.9%;H1N1 was reduced by 99.9%. Conclusion: This novel catalytic converter reduces a variety of pathogens in the air (99%) and on surfaces (99%), by actively disinfecting with the introduction of gaseous hydrogen peroxide. This active disinfection provides a strong solution for protecting the entire facility and its occupants.
基金supported by the grants to Prof.Zheng Xiaobo and Prof.Wang Yuanchao from the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0201000)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-004-PS14)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31721004)by the grant to Associate Prof.Ye Wenwu from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772140)。
文摘Soybean root diseases are associated with numerous fungal and oomycete pathogens;however,the community dynamics and interactions of these pathogens are largely unknown.We performed 13 loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)assays that targeted specific soybean root pathogens,and traditional isolation assays.A total of 159 samples were collected from three locations in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China at three soybean growth stages(30,60,and 90 days after planting)in 2016.In LAMP results,we found that pathogen communities differed slightly among locations,but changed dramatically between soybean growth stages.Phytophthora sojae,Rhizoctonia solani,and Fusarium oxysporum were most frequently detected at the early stage,whereas Phomopsis longicolla,Fusarium equiseti,and Fusarium virguliforme were most common in the later stages.Most samples(86%)contained two to six pathogen species.Interestingly,the less detectable species tended to exist in the samples containing more detected species,and some pathogens preferentially co-occurred in diseased tissue,including P.sojae–R.solani–F.oxysporum and F.virguliforme–Calonectria ilicicola,implying potential interactions during infection.The LAMP detection results were confirmed by traditional isolation methods.The isolated strains exhibited different virulence to soybean,further implying a beneficial interaction among some pathogens.
文摘AIM：To analyze the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/sulbactam against pathogens isolated from patients with acute cholangitis. METHODS： In this prospective study a total of 65 patients with acute cholangitis due to biliary stone obstruction （n = 7）, benign biliary stricture （n = 16）, and malignant biliary stricture （n = 42） were investigated with regard to spectrum of bacterial infection and antibiotic resistance. Pathogens were isolated from bile cultures in all study patients. In 22 febrile patients, blood cultures were also obtained. In vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/ sulbactam was determined by agar diffusion. RESULTS： Thirty-one out of 65 patients had positive bile and/or blood cultures. In 31 patients, 63 isolates with 17 different species were identified. The predominant strains were Enterococcus species （26/63）, Ecoli （13/63） and Klebsiella species （8/63）. A comparable in vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/sulbactam was observed for E.coli and Klebsiella species. In contrast, Enterococcus species had higher resistances towards moxifloxacin. Overall bacteria showed antibiotic resistances in vitro of 34.9% for piperacillin/sulbactam and 36.5% for moxifioxacin.CONCLUSION： Enterococcus species, E.co/i and Klebsiella species were the most common bacteria isolated from bile and/or blood from patients with acute cholangitis. Overall, a mixed infection with several species was observed, and bacteria showed a comparable in vitro activity for piperacillin/sulbactam and moxifloxacin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51290281)the project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.QYZDY-SSW-DQC004)the Federal Department of Chinese Water Control and Treatment(Nos.2017ZX07108,2017ZX07501002)
文摘The effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors （ARs）. The corrosion process and most probable number （MPN） analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O3/Cl2 induced higher Fe304 formation in corrosion scales. These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl2 alone. O3/Cl2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria. Moreover, ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties. The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection. Compared with the AR treated with Cl2 alone, the opportunistic pathogens M. auium and L. pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O3/Cl2, and decreased to （4.60 ± 0.14） and （3.09 ± 0.12） loglo （gene copies/g corrosion scales） in biofilms, respectively. The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O3/Cl2. Therefore, O3/Cl2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2016YFA0203200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51538013)the project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.QYZDY-SSW-DQC004)
文摘In this study, qPCR was used to quantify opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens(OPPPs) and free-living amoebae in 11 tap water samples collected over four seasons from a city in northern China. Results demonstrated that the average numbers of gene copies of Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were significantly higher than those of Aeromonas spp.(p < 0.05). Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were 100%(44/44) positively detected while P. aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. were 79.54%(35/44) and 77.27%(34/44) positively detected. Legionella pneumophila was only detected in 4 samples(4/44), demonstrating its occasional occurrence. No Mycobacterium avium or Naegleria fowleri was detected in any of the samples. The average gene copy numbers of target OPPPs were the highest in summer,suggesting seasonal prevalence of OPPPs. Average gene copy numbers of OPPPs in the taps of low-use-frequency were higher than in taps of high-use-frequency, but the difference was not significant for some OPPPs(p > 0.05). Moderate negative correlations between the chlorine concentration and the gene copy numbers of OPPPs were observed by Spearman analysis(rsranged from -0.311 to -0.710, p < 0.05). However, no significant correlations existed between OPPPs and AOC, BDOC, or turbidity. Moderate positive correlations were observed between the target microorganisms, especially for Acanthamoeba spp., through Spearman analysis(p < 0.05). Based on our studies, it is proposed that disinfectant concentration, season, taps with different-use frequency, OPPP species, and potential microbial correlations should be considered for control of OPPPs in tap water.
基金supported in part by the Universidad de los Andes Faculty of Sciencesby basic sciences project P13.700022.007 from the University of los Andes Office of Research+1 种基金by COLCIENCIAS grant # 120-4521-28532Colciencias (Programa de Apoyo a Doctorados Nacionales) for the financial support of the Ph.D. studies of M.F.G. and H.Y.N.-O
文摘The importance of pyrimidines lies in the fact that they are structural components of a broad spectrum of key molecules that participate in diverse cellular functions, such as synthesis of DNA, RNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. Pyrimidine metabolism encompasses all enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, salvage, interconversion and transport of these molecules. In this review, we summarize recent publications that document how pyrimidine metabolism changes under a variety of conditions, including, when possible, those studies based on techniques of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. First, we briefly look at the dynamics of pyrimidine metabolism during nonpathogenic cellular events. We then focus on changes that pathogen infections cause in the pyrimidine metabolism of their host. Next, we discuss the effects of antimetabolites and inhibitors, and finally we consider the consequences of genetic ma- nipulations, such as knock-downs, knock-outs, and knock-ins, of pyrimidine enzymes on pyrimidine metabolism in the cell.
基金the California Department of Food and Agriculture Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine Improvement Advisory Board, USA
文摘Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation （ASD） is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry （e.g., rice bran） and liquid （e.g., ethanol） carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.
基金supported by grants from the Priority Project on Infectious Disease Control and Prevention(2012ZX10004215,2013ZX10004610)from Ministry of Health,China,and the Science Foundation for the State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control from China(Grant No.2015SKLID508)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81671985)and(Grant No.81170009)
文摘Objective Lower respiratory tract infections continue to pose a significant threat to human health. It is important to accurately and rapidly detect respiratory bacteria. To compensate for the limits of current respiratory bacteria detection methods, we developed a combination of multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and capillary electrophoresis （MPCE） assay to detect thirteen bacterial pathogens responsible for lower respiratory tract infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catorrholis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Corynebactefium diphthefiae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods Three multiplex PCR reactions were built, and the products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using the high-throughput DNA analyzer. The specificity of the MPCE assay was examined and the detection limit was evaluated using DNA samples from each bacterial strain and the simulative samples of each strain. This assay was further evaluated using 152 clinical specimens and compared with real-time PCR reactions. For this assay, three nested-multiplex-PCRs were used to detect these clinical specimens. Results The detection limits of the MPCE assay for the 13 pathogens were very low and ranged from 10-7 to 10-2 ng/μL. Furthermore, analysis of the 252 clinical specimens yielded a specificity ranging from 96.5%-100.0%, and a sensitivity of 100.0% for the 13 pathogens. Conclusion This study revealed that the MPCE with high specificity and sensitivity. This assay survey of respiratory pathogens. assay is a rapid, reliable, and high-throughput method has great potential in the molecular epidemiological.
文摘Objective:To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Clitoria ternatea(C.ternatea) against the fish pathogens viz.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),Escherichia coli(E.coli),Klebsiella pneumonia(K.pneumonia),Bacillus subtilis(B.subtilis),Aeromonas formican(A.formicans)s, Aeromonas hydrophila(A.hydrophila) and Streptococcus agalactiae(S.agalactiae )isolated from diseased Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).Methods:The extracts of C.ternatea was tested against P.aeruginosa,E.coli,K.pneumonia,B.subtilis,A.formicans,A.hydrophila and S.agalactiae by the agar well diffusion method.Results:Different extracts of C.ternatea showed inhibitory effects against P.aeruginosa,E.coli,K.pneumonia,B.subtilis,A.formicans,A.hydrophila and S. agalactiae.Ethyl acetate extracts of C.ternatea showed maximum of zone of inhibition against A. formicans(18 mm),A.hydrophilia(19 mm),B.subtilis(19 mm) and P.aeruginosa(21 mm) next to that ethanol extract of C.ternatea showed A.formicans(18 mm) and E.coli(14 mm) followed by Acetone extract showed maximum zone of inhibition S.agalactiae(19 mm) and K.pneumonia(17 mm).Conclusions:The antimicrobial activities of all the four plant extracts are comparable and their potential as alternative in the treatment of infectious by these microorganisms was present in the fish.Susceptibility testing is conducted on isolates using drugs selected on the basis of their importance to human medicine and use in fish production.
基金project was approved by the research committee of Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences,University of Khartoum as Ph D degree requirements to Aymen Nurain
文摘Objective:To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance rates of nosocomial pathogens isolated from cancer patients and hospital environments.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2010 to May 2013 at Radiation and Isotopes Centre of Khartoum,Sudan.A total of 1 503 samples(505 clinical and 998 environmental)were examined.Isolates were identified,and their antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using standard laboratory procedures.Results:Out of 505 clinical samples,nosocomial pathogens were found as 48.1%.Among hospital environment samples,bacterial contaminants were detected in 29.7%of samples.The main microorganisms recovered from cancer patients were Proteus spp.(23.5%),Escherichia coli(22.2%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)(21.0%)and Staphylococcus aureus(20.2%).The most frequent isolates from hospital environments were Bacillus spp.(50.0%),Staphylococcus aureus(14.2%)and P.aeruginosa(11.5%).The proportions of resistance among Gram-negative pathogens from cancer patients were high for ampicillin,cefotaxime,ceftazidime and ceftriaxone.Moderate resistance rates were recorded to ciprofloxacin,such as 51.0%for P.aeruginosa,21.7%for Klebsiella pneumoniae and 55.5%for Escherichia coli.Except Klebsiella,there were no significant differences(P0.05)of resistance rates between Gram-negative isolates from cancer patients to those from the hospital environments.The proportions of extended-spectrum b-lactamase producing isolates from cancer patients were not differ significantly(P=0.763)from those collected from the hospital environments(49.2%;91/185 vs.47%;32/68).Conclusions:The prevalence of nosocomial infection among cancer patients was high(48.1%)with the increasing of antimicrobial resistance rates.Hospital environments are potential reservoirs for nosocomial infections,which calls for intervention program to reduce environmental transmission of pathogens.
基金supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (30771505)the projects of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission,China (07DZ12043)
文摘A tremendous amount of imported fresh fruits has been delivered to Shanghai markets, increasing the risk of invasion by harmful plant pathogens. Therefore, it is important to establish an effective detection and supervision system to survey the outbreak of the market diseases of the imported fruits during marketing. The samples were regularly surveyed in different markets to examine varieties, prices, localities, selling conditions, and diseases of the imported fruits from 2004 to 2008. The survey showed that 58 species of 30 different fruits were imported to Shanghai from 16 countries with more expensive price. The larger products were bananas, grapes, apples, and oranges. During the investigation, we found that the imported fruits frequently brought about the relatively serious market diseases. On the basis of morphology and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer （ITS） of ribosomal DNA （rDNA） analysis, 151 isolates of 15 fungi genera, which shown to be pathogenic after the inoculation assay, were finally identified. Among the identified fungi, Alternaria was the most frequent one with the highest detection rate （47.68%）, followed by Penicillium （14.57%） and Fusarium （11.92%）, respectively. Additionally, Pestalotiopsis microspora （detected in grapes Red-Globe coming from the USA） and Botrytis sp. （detected in black-plums coming from the USA） were first reported in China market. The present study summarized the selling situation of the imported fruits in Shanghai markets and constructed a library of the pathogens detected in the imported fruits during the selling period. The results obtained are useful to offer technical parameters for Chinese quarantine in order to prevent an invasion of the foreign harmful micro-organisms.
基金This work was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701770,32072401)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019T120956 and 2016M600818)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2017BSHYDZZ63)the Northwest A&F University Scientific Research Fund for Advanced Talents(2452018028 and 2452017069).
文摘Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades play important roles in plant immunity.Previously,we reported that the potato StMKK1 protein negatively regulates Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to Phytophthora infestans.However,the functions of StMKK1 in potato immunity are unknown.To investigate the roles of StMKK1 in potato resistance to different pathogens,such as the potato late-blight pathogen P.infestans,the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum,and the gray-mold fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea,we generated StMKK1 transgenic lines and investigated the response of potato transformants to destructive oomycete,bacterial,and fungal pathogens.The results showed that overexpression and silencing of StMKK1 do not alter plant growth and development.Interestingly,we found that StMKK1 negatively regulated potato resistance to the hemibiotrophic/biotrophic pathogens P.infestans and R.solanacearum,while it positively regulated potato resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen B.cinerea.Further investigation showed that overexpression of StMKK1 suppressed potato pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)and salicylic acid(SA)-related responses,while silencing of StMKK1 enhanced PTI and SA-related immune responses.Taken together,our results showed that StMKK1 plays dual roles in potato defense against different plant pathogens via negative regulation of PTI and SA-related signaling pathways.
