The mechanisms of oxide metallurgy include inducing the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite(IAF)using micron-sized inclusions and restricting the growth of prior austenite grains(PAGs)by nanosized particles du...The mechanisms of oxide metallurgy include inducing the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite(IAF)using micron-sized inclusions and restricting the growth of prior austenite grains(PAGs)by nanosized particles during welding.The chaotically oriented IAF and refined PAGs inhibit crack initiation and propagation in the steel,resulting in high impact toughness.This work summarizes the com-bined effect of deoxidizers and alloying elements,with the aim to provide a new perspective for the research and practice related to im-proving the impact toughness of the heat affected zone(HAZ)during the high heat input welding.Ti complex deoxidation with other strong deoxidants,such as Mg,Ca,Zr,and rare earth metals(REMs),can improve the toughness of the heat-affected zone(HAZ)by re-fining PAGs or increasing IAF contents.However,it is difficult to identify the specific phase responsible for IAF nucleation because ef-fective inclusions formed by complex deoxidation are usually multiphase.Increasing alloying elements,such as C,Si,Al,Nb,or Cr,con-tents can impair HAZ toughness.A high C content typically increases the number of coarse carbides and decreases the potency of IAF formation.Si,Cr,or Al addition leads to the formation of undesirable microstructures.Nb reduces the high-temperature stability of the precipitates.Mo,V,and B can enhance HAZ toughness.Mo-containing precipitates present good thermal stability.VN or V(C,N)is ef-fective in promoting IAF nucleation due to its good coherent crystallographic relationship with ferrite.The formation of the B-depleted zone around the inclusion promotes IAF formation.The interactions between alloying elements are complex,and the effect of adding dif-ferent alloying elements remains to be evaluated.In the future,the interactions between various alloying elements and their effects on ox-ide metallurgy,as well as the calculation of the nucleation effects of effective inclusions using first principles calculations will become the focus of oxide metallurgy.展开更多
OLAND(oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification) nitrogen removal system was constructed by coupling with oxygen limited nitritation stage and anaerobic ammonium oxidation stage. Ammonia oxidizer, a...OLAND(oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification) nitrogen removal system was constructed by coupling with oxygen limited nitritation stage and anaerobic ammonium oxidation stage. Ammonia oxidizer, as a kind of key bacteria in N cycle, plays an important role at the oxygen limited nitritation stage of OLAND nitrogen removal system. In this study, specific amplification of 16S rDNA fragment of ammonia oxidizer by nested PCR, separation of mixed PCR samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE), and the quantification of ammonia oxidizer by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) were combined to investigate the shifts of community composition and quantity of ammonia oxidizer of the oxygen limited nitritation stage in OLAND system. It showed that the community composition of ammonia oxidizer changed drastically when dissolved oxygen was decreased gradually, and the dominant ammonia oxidizer of the steady nitrite accumulation stage were completely different from that of the early stage of oxygen limited nitritation identified by DGGE . It was concluded that the Nitrosomonas may be the dominant genus of ammonia oxidizer at the oxygen limited nitritation stage of OLAND system characterized by nested PCR-DGGE and FISH, and the percentage of Nitrosomonas was 72.5% ±0.8% of ammonia oxidizer at the steady nitrite accumulation stage detected by FISH.展开更多
Ammonium dinitramide(ADN)is considered as a potential substitute for ammonium perchlorate in energetic materials due to its high density,positive oxygen balance,and halogen-free characteristics.However,its application...Ammonium dinitramide(ADN)is considered as a potential substitute for ammonium perchlorate in energetic materials due to its high density,positive oxygen balance,and halogen-free characteristics.However,its application has been severely limited because of its strong hygroscopicity,difficult storage,and incompatibility with isocyanate curing agents.In order to better bloom the advantages of the highly energetic and environment-friendly ADN in the fields of energetic materials,an in-depth analysis of the current situation and discussion of key research points are particularly important.In this paper,a detailed overview on the synthesis,thermal decomposition,hygroscopic mechanism,and antihygroscopicity of ADN has been discussed,its application in powdes and explosives are also presented,and its future research directions are proposed.展开更多
Research and development of green oxidizers and green fuels as a possible replacement for ammonium perchlorate(NH4ClO4,AP) and hydrazine(N2H4) respectively has been increased considerably in the recent years.AP and hy...Research and development of green oxidizers and green fuels as a possible replacement for ammonium perchlorate(NH4ClO4,AP) and hydrazine(N2H4) respectively has been increased considerably in the recent years.AP and hydrazine are the oxidizer and fuel entities,and used in solid and liquid rocket motors respectively.AP is highly toxic and led to adverse health effects,while hydrazine is carcinogenic in nature.AP is in use from the last several decades for rocket and space shuttle propulsion,while hydrazine is used in upper stage liquid propelled rocket motors.It’s a tough task to replace AP with the currently available green oxidizers;since their ballistic properties are weaker when compared to AP and also they can’t be successfully deployed in a solid rocket motor at present Some important available solid green oxidizers are ammonium nitrate(AN),ammonium dinitramide(ADN),hydroxyl ammonium nitrate(HAN),and hydrazinium nitroformate(HNF).However,AN is one of the cheap and readily available oxidizer,and has great potential to use in solid/liquid rocket motors.Tremendous progress has been envisaged till now,and more progress will be there in the coming future over the development of AN based green energetic materials(GEM’s).A concise overview has been presented over the development of phase stabilized ammonium nitrate(PSAN) and AN/KDN based green oxidizers in the present review paper.展开更多
The experimental values of the enthalpy of formation of two isomeric 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles have been obtained(261.5±5.0and 246.4±6.7kJ/mol for crystalline 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-...The experimental values of the enthalpy of formation of two isomeric 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles have been obtained(261.5±5.0and 246.4±6.7kJ/mol for crystalline 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles,respectively).The ballistic effectiveness of these potential oxidizers in composite solid propellants was studied.It is shown that these two oxidizers may be successfully applied in metal-free compositions or with a small content of metal.For the bottom stage 3,4-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole is a bit better than 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole,for the upper stage the both oxidizers show the equal ballistic parameters.These oxidizers allow to create metal-free solid composite propellants with the binder percentage not lower than 19%(volume fraction),with I3spequal to 256.5-257.0sat density equal to 1.72-1.74g/cm^3.展开更多
In this study, a porous inserted regenerative thermal oxidizer （PRTO） system was developed for a 125 kW industrial copper-melting furnace, due to its advantages of low NOr emissions and high radiant efficiency. Zirc...In this study, a porous inserted regenerative thermal oxidizer （PRTO） system was developed for a 125 kW industrial copper-melting furnace, due to its advantages of low NOr emissions and high radiant efficiency. Zirconium dioxide （ZrOz） ce- ramic foams were placed into the combustion zone of a regenerative thermal oxidizer （RTO）. Different performance characteris- tics of the RTO and PRTO systems, including pressure drop, temperature distribution, emissions, and energy efficiency, were evaluated to study the effects of the porous inserts on non-premixed CH4 combustion. It was found that the PRTO system achieved a significant reduction in the NOx emission level and a fuel saving of approximately 30% compared to the RTO system. It is most suitable for a lean combustion process at an equivalence ratio 〈0.4 with NOx and CO emission levels within 0.002%~）.003% and 0.001%q3.002%, respectively.展开更多
It is shown that it is not correct to estimate energetic characteristics of different compounds of solid composite propellants by evaluation of the specific impulse values of these components serving as an only compon...It is shown that it is not correct to estimate energetic characteristics of different compounds of solid composite propellants by evaluation of the specific impulse values of these components serving as an only component in the formulation.Such an approach may turn the researcher to a wrong conclusion.One has to compare compound′s potential in formulations close to real,e.g.at least with necessary amount of binders.Dependences of specific impulse upon element content of highenthalpy CHNO oxidizer,its enthalpy of formation,and kind of binder have been found.展开更多
Soil arsenic contamination is of great concern because of its toxicity to human,crops,and soil microorganisms.However,the impacts of arsenic on soil ammonia oxidizers communities remain unclear.Seven types of soil spi...Soil arsenic contamination is of great concern because of its toxicity to human,crops,and soil microorganisms.However,the impacts of arsenic on soil ammonia oxidizers communities remain unclear.Seven types of soil spiked with 0 or 100 mg arsenic per kg soil were incubated for 180 days and sampled at days 1,15,30,90 and 180.The changes in the community composition and abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB)and ammonia oxidizing archaea(AOA)were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(TRFLP)analysis,clone library sequencing,and quantitative PCR(qPCR)targeting amoA gene.Results revealed considerable variations in the potential ammonia oxidation(PAO)rates in different soils,but soil PAO was not consistently significantly inhibited by arsenic,probably due to the low bioavailable arsenic contents or the existence of functional redundancy between AOB and AOA.The variations in AOB and AOA communities were closely associated with the changes in arsenic fractionations.The amoA gene abundances of AOA increased after arsenic addition,whereas AOB decreased,which corroborated the notion that AOA and AOB might occupy different niches in arsenic-contaminated soils.Phylogenetic analysis of amoA gene-encoded proteins revealed that all AOB clone sequences belonged to the genus Nitrosospira,among which those belonging to Nitrosospira cluster 3a were dominant.The main AOA sequence detected belonged to Thaumarchaeal Group 1.1b,which was considered to have a high ability to adapt to environmental changes.Our results provide new insights into the impacts of arsenic on the soil nitrogen cycling.展开更多
The responses of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea（AOA） and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria（AOB） to mercury（Hg） stress were investigated through a short-term incubation experiment.Treated with four different concentrati...The responses of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea（AOA） and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria（AOB） to mercury（Hg） stress were investigated through a short-term incubation experiment.Treated with four different concentrations of Hg（CK,Hg25,Hg50,and Hg100,denoting 0,25,50,and 100 mg Hg/kg dry soil,respectively）,samples were harvested after 3,7,and 28 day incubation.Results showed that the soil potential nitrification rate（PNR） was significantly inhibited by Hg stress during the incubation.However,lower abundances of AOA（the highest in CK： 9.20 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil; the lowest in Hg50： 2.68 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil） and AOB（the highest in CK： 2.68 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil; the lowest in Hg50：7.49 × 10~6 copies/g dry soil） were observed only at day 28 of incubation（P 〈 0.05）.Moreover,only the community structure of soil AOB obviously shifted under Hg stress as seen through DGGE profiles,which revealed that 2-3 distinct AOB bands emerged in the Hg treatments at day 28.In summary,soil PNR might be a very useful parameter to assess acute Hg stress on soil ecosystems,and the community structure of soil AOB might be a realistic biological indicator for the assessment of heavy metal stress on soil ecosystems in the future.展开更多
The spatial distribution and diversity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers （AOA and AOB） were evaluated targeting amoA genes in the gradient of a littoral buffer zone which has been identified as a hot spot ...The spatial distribution and diversity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers （AOA and AOB） were evaluated targeting amoA genes in the gradient of a littoral buffer zone which has been identified as a hot spot for N cycling. Here we found high spatial heterogeneity in the nitrification rate and abundance of ammonia oxidizers in the five sampling sites. The bacterial amoA gene was numerically dominant in most of the surface soil but decreased dramatically in deep layers. Higher nitrification potentials were detected in two sites near the land/water interface at 4.4–6.1 μg NO2-N/（g dry weight soil·hr）, while only 1.0–1.7 μg NO2-N/（g dry weight soil·hr） was measured at other sites. The potential nitrification rates were proportional to the amoA gene abundance for AOB, but with no significant correlation with AOA. The NH4＋ concentration was the most determinative parameter for the abundance of AOB and potential nitrification rates in this study. Higher richness in the surface layer was found in the analysis of biodiversity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the bacterial amoA sequences in surface soil were affiliated with the genus of Nitrosopira while the archaeal sequences were almost equally affiliated with Candidatus ‘Nitrososphaera gargensis’ and Candidatus ‘Nitrosocaldus yellowstonii’. The spatial distribution of AOA and AOB indicated that bacteria may play a more important role in nitrification in the littoral buffer zone of a N-rich lake.展开更多
Excellent Heat Affected Zone Toughness Technology Improved by use of Strong Deoxidizers (ETISD Technology) has been developed by Baosteel. When deoxidation of molten steel is conducted at the precisely controlled oxyg...Excellent Heat Affected Zone Toughness Technology Improved by use of Strong Deoxidizers (ETISD Technology) has been developed by Baosteel. When deoxidation of molten steel is conducted at the precisely controlled oxygen concentrations, the formation of the micro-meter inclusions and the nano-meter precipitates in the steel plate can be effectively controlled. During the welding process with high-heat input, the formation of acicular ferrite can be selectively promoted with the aid of micro-meter inclusions; the growth of γ grain can also be selectively restrained by the pinning effect of nano-meter precipitates. After welding with high-heat input of 400 kJ/cm, excellent heat affected zone toughness can be obtained for the steel plates with both of the above microstructures, and the average absorbed energy is greater than 200 J for V notch Charpy impact test at -20℃ .展开更多
Excellent heat affected zone(HAZ)toughness technology improved by strong deoxidizers(ETISI)technology has been developed by Baosteel.In the deoxidation process of molten steel by adding strong deoxidizers,the formatio...Excellent heat affected zone(HAZ)toughness technology improved by strong deoxidizers(ETISI)technology has been developed by Baosteel.In the deoxidation process of molten steel by adding strong deoxidizers,the formation of micrometer inclusions and nano-meter precipitates in steel plates can be effectively controlled by a precise control of oxygen concentration.In the welding process with a high-heat input,the formation of acicular ferrite can be selectively promoted with the aid of the micrometer inclusions;the growth of γ grains can also be selectively restrained by the pinning effect of the nano-meter precipitates.After welding with a high-heat input of 400 kJ/cm,excellent HAZ toughness can be obtained in the steel plates with both of the above microstructures,and the average absorbed energy is greater than 200 J for the V-notch Charpy impact test at-20℃.展开更多
It is difficult to stimulate coal reservoirs in physical approaches,and the recovery factor of coalbed methane(CBM)can be enhanced by applying strong oxidizers through oxidation to stimulate coal reservoirs.At present...It is difficult to stimulate coal reservoirs in physical approaches,and the recovery factor of coalbed methane(CBM)can be enhanced by applying strong oxidizers through oxidation to stimulate coal reservoirs.At present,however,there have been very few studies on the oxidation of CBM and fewer experimental studies for systematically evaluating the effect of oxidation on the seepage capacity of coal reservoirs.In this paper,the coal samples taken from coal seams of the Jurassic Xishanyao Formation in the Heishan Coal Mine,Toksun,Xinjiang,were selected as the study objects.Hydrogen peroxide solution immersion experiments were carried out on columnar and powdered coal samples,respectively to measure the permeability of columnar coal samples,the dissolution rate of powdered coal samples and the property parameters of hydrogen peroxide solution.Then,the reaction mechanisms between coal samples and hydrogen peroxide and the mechanisms to improve the seepage capacity of coal reservoirs were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),infrared spectrum and wetting angle measurement.Finally,the stimulation effect of oxidation was compared with that of acidification.The following research results were obtained.(1)The permeability of coal samples is increased significantly after oxidation to 1.4–3.2 times the original permeability.(2)A large number of micro-fractures and dissolved pores are formed in the coal samples after oxidation,and consequently pore connectivity is improved greatly.Thus,the amount of associative hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups on the surface of the coal samples increases,and the water wettability on the surface reduces.(3)Organic matters and pyrites are oxidized and consumed easily,and the generated H+and micro-molecular aliphatic acids further dissolve inorganic mineral components.(4)Oxidation also has the advantage of acidification for dissolving inorganic mineral components,so there is a low and controllable probability of generating coal powder.In conclusion,applying strong oxidizers has the potential to become a new technology for coal reservoir stimulation.展开更多
It has been reported that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.As a result,the development of drugs targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has attracted increasing a...It has been reported that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.As a result,the development of drugs targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has attracted increasing attention from researchers.This article reviews the pathological mechanisms and advancements in research related to the signaling pathways in ischemic stroke,with a focus on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.The key findings include the following:(1)The complex pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke can be categorized into five major types:excitatory amino acid toxicity,Ca^(2+)overload,inflammatory response,oxidative stress,and apoptosis.(2)The PI3K/AKT-mediated signaling pathway is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of ischemic stroke,which primarily involves the NF-κB,NRF2,BCL-2,mTOR,and endothelial NOS signaling pathways.(3)Natural products,including flavonoids,quinones,alkaloids,phenylpropanoids,phenols,terpenoids,and iridoids,show great potential as candidate substances for the development of innovative anti-stroke medications.(4)Recently,novel therapeutic techniques,such as electroacupuncture and mesenchymal stem cell therapy,have demonstrated the potential to improve stroke outcomes by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,providing new possibilities for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke.Future investigations should focus on the direct regulatory mechanisms of drugs targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and their clinical translation to develop innovative treatment strategies for ischemic stroke.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a complex and incompletely understood pathogenesis. Despite extensive research, a cure for Alzheimer's disease has not yet been found. Oxid...Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a complex and incompletely understood pathogenesis. Despite extensive research, a cure for Alzheimer's disease has not yet been found. Oxidative stress mediates excessive oxidative responses, and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis as a primary or secondary pathological event is widely accepted. As a member of the selenium-containing antioxidant enzyme family, glutathione peroxidase 4 reduces esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. With the discovery of ferroptosis, the central role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in anti-lipid peroxidation in several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, has received widespread attention. Increasing evidence suggests that glutathione peroxidase 4 expression is inhibited in the Alzheimer's disease brain, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and apoptosis, which are closely associated with pathological damage in Alzheimer's disease. Several therapeutic approaches, such as small molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological treatments, ameliorate pathological damage and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease by promoting glutathione peroxidase 4 expression and enhancing glutathione peroxidase 4 activity. Therefore, glutathione peroxidase 4 upregulation may be a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the gene structure, biological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of glutathione peroxidase 4, a discussion on the important role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in pathological events closely related to Alzheimer's disease, and a summary of the advances in small-molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most prior studies on this subject used animal models, and relevant clinical studies are lacking. Future clinical trials are required to validate the therapeutic effects of strategies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.展开更多
The pathophysiology of Huntington's disease involves high levels of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid accumulation results in oxidative stress, which leads to neurotoxicity. However, the molecular an...The pathophysiology of Huntington's disease involves high levels of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid accumulation results in oxidative stress, which leads to neurotoxicity. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which quinolinic acid contributes to Huntington's disease pathology remain unknown. In this study, we established in vitro and in vivo models of Huntington's disease by administering quinolinic acid to the PC12 neuronal cell line and the striatum of mice, respectively. We observed a decrease in the levels of hydrogen sulfide in both PC12 cells and mouse serum, which was accompanied by down-regulation of cystathionine β-synthase, an enzyme responsible for hydrogen sulfide production. However, treatment with NaHS(a hydrogen sulfide donor) increased hydrogen sulfide levels in the neurons and in mouse serum, as well as cystathionine β-synthase expression in the neurons and the mouse striatum, while also improving oxidative imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells and the mouse striatum. These beneficial effects correlated with upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression. Finally, treatment with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2inhibitor ML385 reversed the beneficial impact of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings show that hydrogen sulfide reduces oxidative stress in Huntington's disease by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,suggesting that hydrogen sulfide is a novel neuroprotective drug candidate for treating patients with Huntington's disease.展开更多
Spinal cord injuries impose a notably economic burden on society,mainly because of the severe after-effects they cause.Despite the ongoing development of various therapies for spinal cord injuries,their effectiveness ...Spinal cord injuries impose a notably economic burden on society,mainly because of the severe after-effects they cause.Despite the ongoing development of various therapies for spinal cord injuries,their effectiveness remains unsatisfactory.However,a deeper understanding of metabolism has opened up a new therapeutic opportunity in the form of metabolic reprogramming.In this review,we explore the metabolic changes that occur during spinal cord injuries,their consequences,and the therapeutic tools available for metabolic reprogramming.Normal spinal cord metabolism is characterized by independent cellular metabolism and intercellular metabolic coupling.However,spinal cord injury results in metabolic disorders that include disturbances in glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,and mitochondrial dysfunction.These metabolic disturbances lead to corresponding pathological changes,including the failure of axonal regeneration,the accumulation of scarring,and the activation of microglia.To rescue spinal cord injury at the metabolic level,potential metabolic reprogramming approaches have emerged,including replenishing metabolic substrates,reconstituting metabolic couplings,and targeting mitochondrial therapies to alter cell fate.The available evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming holds great promise as a next-generation approach for the treatment of spinal cord injury.To further advance the metabolic treatment of the spinal cord injury,future efforts should focus on a deeper understanding of neurometabolism,the development of more advanced metabolomics technologies,and the design of highly effective metabolic interventions.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms,among which oxidative stress significantly contributes to the occurrence of secondary injury.In this study,we evaluated hypidone hydrochloride(YL-0...Traumatic brain injury involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms,among which oxidative stress significantly contributes to the occurrence of secondary injury.In this study,we evaluated hypidone hydrochloride(YL-0919),a self-developed antidepressant with selective sigma-1 receptor agonist properties,and its associated mechanisms and targets in traumatic brain injury.Behavioral experiments to assess functional deficits were followed by assessment of neuronal damage through histological analyses and examination of blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema.Next,we investigated the antioxidative effects of YL-0919 by assessing the levels of traditional markers of oxidative stress in vivo in mice and in vitro in HT22 cells.Finally,the targeted action of YL-0919 was verified by employing a sigma-1 receptor antagonist(BD-1047).Our findings demonstrated that YL-0919 markedly improved deficits in motor function and spatial cognition on day 3 post traumatic brain injury,while also decreasing neuronal mortality and reversing blood-brain barrier disruption and brain edema.Furthermore,YL-0919 effectively combated oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro.The protective effects of YL-0919 were partially inhibited by BD-1047.These results indicated that YL-0919 relieved impairments in motor and spatial cognition by restraining oxidative stress,a neuroprotective effect that was partially reversed by the sigma-1 receptor antagonist BD-1047.YL-0919 may have potential as a new treatment for traumatic brain injury.展开更多
Reperfusion following cerebral ischemia causes both structural and functional damage to brain tissue and could aggravate a patient's condition;this phenomenon is known as cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Curre...Reperfusion following cerebral ischemia causes both structural and functional damage to brain tissue and could aggravate a patient's condition;this phenomenon is known as cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Current studies have elucidated the neuroprotective role of the sirtuin protein family(Sirtuins)in modulating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.However,the potential of utilizing it as a novel intervention target to influence the prognosis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury requires additional exploration.In this review,the origin and research progress of Sirtuins are summarized,suggesting the involvement of Sirtuins in diverse mechanisms that affect cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,including inflammation,oxidative stress,blood-brain barrier damage,apoptosis,pyroptosis,and autophagy.The therapeutic avenues related to Sirtuins that may improve the prognosis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were also investigated by modulating Sirtuins expression and affecting representative pathways,such as nuclear factor-kappa B signaling,oxidative stress mediated by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,and the forkhead box O.This review also summarizes the potential of endogenous substances,such as RNA and hormones,drugs,dietary supplements,and emerging therapies that regulate Sirtuins expression.This review also reveals that regulating Sirtuins mitigates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury when combined with other risk factors.While Sirtuins show promise as a potential target for the treatment of cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury,most recent studies are based on rodent models with circadian rhythms that are distinct from those of humans,potentially influencing the efficacy of Sirtuinstargeting drug therapies.Overall,this review provides new insights into the role of Sirtuins in the pathology and treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.展开更多
Protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells(P-SOECs)are a promising technology for water electrolysis to produce green hydrogen.However,there are still challenges related key materials and anode/electrolyte interface.P-SO...Protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells(P-SOECs)are a promising technology for water electrolysis to produce green hydrogen.However,there are still challenges related key materials and anode/electrolyte interface.P-SOECs with Zr-rich electrolyte,called Zr-rich side P-SOECs,possess high thermodynamically stability under high steam concentrations but the large reaction resistances and the current leakage,thus the inferior performances.In this study,an efficient functional interlayer Ba_(0.95)La_(0.05)Fe_(0.8)Zn_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(BLFZ)in-between the anode and the electrolyte is developed.The electrochemical performances of P-SOECs are greatly enhanced because the BLFZ can greatly increase the interface contact,boost anode reaction kinetics,and increase proton injection into electrolyte.As a result,the P-SOEC yields high current density of 0.83 A cm^(-2) at 600℃ in 1.3 Vamong all the reported Zr-rich side cells.This work not only offers an efficient functional interlayer for P-SOECs but also holds the potential to achieve P-SOECs with high performances and long-term stability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1960202).
文摘The mechanisms of oxide metallurgy include inducing the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite(IAF)using micron-sized inclusions and restricting the growth of prior austenite grains(PAGs)by nanosized particles during welding.The chaotically oriented IAF and refined PAGs inhibit crack initiation and propagation in the steel,resulting in high impact toughness.This work summarizes the com-bined effect of deoxidizers and alloying elements,with the aim to provide a new perspective for the research and practice related to im-proving the impact toughness of the heat affected zone(HAZ)during the high heat input welding.Ti complex deoxidation with other strong deoxidants,such as Mg,Ca,Zr,and rare earth metals(REMs),can improve the toughness of the heat-affected zone(HAZ)by re-fining PAGs or increasing IAF contents.However,it is difficult to identify the specific phase responsible for IAF nucleation because ef-fective inclusions formed by complex deoxidation are usually multiphase.Increasing alloying elements,such as C,Si,Al,Nb,or Cr,con-tents can impair HAZ toughness.A high C content typically increases the number of coarse carbides and decreases the potency of IAF formation.Si,Cr,or Al addition leads to the formation of undesirable microstructures.Nb reduces the high-temperature stability of the precipitates.Mo,V,and B can enhance HAZ toughness.Mo-containing precipitates present good thermal stability.VN or V(C,N)is ef-fective in promoting IAF nucleation due to its good coherent crystallographic relationship with ferrite.The formation of the B-depleted zone around the inclusion promotes IAF formation.The interactions between alloying elements are complex,and the effect of adding dif-ferent alloying elements remains to be evaluated.In the future,the interactions between various alloying elements and their effects on ox-ide metallurgy,as well as the calculation of the nucleation effects of effective inclusions using first principles calculations will become the focus of oxide metallurgy.
文摘OLAND(oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification) nitrogen removal system was constructed by coupling with oxygen limited nitritation stage and anaerobic ammonium oxidation stage. Ammonia oxidizer, as a kind of key bacteria in N cycle, plays an important role at the oxygen limited nitritation stage of OLAND nitrogen removal system. In this study, specific amplification of 16S rDNA fragment of ammonia oxidizer by nested PCR, separation of mixed PCR samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE), and the quantification of ammonia oxidizer by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) were combined to investigate the shifts of community composition and quantity of ammonia oxidizer of the oxygen limited nitritation stage in OLAND system. It showed that the community composition of ammonia oxidizer changed drastically when dissolved oxygen was decreased gradually, and the dominant ammonia oxidizer of the steady nitrite accumulation stage were completely different from that of the early stage of oxygen limited nitritation identified by DGGE . It was concluded that the Nitrosomonas may be the dominant genus of ammonia oxidizer at the oxygen limited nitritation stage of OLAND system characterized by nested PCR-DGGE and FISH, and the percentage of Nitrosomonas was 72.5% ±0.8% of ammonia oxidizer at the steady nitrite accumulation stage detected by FISH.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 21805139, 12102194, 22005144 and 22005145)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U2141202)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20200471)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 30920041106, 30921011203)
文摘Ammonium dinitramide(ADN)is considered as a potential substitute for ammonium perchlorate in energetic materials due to its high density,positive oxygen balance,and halogen-free characteristics.However,its application has been severely limited because of its strong hygroscopicity,difficult storage,and incompatibility with isocyanate curing agents.In order to better bloom the advantages of the highly energetic and environment-friendly ADN in the fields of energetic materials,an in-depth analysis of the current situation and discussion of key research points are particularly important.In this paper,a detailed overview on the synthesis,thermal decomposition,hygroscopic mechanism,and antihygroscopicity of ADN has been discussed,its application in powdes and explosives are also presented,and its future research directions are proposed.
文摘Research and development of green oxidizers and green fuels as a possible replacement for ammonium perchlorate(NH4ClO4,AP) and hydrazine(N2H4) respectively has been increased considerably in the recent years.AP and hydrazine are the oxidizer and fuel entities,and used in solid and liquid rocket motors respectively.AP is highly toxic and led to adverse health effects,while hydrazine is carcinogenic in nature.AP is in use from the last several decades for rocket and space shuttle propulsion,while hydrazine is used in upper stage liquid propelled rocket motors.It’s a tough task to replace AP with the currently available green oxidizers;since their ballistic properties are weaker when compared to AP and also they can’t be successfully deployed in a solid rocket motor at present Some important available solid green oxidizers are ammonium nitrate(AN),ammonium dinitramide(ADN),hydroxyl ammonium nitrate(HAN),and hydrazinium nitroformate(HNF).However,AN is one of the cheap and readily available oxidizer,and has great potential to use in solid/liquid rocket motors.Tremendous progress has been envisaged till now,and more progress will be there in the coming future over the development of AN based green energetic materials(GEM’s).A concise overview has been presented over the development of phase stabilized ammonium nitrate(PSAN) and AN/KDN based green oxidizers in the present review paper.
基金Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation(14.613.21.0043)
文摘The experimental values of the enthalpy of formation of two isomeric 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles have been obtained(261.5±5.0and 246.4±6.7kJ/mol for crystalline 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles,respectively).The ballistic effectiveness of these potential oxidizers in composite solid propellants was studied.It is shown that these two oxidizers may be successfully applied in metal-free compositions or with a small content of metal.For the bottom stage 3,4-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole is a bit better than 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole,for the upper stage the both oxidizers show the equal ballistic parameters.These oxidizers allow to create metal-free solid composite propellants with the binder percentage not lower than 19%(volume fraction),with I3spequal to 256.5-257.0sat density equal to 1.72-1.74g/cm^3.
文摘In this study, a porous inserted regenerative thermal oxidizer （PRTO） system was developed for a 125 kW industrial copper-melting furnace, due to its advantages of low NOr emissions and high radiant efficiency. Zirconium dioxide （ZrOz） ce- ramic foams were placed into the combustion zone of a regenerative thermal oxidizer （RTO）. Different performance characteris- tics of the RTO and PRTO systems, including pressure drop, temperature distribution, emissions, and energy efficiency, were evaluated to study the effects of the porous inserts on non-premixed CH4 combustion. It was found that the PRTO system achieved a significant reduction in the NOx emission level and a fuel saving of approximately 30% compared to the RTO system. It is most suitable for a lean combustion process at an equivalence ratio 〈0.4 with NOx and CO emission levels within 0.002%~）.003% and 0.001%q3.002%, respectively.
文摘It is shown that it is not correct to estimate energetic characteristics of different compounds of solid composite propellants by evaluation of the specific impulse values of these components serving as an only component in the formulation.Such an approach may turn the researcher to a wrong conclusion.One has to compare compound′s potential in formulations close to real,e.g.at least with necessary amount of binders.Dependences of specific impulse upon element content of highenthalpy CHNO oxidizer,its enthalpy of formation,and kind of binder have been found.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41877061,41671308)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.BSRF202101)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(No.CAAS-ASTIP-2016-IEDA).
文摘Soil arsenic contamination is of great concern because of its toxicity to human,crops,and soil microorganisms.However,the impacts of arsenic on soil ammonia oxidizers communities remain unclear.Seven types of soil spiked with 0 or 100 mg arsenic per kg soil were incubated for 180 days and sampled at days 1,15,30,90 and 180.The changes in the community composition and abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB)and ammonia oxidizing archaea(AOA)were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(TRFLP)analysis,clone library sequencing,and quantitative PCR(qPCR)targeting amoA gene.Results revealed considerable variations in the potential ammonia oxidation(PAO)rates in different soils,but soil PAO was not consistently significantly inhibited by arsenic,probably due to the low bioavailable arsenic contents or the existence of functional redundancy between AOB and AOA.The variations in AOB and AOA communities were closely associated with the changes in arsenic fractionations.The amoA gene abundances of AOA increased after arsenic addition,whereas AOB decreased,which corroborated the notion that AOA and AOB might occupy different niches in arsenic-contaminated soils.Phylogenetic analysis of amoA gene-encoded proteins revealed that all AOB clone sequences belonged to the genus Nitrosospira,among which those belonging to Nitrosospira cluster 3a were dominant.The main AOA sequence detected belonged to Thaumarchaeal Group 1.1b,which was considered to have a high ability to adapt to environmental changes.Our results provide new insights into the impacts of arsenic on the soil nitrogen cycling.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41371477,41071163)the National Key Technology R&D Program (No.2014BAD14B01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.XDJK2014B047)
文摘The responses of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea（AOA） and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria（AOB） to mercury（Hg） stress were investigated through a short-term incubation experiment.Treated with four different concentrations of Hg（CK,Hg25,Hg50,and Hg100,denoting 0,25,50,and 100 mg Hg/kg dry soil,respectively）,samples were harvested after 3,7,and 28 day incubation.Results showed that the soil potential nitrification rate（PNR） was significantly inhibited by Hg stress during the incubation.However,lower abundances of AOA（the highest in CK： 9.20 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil; the lowest in Hg50： 2.68 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil） and AOB（the highest in CK： 2.68 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil; the lowest in Hg50：7.49 × 10~6 copies/g dry soil） were observed only at day 28 of incubation（P 〈 0.05）.Moreover,only the community structure of soil AOB obviously shifted under Hg stress as seen through DGGE profiles,which revealed that 2-3 distinct AOB bands emerged in the Hg treatments at day 28.In summary,soil PNR might be a very useful parameter to assess acute Hg stress on soil ecosystems,and the community structure of soil AOB might be a realistic biological indicator for the assessment of heavy metal stress on soil ecosystems in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20877086 21077119)+5 种基金the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2009CB421103)the National Water Project of China (No. 2009ZX07209-005 2008ZX07421-001 2008ZX07209-006-02)the support of Beijing Nova Program (No. 2011104)K. C. Wong Education Foundation, Hong Kong
文摘The spatial distribution and diversity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers （AOA and AOB） were evaluated targeting amoA genes in the gradient of a littoral buffer zone which has been identified as a hot spot for N cycling. Here we found high spatial heterogeneity in the nitrification rate and abundance of ammonia oxidizers in the five sampling sites. The bacterial amoA gene was numerically dominant in most of the surface soil but decreased dramatically in deep layers. Higher nitrification potentials were detected in two sites near the land/water interface at 4.4–6.1 μg NO2-N/（g dry weight soil·hr）, while only 1.0–1.7 μg NO2-N/（g dry weight soil·hr） was measured at other sites. The potential nitrification rates were proportional to the amoA gene abundance for AOB, but with no significant correlation with AOA. The NH4＋ concentration was the most determinative parameter for the abundance of AOB and potential nitrification rates in this study. Higher richness in the surface layer was found in the analysis of biodiversity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the bacterial amoA sequences in surface soil were affiliated with the genus of Nitrosopira while the archaeal sequences were almost equally affiliated with Candidatus ‘Nitrososphaera gargensis’ and Candidatus ‘Nitrosocaldus yellowstonii’. The spatial distribution of AOA and AOB indicated that bacteria may play a more important role in nitrification in the littoral buffer zone of a N-rich lake.
文摘Excellent Heat Affected Zone Toughness Technology Improved by use of Strong Deoxidizers (ETISD Technology) has been developed by Baosteel. When deoxidation of molten steel is conducted at the precisely controlled oxygen concentrations, the formation of the micro-meter inclusions and the nano-meter precipitates in the steel plate can be effectively controlled. During the welding process with high-heat input, the formation of acicular ferrite can be selectively promoted with the aid of micro-meter inclusions; the growth of γ grain can also be selectively restrained by the pinning effect of nano-meter precipitates. After welding with high-heat input of 400 kJ/cm, excellent heat affected zone toughness can be obtained for the steel plates with both of the above microstructures, and the average absorbed energy is greater than 200 J for V notch Charpy impact test at -20℃ .
文摘Excellent heat affected zone(HAZ)toughness technology improved by strong deoxidizers(ETISI)technology has been developed by Baosteel.In the deoxidation process of molten steel by adding strong deoxidizers,the formation of micrometer inclusions and nano-meter precipitates in steel plates can be effectively controlled by a precise control of oxygen concentration.In the welding process with a high-heat input,the formation of acicular ferrite can be selectively promoted with the aid of the micrometer inclusions;the growth of γ grains can also be selectively restrained by the pinning effect of the nano-meter precipitates.After welding with a high-heat input of 400 kJ/cm,excellent HAZ toughness can be obtained in the steel plates with both of the above microstructures,and the average absorbed energy is greater than 200 J for the V-notch Charpy impact test at-20℃.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China-General Program“Study on acceleration of gas transmission by enhancing permeability through organic-rich shale fracturing due to oxidation”(No.:51674209).
文摘It is difficult to stimulate coal reservoirs in physical approaches,and the recovery factor of coalbed methane(CBM)can be enhanced by applying strong oxidizers through oxidation to stimulate coal reservoirs.At present,however,there have been very few studies on the oxidation of CBM and fewer experimental studies for systematically evaluating the effect of oxidation on the seepage capacity of coal reservoirs.In this paper,the coal samples taken from coal seams of the Jurassic Xishanyao Formation in the Heishan Coal Mine,Toksun,Xinjiang,were selected as the study objects.Hydrogen peroxide solution immersion experiments were carried out on columnar and powdered coal samples,respectively to measure the permeability of columnar coal samples,the dissolution rate of powdered coal samples and the property parameters of hydrogen peroxide solution.Then,the reaction mechanisms between coal samples and hydrogen peroxide and the mechanisms to improve the seepage capacity of coal reservoirs were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),infrared spectrum and wetting angle measurement.Finally,the stimulation effect of oxidation was compared with that of acidification.The following research results were obtained.(1)The permeability of coal samples is increased significantly after oxidation to 1.4–3.2 times the original permeability.(2)A large number of micro-fractures and dissolved pores are formed in the coal samples after oxidation,and consequently pore connectivity is improved greatly.Thus,the amount of associative hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups on the surface of the coal samples increases,and the water wettability on the surface reduces.(3)Organic matters and pyrites are oxidized and consumed easily,and the generated H+and micro-molecular aliphatic acids further dissolve inorganic mineral components.(4)Oxidation also has the advantage of acidification for dissolving inorganic mineral components,so there is a low and controllable probability of generating coal powder.In conclusion,applying strong oxidizers has the potential to become a new technology for coal reservoir stimulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82274313(to YD),82204746(to ML),82003982(to TL).
文摘It has been reported that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.As a result,the development of drugs targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has attracted increasing attention from researchers.This article reviews the pathological mechanisms and advancements in research related to the signaling pathways in ischemic stroke,with a focus on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.The key findings include the following:(1)The complex pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke can be categorized into five major types:excitatory amino acid toxicity,Ca^(2+)overload,inflammatory response,oxidative stress,and apoptosis.(2)The PI3K/AKT-mediated signaling pathway is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of ischemic stroke,which primarily involves the NF-κB,NRF2,BCL-2,mTOR,and endothelial NOS signaling pathways.(3)Natural products,including flavonoids,quinones,alkaloids,phenylpropanoids,phenols,terpenoids,and iridoids,show great potential as candidate substances for the development of innovative anti-stroke medications.(4)Recently,novel therapeutic techniques,such as electroacupuncture and mesenchymal stem cell therapy,have demonstrated the potential to improve stroke outcomes by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,providing new possibilities for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke.Future investigations should focus on the direct regulatory mechanisms of drugs targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and their clinical translation to develop innovative treatment strategies for ischemic stroke.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82071442 (to LS)a grant from the Jilin Provincial Department of Finance,No.JLSWSRCZX2021-004 (to LS)。
文摘Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a complex and incompletely understood pathogenesis. Despite extensive research, a cure for Alzheimer's disease has not yet been found. Oxidative stress mediates excessive oxidative responses, and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis as a primary or secondary pathological event is widely accepted. As a member of the selenium-containing antioxidant enzyme family, glutathione peroxidase 4 reduces esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. With the discovery of ferroptosis, the central role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in anti-lipid peroxidation in several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, has received widespread attention. Increasing evidence suggests that glutathione peroxidase 4 expression is inhibited in the Alzheimer's disease brain, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and apoptosis, which are closely associated with pathological damage in Alzheimer's disease. Several therapeutic approaches, such as small molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological treatments, ameliorate pathological damage and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease by promoting glutathione peroxidase 4 expression and enhancing glutathione peroxidase 4 activity. Therefore, glutathione peroxidase 4 upregulation may be a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the gene structure, biological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of glutathione peroxidase 4, a discussion on the important role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in pathological events closely related to Alzheimer's disease, and a summary of the advances in small-molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most prior studies on this subject used animal models, and relevant clinical studies are lacking. Future clinical trials are required to validate the therapeutic effects of strategies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82271327 (to ZW),82072535 (to ZW),81873768 (to ZW),and 82001253 (to TL)。
文摘The pathophysiology of Huntington's disease involves high levels of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid accumulation results in oxidative stress, which leads to neurotoxicity. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which quinolinic acid contributes to Huntington's disease pathology remain unknown. In this study, we established in vitro and in vivo models of Huntington's disease by administering quinolinic acid to the PC12 neuronal cell line and the striatum of mice, respectively. We observed a decrease in the levels of hydrogen sulfide in both PC12 cells and mouse serum, which was accompanied by down-regulation of cystathionine β-synthase, an enzyme responsible for hydrogen sulfide production. However, treatment with NaHS(a hydrogen sulfide donor) increased hydrogen sulfide levels in the neurons and in mouse serum, as well as cystathionine β-synthase expression in the neurons and the mouse striatum, while also improving oxidative imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells and the mouse striatum. These beneficial effects correlated with upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression. Finally, treatment with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2inhibitor ML385 reversed the beneficial impact of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings show that hydrogen sulfide reduces oxidative stress in Huntington's disease by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,suggesting that hydrogen sulfide is a novel neuroprotective drug candidate for treating patients with Huntington's disease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82202681(to JW)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,Nos.LZ22H090003(to QC),LR23H060001(to CL).
文摘Spinal cord injuries impose a notably economic burden on society,mainly because of the severe after-effects they cause.Despite the ongoing development of various therapies for spinal cord injuries,their effectiveness remains unsatisfactory.However,a deeper understanding of metabolism has opened up a new therapeutic opportunity in the form of metabolic reprogramming.In this review,we explore the metabolic changes that occur during spinal cord injuries,their consequences,and the therapeutic tools available for metabolic reprogramming.Normal spinal cord metabolism is characterized by independent cellular metabolism and intercellular metabolic coupling.However,spinal cord injury results in metabolic disorders that include disturbances in glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,and mitochondrial dysfunction.These metabolic disturbances lead to corresponding pathological changes,including the failure of axonal regeneration,the accumulation of scarring,and the activation of microglia.To rescue spinal cord injury at the metabolic level,potential metabolic reprogramming approaches have emerged,including replenishing metabolic substrates,reconstituting metabolic couplings,and targeting mitochondrial therapies to alter cell fate.The available evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming holds great promise as a next-generation approach for the treatment of spinal cord injury.To further advance the metabolic treatment of the spinal cord injury,future efforts should focus on a deeper understanding of neurometabolism,the development of more advanced metabolomics technologies,and the design of highly effective metabolic interventions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82204360(to HM)and 82270411(to GW)National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Program,No.2021ZD0200900(to YL)。
文摘Traumatic brain injury involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms,among which oxidative stress significantly contributes to the occurrence of secondary injury.In this study,we evaluated hypidone hydrochloride(YL-0919),a self-developed antidepressant with selective sigma-1 receptor agonist properties,and its associated mechanisms and targets in traumatic brain injury.Behavioral experiments to assess functional deficits were followed by assessment of neuronal damage through histological analyses and examination of blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema.Next,we investigated the antioxidative effects of YL-0919 by assessing the levels of traditional markers of oxidative stress in vivo in mice and in vitro in HT22 cells.Finally,the targeted action of YL-0919 was verified by employing a sigma-1 receptor antagonist(BD-1047).Our findings demonstrated that YL-0919 markedly improved deficits in motor function and spatial cognition on day 3 post traumatic brain injury,while also decreasing neuronal mortality and reversing blood-brain barrier disruption and brain edema.Furthermore,YL-0919 effectively combated oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro.The protective effects of YL-0919 were partially inhibited by BD-1047.These results indicated that YL-0919 relieved impairments in motor and spatial cognition by restraining oxidative stress,a neuroprotective effect that was partially reversed by the sigma-1 receptor antagonist BD-1047.YL-0919 may have potential as a new treatment for traumatic brain injury.
文摘Reperfusion following cerebral ischemia causes both structural and functional damage to brain tissue and could aggravate a patient's condition;this phenomenon is known as cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Current studies have elucidated the neuroprotective role of the sirtuin protein family(Sirtuins)in modulating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.However,the potential of utilizing it as a novel intervention target to influence the prognosis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury requires additional exploration.In this review,the origin and research progress of Sirtuins are summarized,suggesting the involvement of Sirtuins in diverse mechanisms that affect cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,including inflammation,oxidative stress,blood-brain barrier damage,apoptosis,pyroptosis,and autophagy.The therapeutic avenues related to Sirtuins that may improve the prognosis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were also investigated by modulating Sirtuins expression and affecting representative pathways,such as nuclear factor-kappa B signaling,oxidative stress mediated by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,and the forkhead box O.This review also summarizes the potential of endogenous substances,such as RNA and hormones,drugs,dietary supplements,and emerging therapies that regulate Sirtuins expression.This review also reveals that regulating Sirtuins mitigates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury when combined with other risk factors.While Sirtuins show promise as a potential target for the treatment of cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury,most recent studies are based on rodent models with circadian rhythms that are distinct from those of humans,potentially influencing the efficacy of Sirtuinstargeting drug therapies.Overall,this review provides new insights into the role of Sirtuins in the pathology and treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
基金financial support from the JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(B),No.21H02035KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research(Exploratory),No.21K19017+2 种基金KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas(B),No.21H05100National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.22409033 and No.22409035Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2022A1515110470.
文摘Protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells(P-SOECs)are a promising technology for water electrolysis to produce green hydrogen.However,there are still challenges related key materials and anode/electrolyte interface.P-SOECs with Zr-rich electrolyte,called Zr-rich side P-SOECs,possess high thermodynamically stability under high steam concentrations but the large reaction resistances and the current leakage,thus the inferior performances.In this study,an efficient functional interlayer Ba_(0.95)La_(0.05)Fe_(0.8)Zn_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(BLFZ)in-between the anode and the electrolyte is developed.The electrochemical performances of P-SOECs are greatly enhanced because the BLFZ can greatly increase the interface contact,boost anode reaction kinetics,and increase proton injection into electrolyte.As a result,the P-SOEC yields high current density of 0.83 A cm^(-2) at 600℃ in 1.3 Vamong all the reported Zr-rich side cells.This work not only offers an efficient functional interlayer for P-SOECs but also holds the potential to achieve P-SOECs with high performances and long-term stability.
